文心兰乙烯不敏感基因EIN2的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用PCR、RACE方法,对文心兰‘南茜’的乙烯不敏感蛋白基因（ethylene insensitive 2,EIN2）进行克隆及生物信息学分析,并采用qRT PCR技术,对该基因在文心兰不同组织器官和不同花期中的表达模式进行分析。结果表明：（1）成功克隆得到文心兰_EIN2基因序列,命名为OnEIN2（MH497388）;该基因cDNA序列全长为4 177 bp,其中开放阅读框3 879 bp,编码1 292个氨基酸,3′非编码区长208 bp,5′非编码区长90 bp。（2）生物信息学分析显示OnEIN2是一个不稳定的疏水蛋白,含有跨膜结构,分子式为C₆₄₀₆H₉₉₈₈N₁₆₇₀O₁₈₉₇S₄₇;蛋白质分子量142.22 kD,理论等电点5.80。多序列比对和系统进化分析表明,文心兰EIN2与铁皮石斛EIN2的相似度最高（81.98%）,二者亲缘关系也最为接近。（3）实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,OnEIN2基因在根、茎、叶花中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低;而在不同花期中,盛开期表达量最高,其次是衰老期。研究表明,文心兰OnEIN2基因在开花和衰老过程中可能有重要的作用。     

小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

白菜BcMAF2基因克隆及功能验证

为了揭示白菜（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino）开花调控转录因子（MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 2）MAF2在开花过程中的作用,该研究通过同源克隆的方法获得BcMAF2基因的全长序列。结果表明：（1）BcMAF2基因含有1个长度为588 bp开放阅读框,编码196个氨基酸;将BcMAF2蛋白氨基酸序列与其他物种MAF2氨基酸比较表明,BcMAF2基因与其他物种中该基因具有高度保守的结构域。（2）将BcMAF2与YFP和HA标签融合,构建亚细胞定位载体pEarleyGate101 BcMAF2 YFP HA,采用农杆菌介导法将其瞬时表达于本氏烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）叶片中,激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现BcMAF2蛋白定位于细胞核中,表明BcMAF2符合作为转录因子的功能。（3）将BcMAF2基因遗传转化拟南芥中进行功能验证,通过蛋白印迹试验获得5个过表达株系,且在选取的蛋白表达量较高的第8、10株拟南芥中均表现出明显延迟其抽薹开花表型。研究推测BcMAF2基因可能参与植物开花的春化途径。     

水母雪莲花青素合成相关基因的克隆及表达

为研究高山植物水母雪莲对强紫外辐射的分子适应机制,采用RT PCR结合RACE技术从水母雪莲中克隆了参与调控花青素合成的相关基因(SmMYB1),并采用hi TAIL PCR方法扩增了该基因的启动子序列。结果表明：(1)序列分析显示,SmMYB1基因cDNA序列(GenBank 登录号 MT188353)全长1 011 bp,编码269个氨基酸,gDNA序列含有2个内含子和3个外显子。(2)生物信息学分析显示,SmMYB1基因编码蛋白和菊科MYB蛋白亲缘关系最近,含有保守的［DE］Lx(2)［RK］ x(3)Lx(6)Lx(3)R和ANDV两个模体,属于拟南芥MYB第六亚族。SmMYB1基因启动子(GenBank 登录号 MT188354)全长1 407 bp,含有多个光响应元件。(3)荧光定量分析发现,SmMYB1基因在根、茎、叶和花中均表达,且在花中的表达量最高;在紫外胁迫下,SmMYB1基因的表达量在4 h达到最高,随后逐渐降低。研究推测SmMYB1基因可能参与调控水母雪莲花青素的合成以及对紫外辐射的响应过程。     

巨桉EgrGBF1基因的克隆和表达模式分析

G-box结合蛋白(GBF)是一类能够识别并结合G-box的转录因子,广泛参与植物基因响应外界刺激的表达调控。通过巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)初生生长到次生生长的转录组测序筛选出差异表达基因EgrGBF1,为探讨其在桉树生长发育中的功能,从巨桉中克隆了该基因,并进行了结构和进化分析。结果表明,EgrGBF1编码区长度为984 bp,编码327个氨基酸, 存在2个转录本,分别命名为EgrGBF1α和EgrGBF1β。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,EgrGBF1α和EgrGBF1β在不同组织中,不同激素、胁迫处理下的表达模式不同,EgrGBF1α主要在茎尖表达,沿节间向下表达量逐渐降低,而EgrGBF1β在韧皮部高表达,在节间的表达量无显著差异。在水杨酸和缺硼处理下,EgrGBF1α和EgrGBF1β的表达趋势相反。EgrGBF1α在缺磷处理168 h的表达量最高,而EgrGBF1β在处理6 h的表达量最高。因此,EgrGBF1在桉树生长发育以及响应胁迫中发挥着重要作用,且转录本EgrGBF1α和EgrGBF1β可能具有不同的功能。     

茶树开花相关基因家族的克隆及CsMFT基因的可变剪切分析

开花是植物从营养生长到生殖生长转变的关键过程,PEBP(phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein)蛋白家族在植物开花过程中发挥重要调控作用。该研究分别采用信息学分析及RT PCR方法,对茶树CsPEBP基因家族进行了鉴定、克隆和表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得5个PEBP基因家族成员,并分别命名为CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT、CsFT和CsTFL1,其长度为519~525 bp,分别编码172~174 个氨基酸残基,定位于5条不同染色体。(2)结构分析显示,该蛋白家族不同成员氨基酸序列的相似性高达72.7%,含39.88%~42.28%的自由卷曲,分属于3个亚家族,其亲缘关系与杨树最近。(3)亚细胞定位分析显示,CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT定位于细胞质, CsFT定位于细胞核,CsTFL1定位于细胞质和细胞核。(4)转录组和荧光定量PCR分析显示,CsMFT基因在茶树不同组织部位和不同非生物胁迫响应下的表达量均高于其他基因;CsFT、CsATC、CsMFT基因在茶树花半开时的表达量最高。(5)启动子元件分析显示,该基因家族的启动子中含有大量的光响应元件和激素响应元件。(6)CsMFT基因存在可变剪切,有 525 bp和689 bp 两个不同长度的转录本。研究推测,该研究所克隆的5个茶树CsPEBP家族成员均参与了调控茶树的开花过程和茶树对多种逆境的响应,为茶树开花调控相关研究奠定了基础。     

独行菜冷上调基因LaNHR2B的低温耐受性研究

新疆北部早春短命植物独行菜幼苗期能够在早春的低温条件下生长,具有良好的耐受低温胁迫的能力。前期研究获得了独行菜幼苗冷诱导上调表达基因片段,通过同源克隆获得该基因的全长cDNA序列（LaNHR2B）,运用生物信息学软件预测分析该基因编码蛋白的性质及其构象,采用荧光定量RT PCR技术分析其表达量与幼苗生长阶段、冷诱导处理以及外源ABA处理间的关系,通过转化拟南芥研究过表达该基因对植物幼苗低温耐受性的影响。结果表明：（1）LaNHR2B基因全长1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸,蛋白质分子质量为85 791.16 kD,理论等电点为5.06,分子式为C₃₁₂₉H₅₂₂₅N₁₀₃₅O₁₃₀₇S₂₃₅;其蛋白主要由丙氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸及半胱氨酸组成,具有3个跨膜结构,功能未知;在十字花科植物中保守性强,其他科的植物中未见同源基因。（2）LaNHR2B受4 ℃低温诱导显著上调表达,但随幼苗生长受低温诱导上调表达有所降低,与幼苗随发育耐受低温能力下降变化一致。（3）外源ABA可诱导LaNHR2B表达上调;过表达拟南芥幼苗低温耐受性明显增强。该研究初步证明,LaNHR2B表达量与独行菜幼苗耐受低温密切相关,可能是独行菜幼苗经过冷驯化后能够增强植株抗寒能力的功能性基因。这为进一步开发利用该基因进行油菜等作物抗寒育种提供理论依据。     

金黄色葡萄球菌tst-1基因敲除菌株的构建

抽提金黄色葡萄球菌834菌株的基因组DNA,PCR克隆扩增tst-1及tst-1的上、下游基因,通过将tst-1上、下游基因分别重组到载体质粒pAULA中,形成同源重组质粒pAULA Δtst-1,将pAULA-Δtst-1电转入细菌内,进行同源重组,以PCR、Western blot鉴定tst-1基因敲除菌株无tst-1基因片段,且无TSST-1蛋白表达,表明已成功构建金黄色葡萄球菌tst-1基因的敲除菌株。     

黄毛草莓FnMYB24转录因子基因和启动子的克隆及表达分析

该研究以黄毛草莓(Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl.)为材料,采用RT PCR技术克隆了黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因的cDNA和启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明,FnMYB24的cDNA序列长为1 033 bp(GenBank登录号为MN879283),其开放阅读框(ORF)长为609 bp,编码202个氨基酸,含有1个保守的MYB_DNA binding结构域。同源分析结果显示,黄毛草莓FnMYB24基因编码的氨基酸序列与森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)编码的氨基酸相似性较高;同时进一步克隆了该基因编码起始位点上游长度为718 bp启动子序列(GenBank登录号为MN879285),预测该序列包含激素响应元件、光调控元件等多个顺式作用元件。通过构建pFnMYB24∷GUS表达载体进行烟草瞬时转化,发现pFnMYB24启动子具有转录活性且能够驱动FnMYB24基因表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示：抗病品种黄毛草莓和易感病栽培品种‘妙香3号’的叶片接种胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)后MYB24基因表达量均有上调,但‘妙香3号’的MYB24表达量始终低于黄毛草莓的表达量;SA处理后2个草莓品种的MYB24表达量均高于对照组,表明MYB24基因受水杨酸(SA)的诱导表达。研究表明,草莓MYB24基因可能参与调控抗炭疽病,为进一步研究MYB24基因在草莓抗炭疽病中的功能奠定了基础。     

三倍体枇杷花期调控基因EjAGL6的表达特性和功能分析

以三倍体枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica) ‘华玉无核1号’的花芽为材料,采用基因克隆技术获得EjAGL6基因,分析其序列、亚细胞定位特性以及在二倍体和三倍体枇杷早晚花品种中的表达水平。采用花序浸染转化拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR分析转基因拟南芥植株的EjAGL6基因表达量,进一步观察野生型与EjAGL6转基因拟南芥的表型差异,分析EjAGL6基因的功能,为解析EjAGL6基因参与三倍体枇杷花期调控机制提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)成功获得MADS box基因EjAGL6;该基因的编码区序列(CDS)为732 bp,编码243个氨基酸,分子质量为27.88 kD,等电点为 9.05,脂溶指数为 79.05;系统进化树分析表明,枇杷EjAGL6与苹果MdAGL6蛋白质的相似性较高,聚在同一分支。(2)蛋白序列比对发现,EjAGL6的M区有57个氨基酸,I区有30个氨基酸,K区有82个氨基酸,C区有74个氨基酸,其中C区包含高度保守的AGL6基序Ⅰ和AGL6基序Ⅱ。(3)亚细胞定位分析表明,EjAGL6蛋白定位在细胞核,具有典型的MADS box转录因子亚细胞定位特性。(4)实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,EjAGL6基因在二倍体和三倍体枇杷早、晚花品种中均有表达,主要集中于小花分化期(S6)、花蕾露白期(S7)和盛花期(S8),且EjAGL6基因在二倍体和三倍体早花品种中的花蕾露白期的表达量均较高。(5) 转基因拟南芥株系的EjAGL6基因表达量显著高于野生型拟南芥;转EjAGL6基因植株表型观察显示,EjAGL6基因在拟南芥中过量表达能够使转EjAGL6基因拟南芥的开花时间提前1周左右。研究认为,EjAGL6基因可促使枇杷开花时间提前,推测EjAGL6基因在花蕾露白期发挥调控花期的关键作用。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.