脂肪酶产生菌的筛选及鉴定研究

为寻找合适的产脂肪酶野生菌,以期能高效的催化合成生物柴油。通过添加橄榄油作为惟一碳源进行富集培养,然后以透明圈平板筛选法从油污土壤样品中成功地筛选到了一株酶活力值为10.12U/ml产脂肪酶菌株。通过对该菌株表型、生理生化特征分析及16S rRNA部分序列的系统进化发育分析鉴定该菌为芽胞杆菌属,定名为BacilluspumilusB2。     

土壤中产脂肪酶洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分离与鉴定

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)在生物防治、生物降解等农业领域有着广泛的应用,它产生的脂肪酶则在有机合成、精细化工等领域潜力巨大。采用改良的TB-T平板筛选法从土壤中初步筛选出300株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,然后用脂肪酶活性检测平板对300株菌进行筛选,最终获得6株脂肪酶产量高的菌,通过发酵发现6株菌均有较好的产脂肪酶能力。随后通过16S rDNA比对的方法将6株全部鉴定为B.cepacia。在此基础上,采用HaeⅢ-recA RFLP和基因种特异性PCR对6株菌进行了基因种鉴定,结果表明JWT16、G63YL、WJ158和JWT137属于Burkholderia cenocepacia菌,JWP9属于Burkhold-eria vietnamiensis,JWT267则属于Burkholderia multivorans。     

奶牛瘤胃中牛链球菌的分离鉴定

采用厌氧分离技术从奶牛瘤胃中分离出1株细菌,通过对其形态、培养特性、生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列测定与同源性分析等研究,确定分离菌株为牛链球菌（Streptococcus bovis）,为进一步研究其对瘤胃发酵的影响奠定了基础。     

一株瘤胃厌氧菌Actinomyces ruminicola的分离鉴定

目的从健康奶牛瘤胃液中分离、筛选出1株以产乙酸为主Actinomyces ruminicola。方法无菌采取装有瘤胃瘘奶牛的瘤胃液,按照厌氧茵分离步骤,通过Actinomyces ruminicola的特异性培养基进行筛选,提取分离菌的基因组DNA,克隆其16SrRNA基因,进行序列测定,分离出1株Actinomyces ruminicola。结果通过形态学观察、生化反应和序列分析证实所分离的1株产乙酸的杆菌为Actinomyces ruminicola。结论从健康牛瘤胃液中成功分离出1株Actinomyces ruminicola,为进一步研究其对瘤胃发酵的影响奠定了基础。     

奶牛瘤胃微生物元基因组文库中脂肪酶的筛选与酶学性质

利用含有三油酸甘油酯的脂肪酶选择性筛选培养基,从奶牛瘤胃微生物元基因组文库15360个克隆中,筛选得到了18个脂肪酶阳性克隆,其插入片段大约为60kb,并且各个克隆的插入片段各不一样。利用p-NPP法对脂肪酶克隆的脂肪酶活性分析,表明均具有大小不等的脂肪酶活性。底物特异性分析表明Lipase6、Lipase7和Lipase8分别对C16底物(对硝基苯棕榈酸酯)、C12底物(对硝基苯月桂酸酯)和C16底物(对硝基苯棕榈酸酯)水解能力最强。Lipase6、Lipase7、Lipase8的脂肪酶最适pH为7.5;Lipase8的脂肪酶活性半衰期随反应温度的升高而缩短,70oC时能达到30min。本研究所筛选的脂肪酶具有不同的底物特异性和较好的热稳定性,这对于工业化生产具有一定的应用潜力。     

痤疮丙酸杆菌的分离鉴定及其对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响

摘要：【目的】奶牛围产期能量代谢的特点是能量负平衡,瘤胃发酵产生的丙酸是奶牛糖异生供能的主要底物,对预防奶牛能量负平衡具有重要的意义。本研究旨在从健康奶牛瘤胃液中分离、筛选出以产丙酸为主的痤疮丙酸杆菌,研究其瘤胃发酵特性。【方法】无菌采取装有瘤胃瘘奶牛的瘤胃液,按照厌氧菌分离步骤,通过丙酸生成菌株的特异性培养基SLB进行筛选,提取分离菌的基因组DNA,克隆其16S rRNA基因,进行序列测定,分离出一株痤疮丙酸杆菌。通过体内外发酵试验研究痤疮丙酸杆菌对瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸和乳酸的影响。【结果】通过形态学观察、生化反应和序列分析证实所分离的一株产丙酸的杆菌为痤疮丙酸杆菌。该菌株在体外发酵过程中,瘤胃液pH先下降,在12h时降至最低,随后上升;乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸先升高,于12h时升至最高,随后又降低;乳酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸总体上一直下降;在体内发酵过程中,pH总体上下降;乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等挥发性脂肪酸总体上升。【结论】在国内首次从健康牛瘤胃液中成功分离出一株痤疮丙酸杆菌,为今后研发预防奶牛能量负平衡的微生态制剂奠定基础。     

微生物脂肪酶的重组表达

微生物脂肪酶在传统和新型工业催化领域中的应用越来越广泛与深入。作为脂肪酶规模化制备主要途径的高效重组表达,为脂肪酶催化剂的最终形成及工业催化奠定了坚实的技术基础。概述并讨论了微生物脂肪酶重组表达的最新策略和发展趋势,阐述密码子优化、融合共表达、杂合启动子、同源高效表达、细胞表面展示和表达文库的高通量筛选等技术特点及其表达应用现状,指出细胞表面展示表达和表达文库高通量筛选体系为脂肪酶重组表达注入强劲活力;在此基础上对几种代表性微生物脂肪酶的重组表达进展作一综述,为微生物脂肪酶的重组表达研究及工业生产提供借鉴。     

基于核糖体基因序列快速鉴定产脂肪酶微生物

利用含罗丹明B的橄榄油检测平板从中国各省市油污土壤中分离、筛选产脂肪酶微生物菌株,扩增细菌的核糖体基因16S rDNA序列和真菌的ITS2序列,分析核糖体基因簇DNA,并结合形态学特征从而对产脂肪酶菌株进行分子生物学鉴定.核糖体基因16S rDNA序列分析及系统发育分析表明,分离得到的产脂肪酶细菌分别属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes)、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏(Burkholderia cepacia)、琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobater jurii)、嗜麦芽窄食单孢菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.);真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS2)序列及同源性分析表明产脂肪酶真菌分别属于黑曲酶(Aspergillus niger)、白地酶(Galactomyces geotrichum)、解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、丝孢酵母(Trichosporon guehoae)和假丝酵母(Candida sp.).研究结果表明,核糖体基因簇的DNA分析技术为从自然界分离、鉴定产脂肪酶菌种提供了一种快速有效的手段,为产脂肪酶微生物资源开发利用奠定了技术基础.     

产琥珀酸放线杆菌的分离鉴定及其对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响

采用厌氧分离技术从奶牛瘤胃中分离出1株细菌,通过对其形态、培养特性、生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列测定与同源性分析的研究,确定分离菌株为产琥珀酸放线杆菌（Actinobacillus succinogenes）,体外发酵实验表明,发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度（VFA）明显升高,乳酸浓度明显降低,对反刍动物的能量代谢和酸中毒具有一定的调节作用。     

脂肪酶活力测定方法及其在筛选产脂肪酶微生物中的应用

比较了罗丹明平板法、橄榄油乳化法、对硝基苯酚法测脂肪酶水解酶活和对硝基苯酚法测脂肪酶酯合成酶活4种常用的脂肪酶活力测定方法。结果表明,罗丹明平板法只适合脂肪酶活力的定性和初步定量判断,后3种方法适合于脂肪酶活力的定量检测,但只有对硝基苯酚法有较好的重现性。而且,脂肪酶水解酶活力和其合成活力无对应关系,所以在筛选产脂肪酶微生物时要选择合适的脂肪酶活力测定方法。也即,筛选产水解酶活的菌株应选择水解酶活测定方法,否则,选择酯合成酶活力测定方法。基于这一原则筛选到了预期产脂肪酶微生物。     

Isolation and biochemical characterization of two lipases from a metagenomic library of China Holstein cow rumen

Two novel lipase genes RlipE1 and RlipE2 which encoded 361- and 265-amino acid peptides, respectively, were recovered from a metagenomic library of the rumen microbiota of Chinese Holstein cows. A BLAST search revealed a high similarity (90%) between RlipE2 and a carboxylesterase from Thermosinus carboxydivorans Nor1, while there was a low similarity (below 50%) between RlipE1 and other lipases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RlipE2 clustered with the lipolytic enzymes from family V while RlipE1 clustered with six other putative bacterial lipases which might constitute a new subfamily. The recombinant lipases were thermally unstable and retained 60% activity over a pH range of 6.5-8.5. Substrate specificity assay indicated that both enzymes had higher hydrolytic activity toward laurate (C₁₂), palmitate (C₁₆) and stearate (C₁₈). The novel phylogenetic affiliation and high specificity of both enzymes for long-chain fatty acid make them interesting targets for manipulation of rumen lipid metabolism.     

Isolation of previously uncultured rumen bacteria by dilution to extinction using a new liquid culture medium

A new anaerobic medium that mimics the salts composition of rumen fluid was used in conjunction with a dilution method of liquid culture to isolate fermentative bacteria from the rumen of a grass-fed sheep. The aim was to inoculate a large number of culture tubes each with a mean of < 1 culturable cell, which should maximize the number of cultures that develop from a single bacterium. This minimizes the effort that has to be put into purifying the resultant cultures. Of 1000 tubes, 139 were growth positive. Of the 93 that were able to be subcultured, 54 (58%) appeared to be pure cultures. The phylogenetic placements of these 54 cultures, together with another 6 cultures obtained from a preliminary study, were determined. Using a criterion of < 93% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to a previously named bacterium as a proxy for defining a new genus, 27 (45%) of the 60 cultures belonged to 14 potentially novel genera. Many of these had 16S rRNA genes that shared > 97% sequence identity to genes of uncultured bacteria detected in various gastrointestinal environments. This strategy has therefore allowed us to cultivate many novel rumen bacteria, opening the way to overcoming the lack of cultures of many of the groups detected using cultivation-independent methods.     

降解全氟辛酸真菌的分离与鉴定

目的 通过富集培养分离降解全氟辛酸（PFOA）的真菌,进行分类鉴定和降解特性分析。方法 采集全氟化合物污染的土壤,利用以PFOA为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基进行驯化和富集培养,分离降解PFOA的真菌;通过形态观察和基于ITS基因序列的系统发育分析对分离菌株进行鉴定;采用LC-MS检测其降解PFOA的能力。结果 分离获得2株降解PFOA的真菌AF1和AF2,初步鉴定分别为棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）和棘卷枝毛霉（Mucor circinelloides）;胞外酶活性分析均具有漆酶活性。真菌AF1和AF2在以PFOA为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中培养72 h后,最大降解率分别为24.24%和28.12%。结论 自然环境中蕴藏着降解PFOA的真菌资源。     

Isolation and screening of Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-49 from the environment of Saudi Arabia with concomitant production of lipase and protease in submerged fermentation

In this study, Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-49 was isolated from the soil sample of Saudi Arabian environment for the simultaneous production of lipase and protease in submerged fermentation. The process parameters were optimized to enhance enzymes production. The production of protease and lipase was found to be maximum after 5 days of incubation (139.2 ± 2.1 U/ml, 253 ± 4.4 U/ml). Proteolytic enzyme increases with the increase in pH up to 9.0 (147.2 ± 3.6 U/ml) and enzyme production depleted significantly at higher pH values. In the case of lipase, production was maximum in the culture medium containing pH 8.0 (166 ± 1.3 U/ml). The maximum production of protease was observed at 40 °C (174 ± 12.1 U/ml) by Streptomyces sp. Lipase activity was found to be optimum at the range of temperatures (30–50 °C) and maximum production was achieved at 35 °C (168 ± 7.8 U/ml). Among the evaluated carbon sources, maltose significantly influenced on protease production (218 ± 12.8 U/ml). Lipase production was maximum when Streptomyces sp. was cultured in the presence of glucose (162 ± 10.8U/ml). Among various concentrations of peptone, 1.0% (w/v) significantly enhanced protease production. The lipase production was very high in the culture medium containing malt extract as nitrogen source (86 ± 10.2 U/ml). Protease production was maximum in the presence of Ca²⁺ as ionic source (212 ± 3.8 U/ml) and lipase production was enhanced by the addition of Mg²⁺ with the fermentation medium (163.7 ± 6.2 U/ml).     

Isolation and characterization of a new hydrogen-utilizing bacterium from the rumen

Abstract A new H2 CO2-utilizing acetogenic bacterium was isolated from the rumen of a mature deer. This is the first report of a spore-forming Gram-negative bacterial species from the rumen. The organism was a strictly anaerobic, motile rod and was able to grow autotrophically on hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Acetate was the major product detected. Glucose, fructose and lactate were also fermented heterotrophically. The optimum pH for growth was 7.0–7.5, and the optimum temperature was 37–42 °C. Yeast extract was required for growth and rumen fluid was highly stimulatory. The DNA base ratio was 52.9 ± 0.5 mol% G + C. On the basis of these characteristics and fermentation products, the isolate was considered to be different from acetogenic bacteria described previously.     

高效钾长石分解菌株的筛选、鉴定及解钾活性研究

目的 筛选高效的钾长石分解细菌,并进行初步鉴定和解钾活性测定.方法 采集湖南省桂东县钾长石开采区土壤,利用钾长石为唯一钾源的选择性培养基筛选分离解钾细菌,通过摇瓶释钾试验复筛高效解钾菌株;同时,利用ICP-OES测定解钾菌的释钾效率.采用形态特征观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析初步鉴定高效解钾菌株.结果 分离获得11株生长良好的钾长石分解细菌,其中菌株JKC1、JKC2、JKC5和JKC7的解钾能力较强,解钾率分别为11.00％、11.50％、12.70％和11.70％.经初步鉴定JKC1为Bacillus megaterium,JKC2为Bacillus aryabhattai,JKC5为Azotobacter chroococcum,JKC7为Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum.结论 菌株JKC1、JKC2、JKC5和JKC7是高效的钾长石分解菌,可作为微生物浸矿(钾长石)机制研究的候选菌株.     

为动物类专业本科生讲授瘤胃微生物知识点的体会

瘤胃微生物与反刍动物的共生关系是动物类专业本科生必须掌握的重要知识。我们采取问题导向教学方法,使学生较好地掌握瘤胃微生物在反刍动物生长发育中的作用,积极培养学生在科学饲养反刍动物、正确防治瘤胃疾病以及未来开展反刍动物相关研究的素质和能力。