活性污泥微生物群落宏组学研究进展

活性污泥是全球最常用的废水生物处理人工生态系统,微生物是驱动其污染净化能力的关键。活性污泥微生物群落所有物种与基因(简称"微生物组")的研究先后经历了"显微镜观察和纯菌培养分离"(1915)、"PCR扩增-测序"(1994)和"高通量测序-宏组学分析"(2006)三个重要阶段的发展变迁。相应地,我们对活性污泥微生物组的认知经历了从最早对微型动物(如钟虫和轮虫)及其他微生物的形貌观察和纯种培养鉴定到今天对整个微生物组的全局多样性认识的飞跃。近13年来,基于高通量测序的宏组学方法被广泛应用于揭示活性污泥微生物群落组成结构和功能,我们现在充分意识到活性污泥微生物组蕴藏着大量不可培养新物种和基因多样性,驱动着各类污染物的降解与转化。目前,特异性分子标记基因的扩增子测序技术已经被广泛应用于揭示城市和工业废水处理活性污泥微生物组和典型功能种群(如硝化细菌和聚磷菌)的时空多样性和群落构建机制,进而为未来实现活性污泥微生物组功能的精准调控奠定理论基础。宏基因组学研究在群落、种群和个体基因组水平全面解析了活性污泥微生物组驱动的碳、氮、磷元素循环过程,以及有机微污染物的生物降解和转化机理。将来活性污泥微生物组学研究需要在"标准化的组学分析方法和绝对定量""高通量培养组学""高通量功能基因组学"和"多组学方法的结合及多种方法并用"4个方面取得实现精准生态基因组学所需的技术突破,以最大限度发掘活性污泥微生物组在污水处理与资源回收领域的生态学与工程学价值。     

污水处理活性污泥微生物群落多样性研究

为研究污水处理活性污泥微生物多样性,提取了活性污泥宏基因组DNA,并采用细菌通用引物27F和1492R扩增了上海污泥厂活性污泥细菌16S rDNA片段,构建了细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并对该文库中的微生物群落进行了分析。共获得200条高质量序列并建立系统发育树,结果显示活性污泥主要的细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(91.9%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicures)(4.6%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(2%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(0.5%)、硝化螺菌门(Nitrospirae)(1%)。其中,明显的优势菌群为Alcaligenes feacalis(55%)、Pseudomonas aeruginosa(12.8%)和Stenotrophomonas(12.8%),优势菌的产酶能力在活性污泥中显示生态修复功能菌的作用。     

微生物降解有机污染物的研究进展

从降解菌的筛选及检测技术、新的降解菌种及其作用酶和代谢途径、污染物对降解菌的作用以及环境因素对降解菌的影响等方面介绍了微生物降有毒有机污染物的最新研究进展,预期该领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

rRNA-targeted寡核苷酸探针识别活性污泥微生物群落结构与功能研究进展

活性污泥中微生物群落内部关系非常复杂 ,及时对活性污泥中优势菌群和群落内部关系进行监测是污水处理中采取正确措施的关键。历史研究表明传统培养方法经常导致活性污泥优势菌群检测的失败 ,而r RNA- targeted寡核苷酸探针作为一种快速原位监测活性污泥微生物群落结构和功能的新工具被引入 ,使我们对参与污水净化的微生物群落结构和优势菌群能有较全面的了解。就该方法在识别除磷污泥、脱氮污泥、污泥泡沫和膨胀污泥中微生物群落结构和功能的典型应用进行综述 ,分析了该方法存在的优点和缺点 ,并对目前已建立且应用于活性污泥微生物检测的 r RNA- targeted寡核苷酸探针进行了详细总结     

活性污泥中电活性微生物的富集筛选研究进展

活性污泥含有多种微生物,是废水处理系统中污染物降解转化的重要驱动者。电活性微生物(Electroactive microorganisms,EAMs)是活性污泥的重要微生物类群,在废水资源化与能源化中发挥着核心关键作用。本文概括了活性污泥中EAMs的富集和筛选方法,整理总结了目前已从活性污泥中获得的EAMs菌种资源信息,在此基础上分析了从活性污泥中富集和筛选EAMs所存在的问题,并进一步展望了未来的研究方向,以期加速EAMs菌种资源的挖掘,促进以EAMs为主导的废水资源化与能源化技术发展。     

微生物菌剂在难降解有机污染治理的研究进展

大量的难降解有机污染物被排放到环境中,因其蓄积性、持久性和生物毒性,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。近年来,利用微生物菌剂治理难降解有机污染物的研究已取得较好的进展。综述微生物菌剂在国内外的发展历程,介绍微生物菌剂制备中常用的固定化技术及载体材料,并分析总结微生物菌剂在酚类物质、多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物治理中的研究进展。在此基础上,提出治理难降解有机污染物的微生物菌剂研发所存在的主要问题及其展望。     

活性污泥驯化的微生物生态学原理

活性污泥是一种复杂的、具有生物多样性的微生态系统。生物多样性是活性污泥驯化的基础, 驯化条件对微生物进行选择—— 适者生存增长, 不适者被抑制或淘汰。此外, 活性污泥微生物还能够通过表型适应和进化性适应主动地去适应驯化条件。活性污泥驯化的过程是微生物生态位在生态系统中重新分配和调整的过程, 符合生态学“选择与适应”的原理。依据这种原理, 原污泥、废水水质和处理工艺是影响活性污泥驯化的主要因素。     

活性污泥微生物组：去除污浊，只留清淡

活性污泥法诞生一百多年来,在污水处理特别是城市污水处理中发挥了不可替代的作用。活性污泥微生物是去除污染物包括新型有机和无机污染物的关键角色,活性污泥微生物组为微生物分离培养、功能鉴定和生态互作等方面的研究带来新的活力。     

微生物处理高盐工业有机废水工艺研究进展

随着我国工业化进程加快,其所造成的水污染现象也越来越严重。含盐有机废水的排放会导致环境进一步恶化,为了合理循环利用水资源,相关废水的有效处理至关重要。本文从微生物角度出发,通过典型案例阐述了目前基于微生物所运行的生物工艺技术在高含盐有机废水领域中的研究进展,综述了微生物在高盐环境中的生存与耐受机制,以及在处理高盐工业有机废水方面的研究与应用情况,进一步提出了目前存在的问题及未来在本领域研究与应用的展望,为高盐工业有机废水的生物处理发展方向提供一定的参考。     

环境异质性影响土壤微生物群落的研究进展

环境异质性是影响微生物群落结构和多样性的重要因素,其涉及内容广泛,各异质性因素之间彼此关联。基于生物和非生物特征,可将环境异质性分为土地覆盖、植物、气候、土壤和地形等5种异质性因素。文章综述了上述五种环境异质性因素的概念和区别,并针对不同类型环境异质性因素对微生物群落的影响进行了较为全面的汇总和分析。通过梳理微生物生态学、生物信息学等相关研究方法和技术的发展,阐述了现阶段研究环境异质性与微生物互作关系的不足,并进行了展望。     

Diversity and assembly patterns of activated sludge microbial communities: A review

Understanding diversity and assembly patterns of microbial communities in activated sludge (AS) is pivotal for addressing fundamental ecological questions and wastewater treatment engineering. Recent applications of molecular methods especially high-throughput sequencing (HTS) have led to the explosion of information about AS community diversity, including the identification of uncultured taxa, and characterization of low-abundance but environmentally important populations such as antibiotic resistant bacteria and pathogens. Those progresses have facilitated the leverage of ecological theories in describing AS community assembly. The lognormal species abundance curve has been applied to estimate AS microbial richness. Taxa-area and taxa-time relationships (TAR and TTR) have been observed for AS microbial communities. Core AS microbial communities have been identified. Meanwhile, the roles of both deterministic and stochastic processes in shaping AS community structures have been examined. Nonetheless, it remains challenging to define tempo-spatial scales for reliable identification of community turnover, and find tight links between AS microbial structure and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) functions. To solve those issues, we expect that future research will focus on identifying active functional populations in AS using omics- methods integrated with stable-isotope probing (SIP) with the development of bioinformatics tools. Developing mathematic models to understand AS community structures and utilize information on AS community to predict the performance of WWTPs will also be vital for advancing knowledge of AS microbial ecology and environmental engineering.     

Electricity generation using chocolate industry wastewater and its treatment in activated sludge based microbial fuel cell and analysis of developed microbial community in the anode chamber

Feasibility of using chocolate industry wastewater as a substrate for electricity generation using activated sludge as a source of microorganisms was investigated in two-chambered microbial fuel cell. The maximum current generated with membrane and salt bridge MFCs was 3.02 and 2.3 A/m², respectively, at 100 Ω external resistance, whereas the maximum current generated in glucose powered MFC was 3.1 A/m². The use of chocolate industry wastewater in cathode chamber was promising with 4.1 mA current output. Significant reduction in COD, BOD, total solids and total dissolved solids of wastewater by 75%, 65%, 68%, 50%, respectively, indicated effective wastewater treatment in batch experiments. The 16S rDNA analysis of anode biofilm and suspended cells revealed predominance of β-Proteobacteria clones with 50.6% followed by unclassified bacteria (9.9%), α-Proteobacteria (9.1%), other Proteobacteria (9%), Planctomycetes (5.8%), Firmicutes (4.9%), Nitrospora (3.3%), Spirochaetes (3.3%), Bacteroides (2.4%) and γ-Proteobacteria (0.8%). Diverse bacterial groups represented as members of the anode chamber community.     

活性污泥中菌群多样性及其功能调控研究进展

活性污泥是污水处理厂生物处理工艺的功能主体,活性污泥中菌群的种类、数量及活性是提高污水处理能力与效果的重要基础。本文综述了活性污泥处理工艺中的主要功能细菌(絮凝菌、脱氮菌、除磷菌等)生物群落的多样性与生态特征,并对目前主流的菌群鉴定方式进行总结,最后从运行条件、定向驯化及生物强化3个方面对菌群调控进行论述,以期为活性污泥法污水处理工艺提供一些理论指导。     

碳源对活性污泥微生物细胞膜特性和群落结构影响

【目的】揭示碳源对活性污泥微生物细胞膜特性(磷脂脂肪酸组成和流动性)以及群落结构的影响规律。【方法】采用原子力显微镜、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、荧光漂白恢复(FRAP)和Mi Seq分析技术,考察以葡萄糖、乙酸钠、蛋白胨、葡萄糖?蛋白胨(1?1)和乙酸钠?蛋白胨(1?1)为基质的序批式活性污泥(SBR)反应器中,活性污泥微生物表面粘附力、细胞膜PLFA组成和流动性及群落结构的差异。【结果】含有蛋白胨为碳源时相比于葡萄糖和乙酸钠为单一碳源,细胞膜磷脂流动性增加,且18?1ω9c、15?0iso和17?0iso的含量提高了53.1%-354.7%、135.6%-407.9%和88.1%-264.3%;同时其微生物表面粘附力和群落多样性均增大。优势菌群对碳源的响应呈现出不一致的规律:葡萄糖和乙酸钠为单一碳源时其优势菌门分别为放线菌门和变形菌门,Nakamurella和Flavobacterium分别为其优势菌属,群落多样性指数分别为3.65和4.25;蛋白胨为碳源时促进了Candidatus Saccharibacteria门的累积,群落多样性指数在4.96-5.09。【结论】主成分分析(PCA)表明,含有蛋白胨为碳源时微生物细胞膜PLFA组成具有相似性;冗余分析(RDA)表明,不同碳源驯化出不同的微生物群落,进而也对细胞膜磷脂组成产生了影响。     

京津冀区域市政污水厂活性污泥种群结构的多样性及差异

【背景】活性污泥中微生物的种群结构影响着污水生物处理的高效性及稳定性,是有效保证污水处理效果的关键。【目的】研究活性污泥中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性,并分析相应菌群的主要功能,旨在更好地发挥细菌的净化作用、保持污水处理过程的稳定及提高污水的处理效率。【方法】以京津冀区域内典型市政污水厂活性污泥为研究对象,通过IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,对5个污水厂活性污泥的微生物种群结构特征进行了详细解析,研究不同工艺参数下活性污泥中优势种群及脱氮菌群丰度的差异。【结果】5个污水厂活性污泥种群结构具有一定差异,其中Hengshui (HS)厂污泥的群落结构受温度的影响最大,而Shahe (SH)、Daoxianghu (DXH)、Nangong(NG)厂活性污泥群落结构则受总氮、总磷与氨氮的共同影响,氨氮对SH厂活性污泥种群结构影响最大。DXH、NG和HS厂污泥中优势菌均为Anaerolineaceae,而SH和Hejian (HJ)厂的优势菌则为Saprospiraceae与Lactobacillus。活性污泥中反硝化菌丰度最高的为HJ厂,丰度最低的为HS厂,反硝化功能基因nirS比nirK分布更为广泛。【结论】对于不同污水厂,影响其活性污泥群落结构组成的环境因素也是不同的,并且特殊的进水水质也会对污泥菌群组成和生物多样性产生影响。     

Behavior of lipids in biological wastewater treatment processes

Lipids (characterized as oils, greases, fats and long-chain fatty acids) are important organic components of wastewater. Their amount, for example, in municipal wastewater is approximately 30–40% of the total chemical oxygen demand. The concern over the behavior of lipids in biological treatment systems has led to many studies, which have evaluated their removal, but still the exact behavior of lipids in these processes is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of how lipids/fatty acids affect both aerobic and anaerobic processes and specific methods that have been used in an attempt to enhance their removal from wastewater. Overall, the literature shows that lipids/fatty acids are readily removed by biological treatment methods, inhibitory to microbial growth as well as the cause of foaming, growth of filamentous bacteria and floc flotation.     

Effect of cadmium on composition and diversity of bacterial communities in activated sludges

Microbial communities of two kinds of activated sludge for removing carbon, nitrogen and phosphate (nutrient removal sludge) were identified and compared by combining cloning–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods. The sludges were sampled in an anaerobic–anoxic–oxic system operating under the same conditions, except for one without the addition of cadmium (Cd0) and the other with addition of 5 mg cadmium l⁻¹ (Cd5). Bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria were predominant in both Cd0 and Cd5 sludges (39.6% and 35.1% of total bacteria, respectively). However, bacteria in the class Betaproteobacteria were significantly more abundant in Cd0 than in Cd5 sludge (30.7% and 2.1%, respectively). Species related to nutrient removal, such as nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas communis), floc-forming bacteria (Zoogloea ramigera) and phosphate-accumulating organisms (Rubrivivax gelatinosus), were the predominant species in Cd0 sludge, but were not found in Cd5 sludge. Cadmium was significantly toxic to the bacterial community in nutrient removal sludge, especially to the bacteria in the Betaproteobacteria. The comparison of microbial communities between these two kinds of sludge was further discussed in the paper.