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为了强调物种多样性在微生物学课程中的分量,近几年我们尝试对教学内容进行了改革:①将微生物分类单元、细胞生物的拉丁双名法等共性分类知识调到绪论中;②在讲授原核微生物、真核微生物和病毒各章时,分别增加了它们的多样性与分类内容;③考虑到课时所限,采用图表概括方式介绍各大类微生物的主要分类类群及主要特征,将原先课堂教学中介绍的一些特殊微生物内容纳入到微生物多样性体系中讲解,适当予以详细介绍, 相似文献
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中国微生物物种多样性研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
微生物是分布最为广泛的生命形式,几乎分布到地球上的所有生境,具有丰富的物种多样性。我国地域辽阔,跨越热带至寒温带,气候条件多样,地理环境与生态系统类型复杂,是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。我国已开展了大量微生物多样性研究,并证实我国多样的生境蕴藏着丰富的微生物物种多样性。目前我国已报道真核微生物(菌物)约14,700种,其中包括真菌约14,060种、卵菌约300种、黏菌约340种,而真菌中有药用菌473种、食用菌966个分类单元。特别是近年来通过免培养的分子生物学技术发现我国存在丰富的原核微生物多样性。本文概述了传统方法和现代分子生物学技术在我国原核微生物(古菌、细菌)和真核微生物(真菌、卵菌、黏菌)物种多样性研究的最新进展。 相似文献
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科学家估计,目前大约只有不到1%的微生物能被纯培养,由于纯培养手段的局限,现在已相继发展有多种不同的方法用于探测微生物世界的多样性,如原位检测特异性的基因、基因组的分析,但这些研究方法对科学家认识微生物生态系统中的个体成员帮助不大。7月9日霍华德休斯医学研究所(HHM 相似文献
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微生物物种多样性的保护与其资源保藏 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
从微生物物种多样性的保护以及微生物物种资源的保藏等方面较全面地阐述了微生物物种资源保护与保藏的重要性及其相互关系 ,阐明了微生物菌种保藏的原理及方法 ,同时介绍了保藏技术领域的研究动向和保藏机构或组织在微生物资源的保藏、开发和交流等方面所起的重要作用 相似文献
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介绍了进行微生物多样性研究多种方法,将其简要划分为三大部分:1.经典纯培养技术的改进方法;2.现代分子生物学技术;3.上述两种方法的联合使用;并重点阐述了这些方法的优缺点,展望了微生物多样性研究方法的发展前景。 相似文献
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Park HS Schumacher R Kilbane JJ 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2005,32(3):94-102
The majority of microorganisms have yet to be cultivated and represent a vast uncharacterized and untapped resource. Here, we report the utilization of a combination of flow cytometry, cultivation, and molecular genetics to develop new methodologies to access and characterize biodiversity in microbial samples. We demonstrate that fluorescent dyes and combinations of dyes can selectively stain portions of bacterial populations that can be isolated as sub-populations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Microbial sub-populations obtained by FACS differ substantially from the original microbial population, as demonstrated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and determination of 16S rRNA gene sequences. These sub-populations can subsequently be used to inoculate microbial growth media, allowing the isolation of different microbial species from those that can be readily cultivated from the original sample using the same microbial growth media. When this technique was applied to the analysis of activated-sludge and Yellowstone Lake hydrothermal vent samples, comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed that FACS allowed the detection of numerous bacterial species, including previously unknown species, not readily detectable in the original sample due to low relative abundance. This approach may result in a convenient methodology to more thoroughly characterize microbial biodiversity. 相似文献
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海洋微生物多样性及其分子生态学研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
海洋微生物多样性的深入研究将有助于微生物资源更好的开发和利用,海洋微生物多样性有很大的研究价值和研究空间。海洋中大多数微生物处于未可培养状态,在分子生态学基础上对海洋未可培养微生物进行研究是当今微生物多样性研究的主要方向。近年来相关研究进展迅速,研究方法不断更新。主要从分子生态学角度对微生物多样性研究现状进行概述并详细分析探讨了相关的研究方法,而且从分子生态学与海洋微生物多样性研究相结合的层面,对本领域的研究进行展望。旨在为海洋微生物多样性的研究及海洋资源的可持续开发与利用提供参考。 相似文献
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微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分和细菌群落多样性的影响 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
[背景]设施茄子连作种植和化学肥料过量施用造成土壤养分失衡、微生物多样性降低、土传病害严重等土壤质量问题,微生物制剂是改善土壤环境质量的一项重要措施。[目的]确定微生物菌剂施用对设施茄子根际土壤养分及细菌群落多样性的影响。[方法]在河北省农林科学院鹿泉大河实验园区,以含有哈茨木霉和巨大芽孢杆菌的微生物菌剂为供试菌剂,采用传统的化学分析方法测定微生物菌剂处理和对照茄子开花期、拉秧期土壤的养分含量;采用稀释涂平板方法测定土壤可培养微生物的数量;采用高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区,分析处理和对照土壤的微生物多样性和群落分布规律。[结果]与对照相比,微生物菌剂处理提高了茄子开花期和拉秧期的根际土壤养分含量,拉秧期微生物菌剂处理根际土壤中全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较对照增加13.85%、21.07%、31.51%和55.94%;施用微生物菌剂能够改变土壤可培养微生物的数量和构成,微生物菌剂处理土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量均显著增加,其中细菌、放线菌在微生物总量中所占比例增加,而真菌的占比则有所降低。微生物菌剂处理能够提高土壤微生物的Shannon指数、降低... 相似文献
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目前在全球化形势下,推进全英文教学对于国际合作与交流至关重要。但是如何让全英文教学不流于形式,使其能与提高教学质量充分结合、相辅相成,从而使全英文教学真正起到传授知识、搭建科学体系、提升学生兴趣、引领科学思维及知识应用的目的,值得探究。在近几年来的教学过程中,我们采用循序渐进的方式,从专业基础课"微生物学"的双语教学,推进至专业选修课"微生物遗传学"的全英文教学。在教学内容上,由浅入深,由面至点,将基础知识与实验技术贯通讲解;在教学方法和手段上,充分运用课上测验、课后作业与课上分析讨论等多种形式,达到了全英文授课与提升学生注意力、灵活运用知识能力相结合的目的。经过几年的不断探索与实践,全英文授课调动了学生积极参与和主动学习的热情,使学生在充分掌握课堂内容的基础上,锻炼了使用英文进行学习、探索、解决问题和交流的能力。学生学习兴趣和热情的激发也检验了全英文的教学效果。 相似文献
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<正>土壤重金属污染是指人类活动将重金属混入到土壤中,致使土壤中重金属含量明显高于原有含量,并造成生态环境质量恶化的现象[1]。污染土壤的重金属主要包括汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和类金属砷(As)等生物毒性显著的元素,以及有一定毒性的锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)等元素。除了来自农药、废水、污泥和 相似文献
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Abstract A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the introduction of genetically modified microorganisms into soil, in terms of effect on the diversity of the indigenous microflora, and at the process level. The impact on microbial phenotypic diversity, and on soil denitrification of an inoculum of a lux -modified denitrifier, Pseudomonas fluorescens , was examined using two different soil types in re-packed soil microcosms. The effect on diversity was found to depend on the soil pore size class into which the modified inoculum was introduced. The introduction of lux -modified cells into the 15–30 μm pore neck size class caused a short-term reduction in the overall microbial diversity. There was no significant change in the diversity of the indigenous microbial community, however, when cells were introduced into the 40–60 μm pore class. Partial chloroform fumigation proved useful in differentiating cell populations with respect to pore location. No change in diversity was observed when dead cells (either heat killed or glutaraldehyde fixed) were introduced into either pore size class. At the process level, the effect on soil denitrification of introduction of lux -modified P. fluorescens was not significantly different from introduction of the equivalent inoculum of the parental wild-type, although denitrification was found to be dependent upon both soil structure and pore size location of the introduced inoculum. 相似文献
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Analysis of microbial diversity in oligotrophic microbial fuel cells using 16S rDNA sequences 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Molecular ecological techniques were applied to analyze the bacterial diversity of two oligotrophic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) enriched using river water or artificial wastewater (AWW) as fuel. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the PCR amplified 16S rDNA showed that different microbial communities were present in the two MFCs and these were different from the river sediment used to initiate the enrichment. Nearly complete 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced. Over 80% of the clones were Proteobacteria. Betaproteobacteria were the dominant clones (46.2%) in MFCs fed with river water, and about 64.4% of the clones in MFCs fed with AWW were Alphaproteobacteria. Actinobacteria were found only in the MFC fed with AWW, and Deltaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Verrucomicrobia in the MFC fed with river water. Many clones were related to uncultured bacteria, some with homology less than 95%, indicating that many novel bacteria were enriched in the oligotrophic MFCs. 相似文献
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随着医学学科的发展和技术的创新,医学微生物学学科知识也不断发展更新。本文对目前医学院校医学微生物学课程教学在面对微生物前沿理念和知识冲击中存在的若干问题进行了剖析,包括对微生物群与宿主健康的新认识、微生物分类的演变、对微生物结构的更新认识,以及器官系统主线和生物学分类主线的知识体系存在的矛盾等。同时也探讨了通过调整重构教学内容、应用多元化教学方法,引入器官系统主线并存等作为可能的解决对策。在新医科的大背景下,医学微生物学课程教学内容的改革势在必行,以适应学科发展并助力人才培养目标的实现。 相似文献