微生物复合菌剂的制备

【背景】微生物复合菌剂比单一菌剂更能够在土壤中高效、稳定发挥作用促进作物生长,是微生物菌剂发展的趋势,但是目前对构建微生物复合菌剂的研究不够深入。【目的】研制可显著促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建微生物复合菌剂的数学模型。【方法】将解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) FH-1与7株植物促生细菌按照生物量1:1的比例复配成微生物复合菌剂,利用水稻盆栽实验筛选高效复合微生物菌剂。利用生化方法对各个菌株的促生特性进行测定。分析植物特征和菌株促生特性间的相关性关系,并据此利用一般线性方程构建复合菌剂的数学模型。【结果】与空白对照CK相比,复合菌剂FN显著提升水稻的苗长20.79%、根长26.67%和鲜重74.84%(P0.05),是7种微生物复合菌剂中综合效果最佳的微生物复合菌剂。偏相关分析结果表明解无机磷能力、产铁载体能力和产ACC脱氨酶能力在促进植物生长过程中可能发挥着更重要的作用。根据菌剂促生特性与植物特征的偏相关性结果,构建了微生物复合菌剂数学模型,预测准确率可达97%以上。【结论】成功研制了高效促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建了微生物复合菌剂的数学模型,可为微生物复合菌剂的研制提供一定的科学指导。     

广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征

【背景】近年来,油茶低效林面积较大,根际土壤微生物影响林木抗性和生长,对林业可持续发展具有重要意义。【目的】了解广东省本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落特征。【方法】利用高通量测序分析油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成。【结果】油茶根际土壤细菌有26门77纲201目377科593属676种,真菌有14门50纲121目266科502属631种。油茶根际土壤中的优势细菌为酸杆菌门和变形菌门,优势真菌为子囊菌门和担子菌门。两种油茶根际土壤微生物组成差异显著,本地油茶根际土壤的细菌多样性显著高于引种油茶。在门水平上,脱硫杆菌门细菌和罗兹菌门、被孢霉门真菌的相对丰度在两种油茶间差异显著,Amorphotheca在本地油茶根际土壤中特异性富集。两种油茶根际土壤细菌碳代谢相对丰度差异显著,真菌以腐生营养型为主,其次为病理营养型和共生营养型。本地油茶根际土壤中显著富集土壤腐生菌,而共生营养型真菌(尤其是丛枝菌根真菌)相对丰度(6.43%)显著低于引种油茶中(21.83%)。此外,有机质和养分含量是影响油茶根际土壤微生物群落的关键因子。【结论】本地油茶和引种油茶根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构差异显著,Amorp...     

混合菌剂施用对加工番茄生长及根际功能性微生物群落的影响

【背景】加工番茄为新疆种植红色产业重要的作物之一，加工番茄生产中存在传统配料过度施用的问题，“生物肥”逐渐受到人们关注。【目的】探究混合菌剂对加工番茄生长的影响，激发根际土壤功能性微生物种群的变化，为未来微生物菌剂的开发利用提供理论和实践基础。【方法】加工番茄根际施加微生物混合菌剂，测定加工番茄生长发育期间的农艺性状，探究混合菌剂对加工番茄生长的影响，利用16S rRNA基因扩增子分析技术，探究混合菌剂对根际微生物的群落组成及群落结构的影响。【结果】经过混合菌剂处理后，加工番茄的一些生长状况指标、果实重量、单株结果数及果实含糖量等性状得到改良，影响了果实的品质；施加混合菌剂激发土壤微生物的种群数量、群落组成和群落结构的改变，其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度提高，相关性分析表明对加工番茄生长产生了影响。【结论】加工番茄根际施用特基拉芽孢杆菌C-9与鞘氨醇杆菌A1制备的水分散混合菌剂，对加工番茄根际功能性微生物群落结构产生影响，一些功能性微生物的相对丰度提高，混合菌剂施加促进了根际微生物与植...     

复合微生物菌剂对水稻稻瘟病的生防效应

【背景】单一生防菌剂存在生防效果不够稳定、持效性差等不足,研究不同功能微生物的协同增效作用,开发复合微生物菌剂是控制植物病害的有效途径之一。【目的】探究不同功能微生物组合后对水稻稻瘟病的生防效应,开发高效生防水稻稻瘟病的复合微生物菌剂。【方法】将多株高效拮抗稻瘟病菌的链霉菌和细菌进行两两组合后与助剂复配,通过盆栽和大田试验,研究了复合微生物菌剂对水稻稻瘟病的生防效应。【结果】链霉菌Ahn75和解淀粉芽孢杆菌CWJ2菌株组合效果最好,与助剂复配后对水稻叶瘟和穗颈瘟的盆栽防效分别达到65.07%和63.00%,显著高于单一菌株Ahn75、CWJ2和其他菌剂组合的生物防效。同时,该复合菌剂能有效促进水稻植株生长,盆栽分蘖数和株高与对照相比分别提高93.33%和9.83%。而且,田间小区试验的结果也表明,该复合微生物菌剂的使用可以有效降低稻瘟病的发病,防效最高可达52.16%,与农药三环唑的防效(52.97%)相当。此外,菌株Ahn75和CWJ2分别对14种和16种稻瘟病病原菌生理小种的抑菌率超过50%,表明(Ahn75+CWJ2)复合菌剂对水稻稻瘟病具有广谱抗性。【结论】复合微生物菌剂(Ah...     

两株芽孢杆菌对花生幼苗生长及其根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【背景】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)和坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)对花生的促生作用及促生机制研究尚未见报道。【目的】从微生物群落结构和土壤氮磷钾有效养分两个方面综合解析两株芽孢杆菌(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HP9和坚强芽孢杆菌HP10)对花生的促生机制。【方法】以两株芽孢杆菌为研究对象,通过单独灌根或混合灌根盆栽花生,测定其对花生生长及根际土壤氮磷钾有效养分的影响;利用高通量测序技术分析灌根组与对照组花生根际土壤的细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性。【结果】与对照组相比,3个灌根处理组均明显促进了花生幼苗茎部的伸长及鲜重的增加,根际土壤碱解氮含量显著提高,有效磷和速效钾含量有不同程度增加。芽孢杆菌对花生根际土壤的微生物多样性无显著影响,但影响了细菌和真菌的群落结构组成。灌根处理组根际土壤的拟杆菌门及Mortierellomycota等相对丰度显著增加,在属水平上,农杆菌属、节杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、黄杆菌属、Pedobacter、极地单胞菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属、寡养单胞菌属等属的相对丰度明显提高,而且无色杆菌属、短波单胞菌属、金黄色杆菌...     

模拟增温对青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的影响

【背景】土壤微生物对其生存的微环境变化极为敏感,鸟岛作为湖滨湿地,对气候变化具有敏感性,但目前关于青海湖鸟岛的土壤微生物鲜有研究。【目的】探究气候变暖后青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物群落特征的变化。【方法】利用开顶箱模拟增温,通过高通量测序方法了解温度升高后土壤细菌及真菌的群落结构以及多样性的变化情况。【结果】温度的升高并未改变青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的优势菌群,细菌优势菌群为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门,优势菌纲为座囊菌纲。但增温改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,显著升高了拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria及球囊菌纲的相对丰度,显著降低了锤舌菌纲的相对丰度。土壤微生物群落的多样性指数也发生了变化,温度上升后微生物的ACE指数及Chao1指数均降低,细菌的Simpson指数及真菌的Shannon指数降低。【结论】青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物对温度升高的响应明显,增温改变了土壤细菌拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria的相对丰度及真菌的球囊菌纲、锤舌菌纲的相对丰度,降低了土壤微生物的多样性。     

小麦/玉米轮作田根际微生物多样性分析

【背景】小麦/玉米轮作是中国粮食作物主要种植模式之一,目前对小麦/玉米轮作田根际土壤微生物差异变化缺乏全面的了解。【目的】明确小麦/玉米根际土壤微生物差异变化并了解其潜在功能。【方法】以小麦/玉米根际土壤为材料,运用细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌rDNA ITS基因测序,分析小麦/玉米根际土壤微生物多样性。【结果】玉米季微生物丰富度高于小麦季,而多样性无明显差异。放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为小麦季和玉米季根际土壤的优势细菌门,优势真菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)。小麦季和玉米季共有细菌和真菌分别是631个和261个,小麦季特有细菌和真菌分别是38个和58个,玉米季特有细菌和真菌分别是25个和39个。LEfSe分析(LDA阈值为2)细菌和真菌表明,放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和微囊菌目(Microascales)在小麦季富集,鞘脂单胞菌目(Sphingomonadales)和银耳纲(Tremellomycetes)在玉米季富集。小麦季、玉...     

塔里木河中下游流域棉田及胡杨林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性研究

【背景】新疆绿洲生态系统的大规模农垦开发对当地生态环境产生了一系列影响,评估农业活动对新疆地区原始生态土壤细菌群落的影响对合理利用土地、开发农业资源具有指导意义。【目的】通过研究塔里木河中下游流域受农垦开发影响的棉田及未经历土地开垦的胡杨林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的变化,探究农垦开发活动对土壤微生态的影响。【方法】利用国标法测定塔里木河中下游流域绿洲棉田及原始胡杨林全氮、总盐、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH等土壤理化性质;提取土壤总DNA,通过PCR扩增建立文库,用新一代Illumina HiSeq 2500测序技术对土样DNA进行16SrRNA基因(V4区)高通量测序;利用生物信息学分析细菌群落的α多样性(包括Chao1、Observed species、Phylogenetic diversity (PD)、Shannon、Simpson和Good’s coverage指数)、β多样性在两地的变化,基于线性判别分析流程[Lineardiscriminantanalysis(LDA)effectsizepipeline,LEfSe]分析在两地具有显著差异的细菌分类单元;结合土壤理化参数、群落功能预测分析可能影响两地细菌群落结构变化的主要因子。【结果】土壤基本理化性质分析:绿洲棉田与原始胡杨林相比,全氮、碱解氮、总盐、pH含量显著增加,土壤盐含量与全氮、碱解氮和pH呈显著正相关(P0.05);细菌多样性分析:α多样性指数Chao1、Observedspecies和PD在棉田样品中均显著低于胡杨林样品,Shannon指数差异虽不显著,但是也表现出同样的变化趋势;细菌群落组成分析:两组样品中的优势细菌依次为α-变形杆菌纲、放线菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、γ-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、浮霉菌门、泉古菌门和硝化螺旋菌门(丰度1%);差异分析的结果显示,新疆绿洲棉田土壤中显著富集的微生物主要包括酸杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门、黄杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲中的一些物种,以及泉古菌门中的Candidatus Nitrososphaera;新疆原始胡杨林土壤中显著富集的微生物主要包括绿菌门、δ-变形菌纲以及变形菌门中的其他物种,还包括泉古菌门中的Nitrosopumilus。主坐标分析(PCoA)结果显示,棉田生态系统的土壤细菌群落结构能够与胡杨林生态系统的群落结构明显分开,且前者的细菌群落结构一致性更高。功能预测结果显示,绿洲棉田的硝化作用显著高于原始胡杨林。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明全氮含量对细菌群落结构有显著影响。【结论】在长期耕种施肥等人为因素干扰下,绿洲棉田土壤细菌多样性和群落结构发生明显改变,细菌α多样性明显低于原始胡杨林,细菌β多样性差异减弱,同时一些与植物生长密切相关的细菌类群,如放线菌、硝化细菌等显著富集。该研究可为新疆绿洲棉田生态系统的开发利用现状提供数据参考。     

硒超积累植物壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征研究

对湖北恩施的硒超积累植物——壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征进行16S rRNA基因文库分析,结果显示其根际微生物相较于非根际土壤微生物具有更高的丰度和更低的复杂度,而且主要由α-变形菌纲(15%~22%)、β-变形菌纲(10%~16%)、放线菌纲(10%~18%)、酸杆菌纲(8%~15%)、γ-变形菌纲(5%~16%)等组成;此外,根际微生物还存在很多特异性微生物,如:硝化螺旋菌纲(2%~5%)、芽单孢菌纲(2%~5%)、疣微菌纲(2%~4%)、浮霉菌纲(1%~2%)、其他(丰佑菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、梭菌纲)(3%~4%)。代表性的根际微生物α-变形菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲可能在壶瓶碎米荠对硒的吸收、积累过程中扮演了重要的作用。     

水稻促生菌的筛选、鉴定及其促生效果

【背景】微生物在促进水稻生长上潜力巨大,利用水稻促生微生物是减少水田化肥施用、保障水稻安全高效生产的有效途径之一。【目的】筛选并获得能显著促进水稻生长的微生物,为水稻微生物肥料提供优质菌种资源。【方法】从水稻根围微生物中筛选具有高效固氮、溶磷、解钾、产铁载体和吲哚乙酸(indole acetic acid,IAA)的微生物菌株,并对其进行初步鉴定,分析其对水稻种子萌发和植株生长的影响。【结果】从394株水稻根围细菌中筛选并获得了6株在固氮或溶解有机和无机磷、钾或产铁载体和IAA综合水平较高的菌株,分别为菌株C7-1、L26、C10-19、S11-11、GYM＿bt5和20-10,根据16SrRNA基因序列初步鉴定这些菌株为嗜线虫沙雷氏菌(Serratia nematodiphila)、阿耶波多氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aryabhattai)、别氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter bereziniae)、蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii)和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。促生试验结果表明,除别氏不动杆菌C10-19外,其他5株菌...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.