Pseudomonas azotoformans F77和Pseudomonas paracarnis P1风化黑云母的效应及机制比较

【目的】比较高效矿物风化固氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas azotoformans) F77及其亲缘关系较近的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas paracarnis) P1风化黑云母的效应和机制。【方法】通过检测两株菌在不同时间点的发酵液中细胞数量、pH值、葡萄糖剩余量、葡萄糖酸浓度和可溶性Fe、Al释放量,比较它们对黑云母的风化效果与生理机制。采用RNA-seq技术研究这两株菌风化黑云母过程中出现差异的分子机制。【结果】在持续5 d的风化试验中,菌株F77发酵液中的细胞数量和pH值低于菌株P1,葡萄糖酸浓度是菌株P1的27.3-53.9倍,Fe和Al元素的释放量是菌株P1的3.3-23.3倍。比较转录组数据表明,菌株F77特有的基因数量(2 872)和差异基因数量(1 832)均多于菌株P1 (分别为1 903和1 258)。菌株F77在胞内物质跨膜转运与碳代谢、细胞运动、趋化与信号诱导等途径中基因数量也高于菌株P1。此外,菌株F77的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因差异表达倍数、葡萄糖酸合成基因数量和差异表达倍数也明显高于菌株P1。【结论】菌株F77风化黑云母以及合成葡萄糖酸的能力显著高于菌株P1。菌株F77通过产生葡萄糖酸来促进黑云母的风化。添加黑云母显著促进了菌株F77胞内与矿物风化相关基因的表达,如物质跨膜转运、细胞运动与趋化、信号诱导、碳代谢及能量代谢等途径基因。此外,葡萄糖酸合成途径基因、超氧化物歧化酶基因以及过氧化氢酶基因在矿物风化中可能发挥重要作用。     

3种外源诱导剂预处理对甜瓜抗病特征及其Fom 2和CHT基因表达的影响

该研究选用水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、Ca~(2+)、无菌水(对照)作为外源预处理诱导剂,以抗、感枯萎病甜瓜品种为材料,分别于诱导预处理2d后接种甜瓜枯萎菌,并于接种5、7、9d时观察发病情况,进行病情调查;在接种后1、3、5、7、9d取甜瓜叶片,分析抗病甜瓜(MR-1)和感病甜瓜(M1-15)叶片中甜瓜抗枯萎病基因(Fom-2)、几丁质酶基因(CHT)的表达变化,以探寻提高防治甜瓜枯萎病菌侵染的技术途径。结果显示:(1)外源MeJA和SA预处理接种后2品种的病情指数显著低于对照,但Ca~(2+)处理后的病情指数与对照无显著差异。(2)经外源诱导预处理接种后,MR-1和M1-15品种叶片的Fom-2和CHT基因均出现差异表达,但Ca~(2+)诱导其上调表达的效果微弱。(3)经SA、MeJA诱导预处理接种后,2品种叶片的Fom-2和CHT基因表达总体均显著高于对照;Fom-2基因的表达抗病甜瓜MR-1分别在接种后5d、7d时达到峰值,而感病甜瓜M1-15则均在接种9d时达到峰值;CHT基因的表达抗病甜瓜MR-1则均在接种后7d时达到峰值,而感病甜瓜M1-15分别在接种后7d、9d时达到峰值。(4)Ca~(2+)处理对抗、感甜瓜叶片的Fom-2和CHT基因的表达均无显著影响。(5)相关分析表明,经SA、MeJA诱导预处理接种后,甜瓜枯萎病病情指数与Fom-2和CHT基因表达量有显著的相关性;而Ca~(2+)处理效果不显著。研究表明:SA、MeJA通过诱导Fom-2、CHT基因上调表达,进而使甜瓜的抗病性提高,而Ca~(2+)处理对两基因表达和甜瓜抗病性均无显著影响。     

南极菌产琼胶酶aga3311的表达、性质及其降解特性

【目的】本文通过对具有琼胶降解能力的南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.NJ21全基因组进行生物信息学分析,筛选获得琼胶酶疑似序列aga3311,采用基因工程手段对该基因的功能和性质进行了验证和分析。【方法】首先对aga3311进行克隆和表达;采用Ni-NTA对重组酶进行纯化;DNS-还原糖法测定重组酶的酶学性质;用薄层层析(TLC)和质谱(MS)技术对Aga3311的酶解产物进行分析。【结果】构建的重组表达质粒p ET-30(a)+aga3311能够在工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中实现高效表达,其中可溶性表达为30%左右;纯化的重组酶Aga3311分子量为87 k Da,其最适作用温度为35°C,30–45°C的范围内稳定性较高,50°C则迅速失活,具有热不稳定的特征;最适p H为7.0,在p H 4.0–10.0的范围内仍能保持50%以上的活性;金属离子Fe~(3+)、Be~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Ca~(2+)均能显著提高Aga3311的活性,特别是Ca~(2+)使其酶活提高1倍。该酶的酶解终产物经TLC和质谱分析主要为新琼二糖。【结论】重组酶Aga3311为Glyco_hydro_42家族的外切型β-琼胶酶,能够特异性降解琼脂糖生成新琼二糖。     

化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus sp.LS2介导的以乙炔为电子受体的硫氧化反应

【目的】探究化能自养硫氧化细菌Halothiobacillus sp. LS2介导的以乙炔为电子受体的厌氧硫氧化反应。【方法】稀释涂布法测定细胞生长情况,离子色谱仪测试硫氧化动力学中SO_4~(2–)和S_2O_3~(2–)以及基于相对荧光定量法的基因表达分析。【结果】尽管菌株LS2在以氧气为电子受体时的最大反应速率V_(max)更高,但在厌氧条件下且以乙炔为电子受体时,菌株LS2的生长量是氧气为电子受体时的2倍,且硫氧化酶基因soxB的表达量显著高于氧气作为电子受体时。【结论】菌株LS2不仅可以以乙炔为电子受体完成厌氧硫氧化反应,且这一代谢过程的产能效率较有氧硫氧化过程更高。本研究首次发现了微生物介导的以乙炔为电子受体的厌氧硫氧化反应,对丰富硫的生物地球化学循环理论有积极意义。     

土生空团菌对白云母的风化作用及解钾特性

摘要:【目的】为了提高森林土壤含钾硅酸盐矿物利用率和改善树木钾素营养,探讨外生菌根真菌对白云母矿物的解钾及风化效应。【方法】通过5种外生菌根真菌在贫钾条件下与白云母的相互作用,考察了3种常用培养基对菌株解钾能力的影响;采用解钾效果最高的土生空团菌在Modified Melin-Norkrans(MMN)培养基条件下,进一步研究了21d浸出过程中主要矿质元素的释放量、生物量、剩余葡萄糖量、产生的小分子有机酸种类及含量、菌丝-矿物微环境的改变,利用扫描电子显微镜观测白云母被风化的痕迹。【结果】培养基对不同外生菌根真菌解钾能力的影响各异,其中土生空团菌在MMN培养基条件下解钾能力最强,其解钾量与生物量、剩余葡萄糖量、pH值显著相关。土生空团菌能够分泌有助于菌丝-矿物粘附的胞外多糖以形成菌丝-矿物微环境,并富集有机酸,促进微环境内钾的释放;菌丝不仅能够粘附在白云母表面产生刻蚀作用,还能破坏矿物深入其内部。【结论】外生菌根真菌具有促进白云母风化并释放钾素的能力,这种能力可能与菌丝、有机酸、多糖的协同作用有关。     

Alkalitalea saponilacus产木聚糖酶的碳源优化及酶学特性

【目的】确定厌氧盐碱细菌Alkalitalea saponilacus产木聚糖酶所需的碳源,优化木聚糖粗酶的提取条件并分析酶学性质。【方法】应用GC技术分析A.saponilacus发酵木聚糖的主要产物;利用二硝基水杨酸法(DNS)测定木聚糖酶活力以获得最优的碳源、提取粗酶的最佳条件及其酶学特性。【结果】A.saponilacus以不同来源木聚糖为底物时,发酵产生的主要产物丙酸含量都在80%以上。若以0.4%(W/V)蔗糖+0.1%(W/V)桦木木聚糖为复合碳源时,木聚糖酶活力是以桦木木聚糖或者蔗糖为单一碳源时的3.2倍。木聚糖酶的酶活力在盐度2%–6%、pH 7.0和55°C达到最佳且在该条件下的酶活力为590 IU/mg。此外,该酶活力在0.2%Tween 20存在时增加,而在5 mmol/L Mg~(2+)和0.2%Triton X-100存在时无显著影响,但在Cu~(2+)、Fe3+和Ni~(2+)等金属离子存在时则被显著抑制。【结论】A.saponilacus发酵主产物丙酸以及生物合成的木聚糖酶在工业生产中具有广泛的应用前景。     

黑曲霉-矿物聚集体的形成及其分泌的多糖特性

【目的】为深入理解黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)对含钾矿粉的风化作用,研究在旋转发酵方式下形成的黑曲霉-矿物聚集体及其多糖,并分析它们在含钾矿粉风化过程中的作用。【方法】采用不同组合培养基,研究黑曲霉-矿物聚集体的形成和形貌;联合紫外-可见分光光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、气相色谱(GC)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)等分析手段研究黑曲霉-矿物聚集体形成前后微环境中多糖的变化以及这种改变对风化产生的意义。【结果】黑曲霉菌丝与矿粉在多糖等代谢产物帮助下,通过相互缠绕、吸附、粘合等作用形成黑曲霉-矿物聚集体,聚集体形成前后多糖浓度和多糖结构均发生显著改变。【结论】含钾矿粉诱导黑曲霉多糖结构发生明显变化并且浓度增大,这种改变可促进多糖对矿物颗粒的吸附,有助于螯合金属离子和吸附水分子,从而为真菌有效利用矿物营养提供有利的微环境。     

产黄青霉菌响应苯氧乙酸的Ca2+信号转导机制

【目的】研究青霉素V生产过程中—Ca~(2+)信号转导途径参与产黄青霉菌对外源侧链前体苯氧乙酸的应答机制。【方法】考察4种不同机制的Ca~(2+)信号干扰剂[利心平、乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸、苏拉明和硫酸新霉素]对青霉素V产量和产黄青霉菌生物量的影响。运用Fluo-3/AM荧光染料对细胞进行染色,通过荧光显微镜成像和酶标仪定量检测两种方法监测胞内Ca~(2+)浓度的变化。【结果】苯氧乙酸添加后胞内Ca~(2+)相对含量高于对照组49.86%,而1 mmol/L磷酸酯酶C底物抑制剂硫酸新霉素的添加使得胞内Ca~(2+)相对含量降低了53.31%,同时青霉素V产量降低78.71%,表明产黄青霉菌可通过肌醇1,4,5-三磷酸信号途径调节胞内Ca~(2+)浓度来响应苯氧乙酸的胁迫。【结论】首次探究了Ca~(2+)信号转导途径在产黄青霉菌对苯氧乙酸应答中的作用,为丝状真菌中Ins(1,4,5)P3-Ca~(2+)信号转导途径的研究提供理论依据。     

过表达腺苷生物合成正相关基因GlPNP提高灵芝腺苷的含量

【背景】灵芝被纳入我国“药食同源”试点名单,腺苷作为其主要活性物质之一,在免疫调节、抗炎、抗癌等方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】调控腺苷生物合成关键酶基因的表达来提高灵芝腺苷产量。【方法】将不同培养时间阶段腺苷合成酶基因(包括5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰转移酶GlATIC、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶GlPNP、腺苷激酶GlADK)的表达量与腺苷含量相关联,筛选出与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关的关键酶基因。克隆关键酶基因并在灵芝中过表达,探究关键酶基因过表达对灵芝腺苷积累的影响。【结果】GlPNP的表达与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关。GlPNP的cDNA全长为969 bp,预测GlPNP蛋白的相对分子量为34.6 kDa,呈三聚体的四元结构。研究结果表明,过表达菌株中GlPNP的表达量在第4天比野生型菌株(WT)上调了2.9-3.9倍,与含空载体的菌株(CK)相比,腺苷含量分别提高了78%和63%。【结论】过表达嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶是提高灵芝腺苷产量的一种有效手段。     

乙醛降解菌Bacillus velezensis LT-2的发酵条件优化

【背景】乙醛作为醛类污染物广泛存在于生产生活中,相较于传统的物化方法,生物降解具有诸多优势,已成为研究热点。【目的】筛选获得降解乙醛的菌株并优化其发酵条件,为微生物降解乙醛提供试验资源。【方法】经过富集培养和乙醛降解试验获得一株乙醛降解能力高的菌株;通过单因子优化(碳源、氮源、金属离子、温度、转速、接种量和初始pH)和多因子的交互试验(Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken design试验)考察培养基组分和发酵条件对菌株降解乙醛的影响,并考察菌株在最佳条件下的生长状态和乙醛降解能力。【结果】筛选获得一株具有乙醛降解能力的菌株Bacillus velezensis LT-2,该菌株降解乙醛的最佳培养条件为：蔗糖30 g/L,营养肉汤0.6 g/L,氯化钾0.12 mol/L,温度28℃,初始pH 7.5,接种量6%,摇床转速200r/min。在此条件下,B.velezensisLT-2可在1g/L乙醛的培养液中生长,22h的降解率为89.77%±2.33%,是优化前降解率的3.58倍。【结论】试验菌株B. velezensis LT-2对乙醛具有良好的...     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.