拟南芥NHX5和NHX6:离子平衡与蛋白质运输

拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtNHX5和AtNHX6离子转运特性和生物功能的研究取得了重要进展.AtNHX5和AtNHX6属于内膜Na~+,K~+/H~+反向交换体(NHX),定位于高尔基(Golgi),反面高尔基网(TGN)和多胞体/液胞前体(MVB/PVC).研究表明,AtNHX5和AtNHX6在调控细胞Na~+,K~+和pH平衡以及耐盐胁迫和钾营养等方面起着重要的作用.AtNHX5和AtNHX6跨膜结构域存在保守的酸性氨基酸残基;这些保守的酸性氨基酸残基调控着AtNHX5和AtNHX6的离子转运活性,从而调节植物的生长发育.最近研究发现,AtNHX5和AtNHX6调控着蛋白质向液胞的运输过程.并且发现,AtNHX5和AtNHX6在许多环节上调控着蛋白质的运输过程:AtNHX5和AtNHX6可能调控着液胞分选受体(VSR)与运输物的结合、VSR的循环运输过程以及SNARE复合物的亚细胞定位3个不同的细胞过程.本文将结合本研究组近年的研究工作,综述目前关于AtNHX5和AtNHX6的离子转运特性和生物功能方面的研究进展.     

水稻 Ca2+/H+ 反向转运体 OsCAX3 的功能分析和亚细胞定位研究

Ca2+/H+ 反向转运体作为一类 Ca2+外向转运器,在植物的营养和信号转导中起着非常重要的作用 . 克隆了水稻 Ca2+/H+ 反向转运体基因 OsCAX3 ,序列分析表明 OsCAX3 具有 11 个跨膜区,其中在第 6 和第 7 个跨膜区之间有一个 17 个氨基酸组成的酸性基序 (acid motif) ,功能互补实验证明 OsCAX3 具有转运 Ca2+ 的功能,并且其 N 端 26 个氨基酸序列对转运 Ca2+ 具有一定的抑制作用 . RT-PCR 分析表明 OsCAX3 的表达受到外源 Ca2+ 的诱导 . 利用 PSORT prediction 进行亚细胞定位分析,和利用 OsCAX3-GFP 融合蛋白瞬时表达分析证明, OsCAX3 定位于细胞质膜 . 以上结果表明, OsCAX3 是一种定位于细胞质膜上的 Ca2+/H+ 反向转运体 .     

北美海蓬子SbNHX1基因耐盐性及功能结构域分析

对从北美海蓬子中分离的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1进行了耐盐性及功能结构域分析.利用套叠PCR技术去除SbNHX1基因C末端162个核苷酸,得到SbNHX1-C基因,然后将SbNHX1、SbNHX1-C和拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1分别插入pET22b(+)表达载体,转化大肠杆菌B菌株,进行各种金属盐离子胁迫分析.结果表明,北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1只对Na+ 、K+离子有抗性,且耐盐性强于拟南芥Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1.缺失C末端的SbNHX1-C基因对Na+、K+离子胁迫无抗性,说明北美海蓬子Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白基因SbNHX1的耐盐作用与该基因C末端1 353 bp至1 514 bp的序列密切相关.     

拟南芥AAP基因家族的生物信息学分析

氨基酸通透酶(amino acid permease,AAP)是一种跨膜转运蛋白,广泛参与氨基酸的吸收、转运。本研究采用生物信息学方法对拟南芥AAP基因家族8个成员(编号AtAAP1~At AAP8)进行染色体定位、蛋白质理化性质、亚细胞定位、三级结构、跨膜区、基因结构及调控元件等进行分析,为探索AAP基因在拟南芥氨基酸吸收转运中的作用及进一步研究AtAAP基因家族的功能提供理论依据。     

胰岛素对蟾蜍卵母细胞膜电位及电解质的影响

应用普通玻璃微电极和离子选择性微电极,对正常及经过胰岛素处理的中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞膜电位、细胞内Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、H~+等活度及膜对Na~+、K~+的转运系数进行了测定。结果表明,胰岛素在促进蟾蜍卵母细胞发育成熟同时,具有使膜电位降低、细胞内Na~+、Cl~-活度增加、K~+、H~+活度减少及K~+转运系数降低等作用。胰岛素的上述作用可能与膜的通透性改变及膜上钠泵活性和Na~+/H~+交换的改变有关。     

植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白功能及调控的研究进展

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白是一种调控Na+、H+跨膜转运的膜蛋白,对细胞内Na+的平衡和pH值的调控等活动具有重要作用。该文主要对近年来Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白功能及其调控的研究进展进行概述,着重讨论其在调控离子稳态平衡,液泡pH值大小与花色显现,以及在影响细胞,器官(叶片)发育,盐胁迫信号转导等方面的可能作用。     

沙枣幼苗根尖离子流对NaCl胁迫的响应

为了进一步从离子动态运输方面了解沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)耐盐机制和揭示沙枣种源间的K~+/Na~+平衡调控差异,该研究利用非损伤微测技术(non-invasive micro-test technology,NMT)测定银川种源(盐敏感型)和阿拉尔种源(耐盐型)沙枣幼苗根系在3种不同NaCl处理方式下的离子流:1)在150 mmol·L–1 NaCl胁迫24 h后的Na~+和K~+离子流;2)NaCl瞬时处理后的K~+和H~+的动态离子流;3)先NaCl胁迫24 h,再用Na~+/H~+逆向转运体抑制剂阿米洛利(Amiloride)和K~+通道抑制剂氯化四乙胺(TEA)处理后的Na~+和K~+离子流。结果表明:NaCl胁迫24 h后,沙枣根系Na~+和K~+外排净流量显著增加,并且银川种源沙枣幼苗根系Na~+净流量显著低于阿拉尔种源,净流量分别为720和912 pmol·cm~(–2)·s~(–1),而K~+外流净流量显著高于阿拉尔种源。瞬时NaCl处理后,沙枣根系K~+的外流迅速增加,并且银川种源的K~+外排净流量始终高于阿拉尔种源,而H~+由内流转为外排,阿拉尔种源的H~+净外流量大于银川种源。NaCl和NaCl+Amiloride处理下,阿拉尔种源沙枣幼苗Na~+外流的净流量均大于银川种源,但K~+外流的净流量均小于银川种源,而在对照和NaCl+TEA处理下,Na~+和K~+的净流量在两个种源间无明显差异。研究证明NaCl胁迫造成根系Na~+积累和K~+外流,沙枣幼苗为减少Na~+积累,通过根系Na~+/H~+逆向转运体将Na~+从体内排出,并且耐盐型种源沙枣幼苗根系在NaCl胁迫时能更好地维持体内的K~+/Na~+平衡,其原因主要在于具有较强的Na~+外排能力和较弱的K~+流失。该研究可以为进一步发掘优良耐盐沙枣种质资源提供理论参考依据。     

互花米草NHX2基因的克隆与功能鉴定

NHX2属于CPA1基因家族,编码Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白,控制液泡膜中活性K~+的摄取,同时调节气孔的关闭。该研究以耐盐植物互花米草为材料,采用PCR技术克隆NHX2基因,并将其转入拟南芥进行相关功能鉴定。结果显示:(1)成功克隆获得互花米草NHX2基因CDS序列(1 602 bp),命名为SaNHX2,该基因编码533个氨基酸,SaNHX2蛋白的分子量约为58.65 kD,定位于细胞核和细胞膜,表明SaNHX2基因可能发挥转录调控的功能。(2) qRT-PCR结果显示,在ABA、NaCl和干旱胁迫处理下,互花米草叶和根中SaNHX2基因的表达量均上调。(3)为进一步鉴定其功能,成功构建植物表达载体,将SaNHX2基因转入拟南芥;经RT-PCR检测结果显示,SaNHX2基因在转基因植株中过表达;高盐胁迫处理后,转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的主根长度、叶绿素总量和相关胁迫应答基因表达量均高于转空载拟南芥,表明转SaNHX2基因拟南芥的耐盐能力显著增强。研究表明,SaNHX2基因可能在盐胁迫调节机制中发挥调控作用,可作为改良农作物耐盐的重要候选基因。     

7种植物K+/H+逆向转运蛋白的生物信息学分析

K+/H+逆向转运是普遍存在于几乎所有生物体内的重要离子平衡机制之一.该机制主要由多基因家族KEA (K efflux antiporter)介导.然而,长期以来对KEA的功能特征和生理意义的认识,除了在大肠杆菌中有零星的报道之外,绝大部分尚为空白.本文通过生物信息学分析,比较了7个植物物种KEA的同源和进化关系,发现KEA家族中的部分成员在物种进化过程中具有极高的保守性.以模式植物拟南芥为例,进一步研究了KEA的蛋白质跨膜结构、关键结构域和亚细胞定位预测等.结果表明,AtKEA大多具有10～12个跨膜结构,是典型的膜蛋白,在跨膜区的N端有多个丝氨酸磷酸化调控位点;都含有K+/H+交换结构域和相应的调控域,推测其能够介导K+/H+交换.基因芯片研究表明,AtKEA在根、茎、叶、花和荚果等不同组织器官的表达丰度不同,表明KEA基因家族各成员的生理功能具有时空分异性.上述结果可为进一步深入研究植物K+/H+逆向转运系统的功能提供借鉴.     

植物液泡膜阳离子/H+反向转运蛋白结构和功能研究进展

阳离子转运蛋白在调节细胞质阳离子浓度过程中发挥关键作用。液泡是一个储存多种离子的重要细胞器,阳离子 (Ca2+)/H+反向转运蛋白CAXs定位在液泡膜上,主要参与Ca2+向液泡的转运,也参与其他阳离子的转运。近年来,植物中分离鉴定了多个CAX基因,植物CAXs主要有4个功能域：NRR通过自抑制机制调节Ca2+转运活性,CaD和C功能域分别赋予CAXs的Ca2+和Mn2+专一性转运活性,D功能域可调节细胞质pH。拟南芥AtCAXs参与植物的生长发育和胁迫适应过程,AtCAX3主要在盐胁迫下转运Ca2+,At     

AtNHX8, a member of the monovalent cation: proton antiporter-1 family in Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a putative Li/H antiporter

The Arabidopsis monovalent cation:proton antiporter-1 (CPA1) family includes eight members, AtNHX1-8. AtNHX1 and AtNHX7/SOS1 have been well characterized as tonoplast and plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporters, respectively. The proteins AtNHX2-6 have been phylogenetically linked to AtNHX1, while AtNHX8 appears to be related to AtNHX7/SOS1. Here we report functional characterization of AtNHX8. AtNHX8 T-DNA insertion mutants are hypersensitive to lithium ions (Li+) relative to wild-type plants, but not to the other metal ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and caesium (Cs+). AtNHX8 overexpression in a triple-deletion yeast mutant AXT3 that exhibits defective Na+/Li+ transport specifically suppresses sensitivity to Li+, but does not affect Na+ sensitivity. Likewise, AtNHX8 overexpression complemented sensitivity to Li+, but not Na+, in sos1-1 mutant seedlings, and increased Li+ tolerance of both the sos1-1 mutant and wild-type seedlings. Results of Li+ and K+ measurement of loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants indicate that AtNHX8 may be responsible for Li+ extrusion, and may be able to maintain K+ acquisition and intracellular ion homeostasis. Subcellular localization of the AtNHX8-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein suggested that AtNHX8 protein is targeted to the plasma membrane. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtNHX8 encodes a putative plasma membrane Li+/H+ antiporter that functions in Li detoxification and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis.     

Vacuolar cation/H+ exchange, ion homeostasis, and leaf development are altered in a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, the Arabidopsis vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter

The function of vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter(s) in plants has been studied primarily in the context of salinity tolerance. By facilitating the accumulation of Na+ away from the cytosol, plant cells can avert ion toxicity and also utilize vacuolar Na+ as osmoticum to maintain turgor. As many genes encoding these antiporters have been cloned from salt-sensitive plants, it is likely that they function in some capacity other than salinity tolerance. The wide expression pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana sodium proton exchanger 1 (AtNHX1) in this study supports this hypothesis. Here, we report the isolation of a T-DNA insertional mutant of AtNHX1, a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter in Arabidopsis. Vacuoles isolated from leaves of the nhx1 plants had a much lower Na+/H+ and K+/H+ exchange activity. nhx1 plants also showed an altered leaf development, with reduction in the frequency of large epidermal cells and a reduction in overall leaf area compared to wild-type plants. The overexpression of AtNHX1 in the nhx1 background complemented these phenotypes. In the presence of NaCl, nhx1 seedling establishment was impaired. These results place AtNHX1 as the dominant K+ and Na+/H+ antiporter in leaf vacuoles in Arabidopsis and also suggest that its contribution to ion homeostasis is important for not only salinity tolerance but development as well.     

Functional conservation between yeast and plant endosomal Na(+)/H(+) antiporters

Vacuolar compartmentation of Na(+) is an essential mechanism for salinity tolerance since it lowers cytosolic Na(+) levels while contributing to osmotic adjustment for cell turgor and expansion. The AtNHX1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana substituted functionally for ScNHX1, the endosomal Na(+)/H(+) antiporter of yeast. Ion tolerance conferred by AtNHX1 and ScNHX1 correlated with ion uptake into an intracellular pool that was energetically dependent on the vacuolar (H(+))ATPase. AtNHX1 localized to vacuolar membrane fractions of yeast. Hence, both transporters share an evolutionarily conserved function in Na(+) compartmentation. AtNHX1 mRNA levels were upregulated by ABA and NaCl treatment in leaf but not in root tissue.     

Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物耐盐性关系

Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白与植物的耐盐性有密切的关系。在高等植物体内,主要存在两种Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白,分别为位于细胞质膜上的逆向转运蛋白SOS1,以及存在于液泡膜上的AtNHX1。质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责Na+ 的外排,液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白主要负责把Na+ 区隔化入液泡。过量表达质膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白SOS1或液泡膜Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白AtNHX1能够明显提高植物的耐盐性。本文对植物中Na+/H+ 逆向转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性之间的关系研究最新进展作一概述。     

Molecular and functional analysis of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene of Rosa hybrida

A vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene was isolated from Rosa hybrida (RhNHX1). The amino acid sequence encoded by the RhNHX1 cDNA shows homology to that of the yeast NHX1. The cDNA contains 2080 nucleotides and an open reading frame of 1632 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 543 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 60,045 daltons. The deduced amino acid sequence of RhNHX1 is 74.1% identical to that of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter of Arabidopsis thaliana, AtNHX1, and contains the consensus amiloride-binding domain. RhNHX1 suppressed the hygromycin-sensitive phenotype of the yeast nhx1 mutant. In addition, the expression of RhNHX1 in rose increased in the presence of NaCl. These results suggest that the product of RhNHX1 functions as a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter in rose plants.     

一个新的油菜NHX基因电子克隆及序列分析

基于电子克隆的方法,从甘蓝型油菜中获得一个新的反向转运蛋白基因cDNA序列,暂被命名为BnNHX6。BnNHX6包含一个完整的长为1593bp的开放阅读框架,编码530个氨基酸。BnNHX6蛋白属于跨膜蛋白,有9个跨膜区,含有信号肽,预测在质膜上。通过同源比对和进化分析发现,BnNHX6的氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtNHX5和AtNHX6、西红柿LeNHX2、毛白杨PtNHX2基因所编码的氨基酸序列高度同源,同源性分别为78.4%、92.6%、77.1%、76.9%,亲缘关系较近;但与已报道的油菜BnNHX1同源性仅为24.9%,亲缘关系很远,表明BnNHX6是一个新的油菜反向转运蛋白基因。     

Insights into the biochemistry of the ubiquitous NhaP family of cation/H+ antiporters

Na+/H+ antiporters are integral membrane proteins that exchange Na+ for H+ across the cytoplasmic or organellar membranes of virtually all living cells. They are essential for control of cellular pH, volume homeostasis, and regulation of Na+ levels. Na+/H+ antiporters have become increasingly characterized and are now becoming important drug targets. The recently identified NhaP family of Na+/H+ antiporters, from the CPA1 superfamily, contains proteins with a surprisingly broad collective range of transported cations, exchanging protons for alkali cations such as Na+, Li+, K+, or Rb+ as well as for Ca2+ and, possibly, NH4+. Questions about ion selectivity and the physiological impact of each particular NhaP antiporter are far from trivial. For example, Vc-NhaP2 from Vibrio cholerae has recently been shown to function in vivo as a specific K+/H+ antiporter while retaining the ability to exchange H+ for Na+ and bind (but not exchange with H+) Li+ in a competitive manner. These and other findings reviewed in this communication make antiporters of the NhaP type attractive systems to study intimate molecular mechanisms of cation exchange. In an evolutionary perspective, the NhaP family seems to be a phylogenetic entity undergoing active divergent evolution. In this minireview, to rationalize peculiarities of the cation specificity in the NhaP family, the "size-exclusion principle" and the idea of "ligand shading" are discussed.     

拟南芥液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的研究进展

拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白是由AtNHX1基因编码的一个在盐胁迫中起重要作用的蛋白。本文综述了AtNHX1的基本结构、功能及作用机制,展望其作为有效植物耐盐基因的前景,并对拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 逆向转运蛋白基因家族其他成员的研究,也做了相应的概括。     

The arabidopsis Na+/H+ exchanger AtNHX1 catalyzes low affinity Na+ and K+ transport in reconstituted liposomes.

In saline environments, plants accumulate Na(+) in vacuoles through the activity of tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. The first gene for a putative plant vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, AtNHX1, was isolated from Arabidopsis and shown to increase plant tolerance to NaCl. However, AtNHX1 mRNA was up-regulated by Na(+) or K(+) salts in plants and substituted for the homologous protein of yeast to restore tolerance to several toxic cations. To study the ion selectivity of the AtNHX1 protein, we have purified a histidine-tagged version of the protein from yeast microsomes by Ni(2+) affinity chromatography, reconstituted the protein into lipid vesicles, and measured cation-dependent H(+) exchange with the fluorescent pH indicator pyranine. The protein catalyzed Na(+) and K(+) transport with similar affinity in the presence of a pH gradient. Li(+) and Cs(+) ions were also transported with lower affinity. Ion exchange by AtNHX1 was inhibited 70% by the amiloride analog ethylisopropyl-amiloride. Our data indicate a role for intracellular antiporters in organelle pH control and osmoregulation.