不同花色紫斑牡丹的CDDP体系优化及其遗传多样性分析

利用CDDP（ Conserved DNA derived Polymorphism）分子标记方法,对47个不同花色紫斑牡丹品种的基因组DNA进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示：（1）采用正交实验设计,对影响紫斑牡丹CDDP PCR反应的引物浓度、DNA模板浓度两因素进行优化,优化后紫斑牡丹CDDP PCR反应体系为：总反应体系20 μL,其中包括2×Es Taq MasterMix酶（含染料）10 μL,10 pmol/μL引物1.5 μL,15 ng/μL DNA模板4 μL,ddH₂O 4.5 μL。（2）21条引物中,有19条产生了清晰的条带。19条引物共扩增出112条带,其中多态性条带 97条,占总条带数的 86.61％,多态性比例高。（3）UPGMA聚类显示,47个紫斑牡丹品种的聚类大体按照花色聚类,品种间遗传相似系数值在0.72~0.95,说明品种间相似度高,差异程度小。研究表明,CDDP分子标记方法适用于紫斑牡丹遗传关系分析,且特异条带的产生为深入研究紫斑牡丹品种鉴别提供理论依据。     

甘薯品种的SRAP遗传多样性分析

利用分子标记SRAP技术,对36个甘薯品种进行了DNA多态性分析。选取6对引物扩增甘薯基因组DNA,共获得112条带,其中110条为多态性条带,平均每对引物提供18个标记信息。由UPMGA方法得到的聚类分析结果表明了36个品种间的遗传关系。相似系数在0.62~0.92之间,品种间有较高的遗传相似性;在聚类树中,亚洲品种和美洲品种之间没有明显的遗传分化,表明甘薯品种间没有明显的地理差异;近缘野生种与育成品种聚在一起,没有明显的遗传分化,这意味着它们之间有较高的遗传相似度;中国育成品种聚在一起,表明它们之间的遗传相似度很高。     

基于ISSR标记的62个朱顶红品种的遗传关系分析及指纹图谱构建

采用ISSR标记方法分析了62个朱顶红(Hippeastrum spp.)品种(包含60个引自荷兰的品种和2个苏州本地品种)的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA法对62个朱顶红品种进行聚类分析.在此基础上,通过特异性条带的比较及筛选,采用黑白方格示意图法构建了供试品种的ISSR指纹图谱.扩增结果显示:用11条引物从62个朱顶红品种的基因组DNA中共扩增出118条带,其中多态性条带109条,多态性条带百分率达92.4％,有5条引物扩增条带的多态性条带百分率达100.0％.62个品种间的遗传相似系数变幅较大,为0.371 4～0.842 9,表明各品种间存在丰富的遗传变异和遗传多样性.聚类分析结果显示:在遗传相似系数0.63处62个品种被分为7组,多数形态相似的品种被聚在一起;其中形态相似的白色单瓣品种间遗传相似系数较高(约0.8),大多聚在一起,表明它们同源性较高;而2个苏州本地品种间遗传相似系数最高(0.842 9),表明它们可能具有同一来源.品种‘小红星’在引物UBC873扩增图谱的450 bp处有1条特异性条带,而品种‘精灵’在引物UBC835扩增图谱的3 000 bp处有1条特异缺失条带,这2条特异性条带可分别用于品种‘小红星’和‘精灵’的鉴定.基于引物UBC835和UBC873的ISSR扩增条带组合构建了供试的62个朱顶红品种的ISSR指纹图谱,采用这一指纹图谱可对供试的所有朱顶红品种进行鉴定.     

53个猕猴桃品种(品系)亲缘关系的SCoT分析

现有主流猕猴桃品种的遗传背景相对单一,亲本来源地理分布狭窄,亲缘关系不清晰。为充分利用杂种优势,该研究以广西植物研究所猕猴桃种质资源圃收集的53个猕猴桃品种(品系)叶片为材料,使用SCoT分子标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)10条引物在53份猕猴桃供试材料中共扩增出110条条带,各引物扩增的条带在8～15条之间,引物平均扩增条带数为11条;其中多态性条带101条,引物平均扩增多态性条带数为10.1条,多态性比例为91.81%。(2)聚类分析显示猕猴桃品种(品系)没有按类型、倍性或选育地等形成明显有规律的聚类关系。但相对来说,同一杂交后代个体之间的亲缘关系比亲本与后代个体之间的亲缘关系更近;芽变品种与原品种并没有表现出特别近的遗传距离,说明芽变材料的突变可能在基因组或染色体层面发生了较大范围的重组、复制或丢失;‘楚红’‘桂红’‘湘吉红’和‘龙藏红’4个红肉品种与‘红阳’亲缘关系明显较远,说明其可能由不同亲本衍生而来;初步验证了‘桂海四号’可能为‘Hort16A’亲本之一的推测。     

基于改良RAPD标记的花梅与果梅品种的遗传关系分析

为了探讨梅(Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.)的2种类型--花梅与果梅的遗传多样性,利用23条长度为11bp的随机引物以及严格筛选退火温度的改良RAPD-PCR优化体系对25个花梅和21个果梅品种的基因组总DNA进行了分析,并在此基础上采用UPGMA聚类方法对46个花梅与果梅品种间的遗传关系进行了分析.结果显示:使用重复性好、条带清晰且多态性强的23条随机引物,共从46个花梅和果梅品种基因组总DNA中扩增出131条带,其中多态性条带107条,多态性条带百分率达81.7%,说明花梅和果梅各品种间具有丰富的遗传多样性.聚类分析结果显示:46个花梅和果梅品种的遗传相似系数为0.63～0.83;在遗传相似系数0.66处,供试的46个品种被分为5组.A组包含6个果梅品种和11个花梅品种;B组仅包含4个花梅品种;C组包含16个品种,其中15个品种为果梅;D组仅包含4个花梅品种;E组也仅包含5个花梅品种.研究结果表明:花梅和果梅具有相近的亲缘关系,遗传背景相似.     

中国主要黑芝麻品种的遗传多样性分析

利用SRAP和SSR各23对引物对20个中国主要黑芝麻品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,23对SRAP引物共扩增出DNA带672条,其中多态性带152条,比率为22.62%,平均每对引物扩增总带数和多态性条带分别为29.22条和6.61条。23对SSR多态性引物共扩增出DNA带92条,每对引物扩增出3~6条,平均4.00条;每对引物扩增出多态性带1~5条,平均3.09条,多态性带比率平均为77.17%。20个黑芝麻品种间的遗传相似系数为0.8547~0.9804,遗传距离为0.0159~0.0921,遗传多样性匮乏,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明,来自主产区江西的11个品种明显聚在一起,且江西黑芝麻品种的遗传相似系数高于其他省份品种,遗传距离低于其他省份品种,与其他省份品种的差异均达到极显著水平。加强资源引进和利用是拓宽中国黑芝麻品种遗传基础的迫切要求。     

金银花五个品系的RAPD分析及DNA指纹图谱的建立

运用RAPD技术,对5个金银花品系进行遗传多样性研究并构建这5个金银花品系的DNA指纹图谱。从80个引物中筛选出25个带纹清晰,多态性好的引物用于实验。其中,引物SBSD06的扩增条带可以清楚明确区分5个品系,建立其DNA指纹图谱。在清晰、稳定出现的170条带中,153条带具有多态性。按UPGMA法进行聚类分析,计算其遗传相似系数,结果显示,金银花5个品系聚为两类,与其形态学分类结果相符。     

14个蝴蝶兰品种遗传关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对14个蝴蝶兰品种进行品种间遗传关系的研究。利用14个筛选的引物共扩增出179条带,其中多态性条带147条,多态性条带比率(PPB)为82%。品种之间的遗传相似系数范围在0.734~0.936间,说明部分蝴蝶兰品种间存在显著的遗传分化。14个引物组合可区分所有14个品种,并且检测到20条品种特异性条带,这些品种特异条带可用来鉴定供试蝴蝶兰中的10个品种。因此,ISSR分子标记能有效地进行蝴蝶兰品种鉴定。UPGMA聚类分析表明,14个品种可聚为2类,聚类情况与花色特征比较一致,但与花色的划分结果不完全相同,这可能是由于品种间杂交引起的。本文也论讨了ISSR分析结果对蝴蝶兰育种的指导意义。     

海带种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术对种质库中保存的19个海带品种(系)的36个海带配子体进行了遗传多样性分析。从100条引物中筛选出16条可扩增出清晰条带的引物,在36个海带配子体中共扩增出362条DNA条带,其中多态性条带比例达99.45%。遗传相似性分析表明,这36个配子体之间的遗传相似性范围为0.682-0.978,以0.756为最低遗传相似系数,可将36个种质材料分为6个大类,UPGMA聚类分析结果表明同一品系的雌雄配子体大部分能聚在一起,品系间遗传多样性较高。     

红掌品种亲缘关系SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记,从100对引物组合中筛选出 26对多态性高、条带清晰的SRAP引物,对33个红掌品种进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果如下：（1）26对引物共扩增出366条条带,其中有314条多态性条带,多态性比率为85.79%。引物组合产生的条带数在9～23之间,平均每对引物组合扩增出14.1条和12.1条多态性条带。（2）根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,33份材料的遗传相似系数在0.55～0.94之间,在遗传相似系数0.786处可将33个红掌品种分为5个类群。结果表明,供试品种遗传多样性丰富,本研究为品种鉴定和杂交育种提供了参考信息。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.