鱼腥藻PCC7120中琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶的初步表征及结构分析

蓝藻琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶催化琥珀酸半醛到琥珀酸的转化,使得蓝藻的三羧酸循环变得完整。BLAST序列分析预测鱼腥藻PCC7120中all3556基因编码琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶。为了证实all3556基因编码蛋白的催化功能,构建了p ET28a-all3556表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌体中进行重组蛋白诱导表达;利用镍亲和层析方法对all3556蛋白进行了分离纯化。酶动力学测试表明all3556蛋白是一个NADP+-依赖型的琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶。生物信息学分析发现all3556蛋白和其他来源的琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶的氨基酸序列具有一定的同源性,在催化中心的氨基酸残基高度保守。     

人类3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的原核表达、纯化和鉴定

为了研究3-磷酸甘油醛脱氧酶(GAPDH)化生物学功能,以pcDNA3.1-GAPDH质粒为模板,PCR方法扩增GAPDH基因,经BamHI和SalI双酶切后插入相同酶切的pET32a(+)载体,构建His-GAPDH融合蛋白表达质粒pET32a(+)-GAPDH;转化JM109感受态细胞,并进行阳性克隆筛选,扩增目的质粒;转化大肠杆菌BL21菌株,经IPTG诱导产生融合蛋白,亲和层析柱纯化后,用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测GAPDH蛋白表达情况.结果表明,构建的人GAPDH基因表达载体经序列测定证实,与GenBank数据完全一致;双酶切鉴定证实,克隆基因正确插入pET32a(+)载体;表达质粒pET32a(+)-GAPDH在大肠杆菌BL21中成功地诱导表达了可溶性His-GAPDH融合蛋白,纯化后SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测证实融合蛋白表达成功.人GAPDH原核表达载体的成功构建,及6His-GAPDH融合蛋白的正确表达,为进一步深入研究GAPDH的生物学功能奠定了基础.     

棉花咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶基因的原核表达及蛋白纯化鉴定

为获得大量高纯度的GhCOMT2蛋白以便研究其功能和性质,以pMD18-GhCOMT2质粒为模板,PCR扩增GhCOMT2基因的cDNA编码区,构建原核表达载体pET-28a-GhCOMT2,经酶切鉴定并测序后转化到大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中进行诱导表达,并采用Western blotting方法鉴定表达产物.结果表明:在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株中成功表达了与标签蛋白融合的GhCOMT2蛋白,大小约为40.062 kD,浓度为0.62 mg/mL.重组蛋白的最佳诱导条件为:0.2 mmol/L IPTG在16℃诱导12 h.重组蛋白以可溶形式高效表达,用蛋白标签亲和层析柱(His TrapTM HP)获得纯化重组蛋白,Western blotting分析表明其能与His多克隆抗体起特异性反应.     

小鼠cofilin2蛋白的原核表达及纯化

[目的]构建小鼠cofilin2原核表达载体并纯化表达产物。[方法]以胚胎期小鼠心脏组织的c DNA为模板PCR扩增cofilin2基因,经酶切连接表达载体PGEX-4T-1后转化入大肠杆菌E. coli BL21感受态细胞中,利用异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)进行诱导表达及优化,利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,考马斯亮蓝R-250进行染色,检测GST-cofilin2的表达情况。通过谷胱甘肽树脂(Glutathione Resin)亲和层析进行纯化,最后通过Western Blot进行验证。[结果]PCR成功扩增cofilin2基因,双酶切及测序结果表明p GEX-4T-1-cofilin2原核表达载体构建成功,SDS-PAGE鉴定表明,在22℃、200μmol/L的IPTG能诱导出大量可溶性的GST-cofilin2蛋白,分子量为43 k Da。Western Blot验证得到纯化的GST-cofilin2。[结论]成功构建小鼠cofilin2原核表达载体,纯化得到的重组小鼠cofilin2蛋白可用于后续的生物学研究。     

拟南芥FT基因原核表达载体的构建、表达和蛋白纯化

FT基因是植物成花素,在植物的开花调控中起着重要作用。构建了用于原核表达的FT-eGFP表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21中进行重组蛋白的诱导表达。从IPTG诱导浓度、诱导时间和诱导温度等方面进行了细致的分析,最终建立了FT-eGFP融合蛋白诱导表达的优化体系:当菌液OD600=0.6-1.0时,采用IPTG1.0mol/L,在28℃诱导表达6h。摸索和建立了利用HisTrapKit标签,经过镍柱纯化,纯化目的蛋白的技术体系,为进一步研究FT基因在植物开花调控中的应用奠定了基础。     

拟南芥酪蛋白激酶1A的原核表达及纯化

拟南芥酪蛋白激酶1A(Arabidopsis casein kinase 1A,At CK1A)属于丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,其可能参与了蓝光信号转导并调控植物开花时间。通过对At CK1A的全长序列进行生物信息学分析得到了其激酶区;采用RT-PCR的方法从拟南芥c DNA中扩增At CK1A激酶区,并构建至p ET28a原核表达载体;将表达载体导入BL21(DE3)菌株后,经IPTG诱导表达和Ni亲和层析、阳离子交换层析以及凝胶过滤层析纯化,得到高纯度的重组蛋白;最后利用His标签抗体对重组蛋白进行了验证。     

苦荞过敏蛋白TB22的原核表达及纯化

为了确定苦荞主要过敏原蛋白TB22的抗原决定簇,揭示其致敏机制,为以后的分子改造及育种改良打下基础,需要在体外微生物体系中获得大量的纯化蛋白。以pQE31为表达载体,M15为表达菌株,使用IPTG诱导,在37℃获得了以包涵体形式存在的表达产物。经WesternBlotting检测,证明表达条带N端带有Histidinetag。使用8molL尿素初步纯化后,目的蛋白含量达到40%以上。进一步HitrapChelatingHP亲和纯化,表达蛋白的纯度达到90%以上。建立了适合重组TB22纯化的基本方法,得到了纯化的包涵体,为抗TB22抗体的制备及其抗原决定簇的研究奠定了基础。     

重组斑马鱼CD36蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的：在大肠杆菌中重组表达斑马鱼CD36蛋白胞外区38～432氨基酸残基段并纯化。方法：PCR扩增斑马鱼CD36蛋白的基因编码区,连接到带有6~His标签的原核表达载体pET-28a中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a-CD36,并转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,用IPTG诱导表达,优化表达条件后用Ni^2＋柱进行纯化。结果：构建了pET28a-CD36重组质粒;目的蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得表达,亲和纯化后,SDS-PAGE显示相对分子质量为预期的46．8×10^3。结论：获得了斑马鱼CD36融合蛋白,为其生物学功能研究奠定了基础。     

重组斑马鱼 p8蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的：在大肠杆菌中重组表达斑马鱼p8蛋白并纯化。方法：PCR扩增斑马鱼p8蛋白基因编码区,连接到带有6×His标签的原核表达载体pET-28a中,构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-p8并转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,用IPTG诱导表达;优化表达条件后用Ni^2＋柱纯化重组蛋白。结果：构建了pET-28a-p8重组质粒;目的蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得表达,亲和纯化后,SDS-PAGE显示相对分子质量为预期的12．8×10^3。结论：获得了斑马鱼p8融合蛋白,为其生物学功能研究奠定了基础。     

Composition of the carbohydrate granules of the cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142

Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 is an aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium that temporally separates O₂-sensitive N₂ fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis. The energy and reducing power needed for N₂ fixation appears to be generated by an active respiratory apparatus that utilizes the contents of large interthylakoidal carbohydrate granules. We report here on the carbohydrate and protein composition of the granules of Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142. The carbohydrate component is a glucose homopolymer with branches every nine residues and is chemically identical to glycogen. Granule-associated protein fractions showed temporal changes in the number of proteins and their abundance during the metabolic oscillations observed under diazotrophic conditions. There also were temporal changes in the protein pattern of the granule-depleted supernatant fractions from diazotrophic cultures. None of the granule-associated proteins crossreacted with antisera directed against several glycogen-metabolizing enzymes or nitrogenase, although these proteins were tentatively identified in supernatant fractions. It is suggested that the granule-associated proteins are structural proteins required to maintain a complex granule architecture. Received: 30 August 1996 / Accepted: 24 October 1996     

Brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase: identification of reactive lysyl residues labeled with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate

An NAD+ dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from bovine brain was inactivated by pyridoxal-5'- phosphate. Spectral evidence is presented to indicate that the inactivation proceeds through formation of a Schiff's base with amino groups of the enzyme. After NaBH(4) reduction of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate inactivated enzyme, it was observed that 3.8 mol phosphopyridoxyl residues were incorporated/enzyme tetramer. The coenzyme, NAD+, protected the enzyme against inactivation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The absorption spectrum of the reduced and dialyzed pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-inactivated enzyme showed a characteristic peak at 325 nm, which was absent in the spectrum of the native enzyme. The fluorescence spectrum of the pyridoxyl enzyme differs completely from that of the native enzyme. After tryptic digestion of the enzyme modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate followed by [3H]NaBH4 reduction, a radioactive peptide absorbing at 210 nm was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The sequences of the peptide containing the phosphopyridoxyllysine were clearly identical to sequences of other mammalian succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase brain species including human. It is suggested that the catalytic function of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase is modulated by binding of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate to specific Lys(347) residue at or near the coenzyme-binding site of the protein.     

克雷伯氏菌甘油脱氢酶dhaD的克隆表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

以克雷伯氏菌基因组DNA为模板,扩增得到编码甘油脱氢酶（GDH）的基因dhaD,将其克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28a(+)上,在E.coliBL21（DE3）中诱导表达,利用表达载体pET-28a(+)上的6·His-Tag标记选用Ni柱亲和层析法纯化表达具有活性的甘油脱氢酶(GDH),纯化后比酶活达到156U/mg,纯化倍数达4.6倍,回收率为67.4%。并初步研究了该酶的酶学性质,酶反应的最适pH为11.0,在pH7.0～12.0范围内稳定;酶反应的最适温度为30℃,稳定范围为25～45℃; 酶动力学参数以甘油为底物的Km为0.54 mmol/L, Vmax为0.49 μmol/(mL·min)。     

Oxidation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH5A)

Elevated levels of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Although well-characterized in the periphery, the mechanisms of detoxification of HNE in the CNS are unclear. HNE is oxidized to a non-toxic metabolite in the rat cerebral cortex by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). Two possible ALDH enzymes which might oxidize HNE in CNS mitochondria are ALDH2 and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH/ALDH5A). It was previously established that hepatic ALDH2 can oxidize HNE. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that SSADH oxidizes HNE. SSADH is critical in the detoxification of the GABA metabolite, succinic semialdehyde (SSA). Recombinant rat SSADH oxidized HNE and other alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. Inhibition and competition studies in rat brain mitochondria showed that SSADH was the predominant oxidizing enzyme for HNE but only contributed a portion of the total oxidizing activity in liver mitochondria. In vivo administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) effectively inhibited (86%) ALDH2 activity but not HNE oxidation in liver mitochondria. The data suggest that a relationship between the detoxification of SSA and the neurotoxic aldehyde HNE exists in the CNS. Furthermore, these studies show that multiple hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases are able to oxidize HNE.     

On the chemical mechanism of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GabD1) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenases (SSADHs) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the NAD(P)⁺-coupled oxidation of succinic semialdehyde (SSA) to succinate, the last step of the γ-aminobutyrate shunt. Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes two paralogous SSADHs (gabD1 and gabD2). Here, we describe the first mechanistic characterization of GabD1, using steady-state kinetics, pH-rate profiles, ¹H NMR, and kinetic isotope effects. Our results confirmed SSA and NADP⁺ as substrates and demonstrated that a divalent metal, such as Mg²⁺, linearizes the time course. pH-rate studies failed to identify any ionizable groups with pK_a between 5.5 and 10 involved in substrate binding or rate-limiting chemistry. Primary deuterium, solvent and multiple kinetic isotope effects revealed that nucleophilic addition to SSA is very fast, followed by a modestly rate-limiting hydride transfer and fast thioester hydrolysis. Proton inventory studies revealed that a single proton is associated with the solvent-sensitive rate-limiting step. Together, these results suggest that product dissociation and/or conformational changes linked to it are rate-limiting. Using structural information for the human homolog enzyme and ¹H NMR, we further established that nucleophilic attack takes place at the Si face of SSA, generating a thiohemiacetal with S stereochemistry. Deuteride transfer to the Pro-R position in NADP⁺ generates the thioester intermediate and [4A-²H, 4B-¹H] NADPH. A chemical mechanism based on these data and the structural information available is proposed.     

Purification and properties of rat brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from rat brain has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of about 140, 000 and is composed of two apparently identical subunits. The reaction catalized by the pure protein is entirely dependent on endogenous --SH groups. The Kim (limits) for NAD and succinic semialdehyde are 2 X 10(-5) M and 1 X 10(-4) M respectively at the optimum pH of 8.6. Inhibition studies show that the reaction mechanism is a compulsory ordered on where NAD binds first followed by succinic semialdehyde.     

Rapid and sensitive detection of urinary 4-hydroxybutyric acid and its related compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a patient with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency

We describe the rapid and sensitive detection of 4-hydroxybutyric acid, which is a marker compound for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency. Urinary 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid were targeted, quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after simplified urease digestion in which lactone formation from gamma-hydroxy acids is minimized. The recovery of 4-hydroxybutyric acid using this method was over 93%. 2,2-Dimethylsuccinic acid was used as an internal standard. The detection limit of this method was 1 nmol ml(-1) for both 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid. The urinary concentrations of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and of 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid from the patient with an SSADH deficiency were 880-3628 mmol mol(-1) creatinine (control; 3.3+/-3.3 mmol mol(-1) creatinine) and 810-1366 mmol mol(-1) creatinine (control; 67.4+/-56.2 mmol mol(-1) creatinine), respectively. The simplified urease digestion of urine is very useful for quantifying 4-hydroxybutyric acid and its related compounds in patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.     

Biochemical characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp.

Stereoselective reduction towards pharmaceutically potent products with multi‐chiral centers is an ongoing hot topic, but up to now catalysts for reductions of bulky aromatic substrates are rare. The NADPH‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp. (RADH) is an exception as it prefers sterically demanding substrates. Recent studies with this enzyme indicated outstanding potential for the reduction of various alpha‐hydroxy ketones, but were performed with crude cell extract, which hampered its detailed characterization. We have established a procedure for the purification and storage of RADH and found a significantly stabilizing effect by addition of CaCl₂. Detailed analysis of the pH‐dependent activity and stability yielded a broad pH‐optimum (pH 6–9.5) for the reduction reaction and a sharp optimum of pH 10–11.5 for the oxidation reaction. The enzyme exhibits highest stability at pH 5.5–8 and 8–15°C; nevertheless, biotransformations can also be carried out at 25°C (half‐life 80 h). Under optimized reaction parameters a thorough study of the substrate range of RADH including the reduction of different aldehydes and ketones and the oxidation of a broad range of alcohols was conducted. In contrast to most other known alcohol dehydrogenases, RADH clearly prefers aromatic and cyclic aliphatic compounds, which makes this enzyme unique for conversion of space demanding substrates. Further, reductions are catalyzed with extremely high stereoselectivity (>99% enantio‐ and diastereomeric excess). In order to identify appropriate substrate and cofactor concentrations for biotransformations, kinetic parameters were determined for NADP(H) and selected substrates. Among these, we studied the reduction of both enantiomers of 2‐hydroxypropiophenone in more detail. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1838–1848. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Purification and characterization of a propanol-tolerant neutral protease from Bacillus sp. ZG20

Abstract

A propanol-tolerant neutral protease was purified and characterized from Bacillus sp. ZG20 in this study. This protease was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 26,655?U/mg. The recovery rate and purification fold of the protease were 13.7% and 31.5, respectively. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of the protease was about 29?kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of the protease were 45?°C and 7.0, respectively. The protease exhibited a good thermal- and pH stability, and was tolerant to 50% propanol. Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Tween-80 could improve its activity. The calculated K_m and V_max values of the protease towards α-casein were 12.74?mg/mL and 28.57?µg/(min mL), respectively. This study lays a good foundation for the future use of the neutral protease from Bacillus sp. ZG20.     

粘质沙雷氏菌H3010发酵型D-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

通过PCR技术从粘质沙雷氏菌H3010基因组DNA中扩增出该D-乳酸脱氢酶基因,连接至pET-28a（＋）表达载体,转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中进行了重组表达,优化了酶纯化的条件,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究。结果表明,获得的该酶编码基因全长993bp,编码330个氨基酸,大小为37kDa。经优化表达及纯化条件后重组酶纯度可达90％。酶学性质研究发现,该重组酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适酶促反应pH为7．5（O．2mol／L磷酸盐缓冲液）,37℃下测得对底物丙酮酸的动力学参数Km=3．39mmol／L,Vmax=6．87mmol／（mg·min）,对辅酶NADH的动力学参数Km=1．43mmol／L,Vmax=1．61mmo]／（mg·min）。为酶法生产D-乳酸及利用代谢工程构建产D-乳酸的基因工程菌打下基础。