Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Kaiparowits Plateau and Glen Canyon Prehistory: An interpretation based on ceramics . F lorence C. L ister . (Anthropological Papers, Number 71, July 1964.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 23).
1962 Excavations, Glen Canyon Area . F loyd S harrock . With sections by Kent C. Day, David S. Dibble, Heber H. Hall, and Harry P. Hewitt. With appendices by Kent C. Day and Erik K. Reed. With addenda by Jeffery S. Dean, Bryant Bannister, and Paul S. Martin. (Anthropological Papers, Number 73, August 1964.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 25).
Notes on the Human Ecology of Glen Canyon . A ngus M. W oodbury . (Anthropological Papers, Number 74, May 1965.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 26).
Excavations in Southwest Utah . C. M elvin A ikens . (Anthropological Papers, Number 76, December 1965.) (Glen Canyon Series, Number 27).     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Virgin-Kayenta Cultural Relationships. C. M elvin A ikens .
Corn, Cucurbits and Cotton from Glen Canyon. H ugh C. C utler .
Glen Canyon: A Summary. J esse D. J ennings .
Archaeological Excavations in Lower Glen Canyon, Utah, 1959–1960. P aul V. L ong , J r .     

Book Review

Book review in this article:
Archeology: Settlement of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek Reservoir, Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas: 1980-1981 . L. Mark Raab
Historic Indian Groups of the Choke Canyon Reservoir and Surrounding Area, Southern Texas . T. N. Campbell and T. J. Campbell
Archaeological Investigations at Choke Canyon Reservoir, South Texas: The Phase I Findings . Grant D. Hall, Stephen L. Black, and Carol Graves
Excavations at 41 LK 67: A Prehistoric Site in the Choke Canyon Reservoir, South Texas . Kenneth M. Brown, Daniel R. Potter, Grant D. Hall, and Stephen L. Black
Anasazi and Navajo Land Use in the McKinley Mine Area Near Gallup, New Mexico, Volume 1, Parts 1 and 2: Archeology . Christina G. Allen and Ben A. Nelson
Anasazi and Navajo Land Use in the McKinley Mine Area Near Gallup, New Mexico, Volume 2: Navajo Ethnohistory . Klara B. Kelley     

Reintroduction of the rare damselfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ischnura gemina</Emphasis> (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) into an urban California park

Habitat degradation led to local extinction of the San Francisco forktail damselfly (Ischnura gemina) in Glen Canyon Park, San Francisco, California. In this study, we reintroduced I. gemina into Glen Canyon after the damselfly’s habitat was restored. Upon release, we carried out a mark- release-recapture study to monitor the damselfly’s population dynamics. Our data were compared to two “baseline” studies on I. gemina, conducted in the park prior to the damselfly’s demise. Our recapture rates were significantly lower than the prior studies due to a large initial decline in marked individuals upon release. Despite a lower recapture rate, the reintroduction was initially successful since the damselflies reproduced throughout the summer and the following year. However, the population failed to persist during the second year when the habitat became degraded with excess vegetation. Future success is contingent on the continual management and upkeep of the habitat.     

Razas y Racismo: Trayectoria y Antología. By Juan Comas. 220 pp. SepSetentas no. 43, Secretaría de Educatión Pública,Mexico. 10.00 pesos

A fluke egg was identified in a probably human coprolite recovered from a Glen Canyon Utah site of prehistoric inhabitation. True parasitism with the fluke could have resulted from eating snails or fish. False parasitism could have resulted from eating a wide variety of mammals known to have lived in the region. This finding identifies another potential medical hazard in the life of man in prehistoric North America.     

Two new basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic and the monophyly of the Sphenosuchia

We report on and name two new taxa of basal crocodylomorph archosaurs from the Lower Jurassic, Litargosuchus leptorhynchus gen. et sp. nov. , from the upper Elliot Formation (Stormberg Group) of South Africa, and Kayentasuchus walkeri gen. et sp. nov. , from the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group) of Arizona, USA. Examination of this material led to a reconsideration of basal crocodylomorph interrelationships. A phylogenetic analysis found no support for the monophyly of Sphenosuchia.  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 136 , 77–95.     

Effects of suspended sediment and desiccation on the benthic tailwater community in the Colorado River, USA

We demonstrated that differences in habitatrequirements by C. glomerata and Oscillatoria havea profound bottom-up influence on the foodweb in thetailwaters below Glen Canyon Dam in the Colorado Riverthrough Grand Canyon National Park, USA. We examinedthe effects of suspended sediment and desiccation onthe colonization sequence of Cladophora glomerata andOscillatoria spp. and the consequent effects onmacroinvertebrates in each algal community in a seriesof reciprocal transplants in the regulated ColoradoRiver, AZ. Our experiments showed that C. glomeratagrows best in continuously submerged, clear-water,stable habitats, whereas Oscillatoria forms densemat-like matrices of trichomes and sand in varialzones and habitats with high suspended sedimentstypical of many southwestern USA streams. Varial zoneconditions have a stronger influence on communitystructure than habitats with high suspended sediments. Recruitment by chironomid larvae was less dependent onC. glomerata and less affected by suspended sedimentand periodic desiccation than Gammarus lacustris. Weestimated the energy from macroinvertebrate biomassassociated with tufts of C. glomerata to be an orderof magnitude higher than that in Oscillatoriamatrices. Therefore, loss of C. glomerata andreplacement of habitat more suitable for Oscillatoriaas a result of regulated flows indirectly reducespotential energy flow in the Colorado Riverfoodweb.     

Invasion and production of New Zealand mud snails in the Colorado River,Glen Canyon

Species invasions are often associated with large-scale human alteration of ecosystems. One classic example is the increasing dominance of non-native taxa below and above dams on large rivers. These dams substantially alter the physical template of river ecosystems, and exotic taxa often proliferate with potentially large impacts on coexisting taxa and ecosystem processes. Here we document the invasion of New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in the Colorado River directly below Lake Powell in Glen Canyon, Arizona, USA. We also quantified the magnitude and variability in growth and secondary production of P. antipodarum during 2006–2007 to gain a functional measure of their role in the ecosystem. Snails were first detected in Glen Canyon in 1995, and have since become a dominant component of the invertebrate fauna. Throughout the invasion of P. antipodarum, biomass of other dominant taxa was variable and did not appear to be positively or negatively influenced by the presence of P. antipodarum. Specific growth rates of P. antipodarum were moderate (0.001–0.030 day⁻¹) and strongly related to body size. Mean annual habitat-weighted biomass and production were relatively high (biomass: 4.4 g/m²; secondary production: 13.3 g m⁻² year⁻¹) and similar among habitats. Mean monthly biomass and daily secondary production were much more variable, with highest values occurring in autumn. We show that invasion of a productive aquatic consumer to a highly disturbed river ecosystem had little detectable influence on the biomass of other invertebrate taxa. However, additional research will be necessary to fully understand and predict effects of P. antipodarum on coexisting taxa.     

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS EXPOSURE PERIODS ON THE BIOMASS AND CHLOROPHYLL A OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

The biomass of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. was estimated at selected sites in the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, and River Kilometer 354. C. glomerata biomass was significantly higher at sites above Lees Ferry (25 km downstream from the Dam) than sites below the Ferry. Biomass and chlorophyll a were significantly reduced when C. glomerata was subjected to one-time exposures to the atmosphere for 12 daylight h in more. Repeated 12/12 h and 24/24 h (exposure/submergence) cycles over a two-week period also showed a significant reduction in biomass. The adaptations of C. glomerata to “stranding” during regulated flows are discussed.     

Observations of Size-related Asymmetries in Diet and Energy Intake of Rainbow Trout in a Regulated River

We examined diet and diel energy intake of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, of different lengths captured by electrofishing between 1991 and 1997 in the Lee's Ferry tailwater, Colorado River, below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. Trout diets reflected a depauperate food base and indicated limited potential of different fish size-groups to partition food resources. As evidenced by relative stomach volumes of ingested matter, mid-sized and large trout tended to consume more algae than did small fish, suggesting that they consumed diets of lower nutritional quality. An energy intake model indicated that median consumers among mid-sized and large fish generally failed annually to surpass estimated maintenance energy requirements and that median consumers among mid-sized trout failed to meet or exceed maintenance requirements during all seasons. In contrast, median consumers among small trout met or surpassed maintenance energy requirements during most years and in summer. Results support a hypothesis that larger rainbow trout in lotic systems are food-limited more often than smaller fish.     

EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON BIOMASS AND CELL MORPHOLOGY OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN THE COLORADO RIVER, ARIZONA

This study assessed changes in biomass, filament length, and cell morphology in Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. along a suspended sediment gradient in the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. Suspended sediments ranged from 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ at Lees Ferry (Rkm 0.8) to 4.2 mg·L⁻¹ at Gorilla Island (Rkm 352). There was a 74% decrease in Cladophora biomass along the river transect through Grand Canyon National Park and a significant decrease in filament and cell length, but cell width increased. Similar changes in cell morphology occurred after 19 days when C. glomerata was transplanted from a low suspended sediment site (2.0 mg·L⁻¹) at Lees Ferry to a habitat with high suspended sediments (≥20.0 mg·L⁻¹). Cell length increased and cell width decreased when plants were transplanted back to the low suspended sediment habitat for 24 days. In situ studies with reduced light in the absence of suspended sediments showed no change in cell morphology. These in situ experiments imply that changes in cell morphology by C. glomerata in waters with high suspended sediments are adjustments in structural integrity to accommodate the abrasive force of suspended particles. Our study suggests that cell dimensions in Cladophora might be too plastic under varying environmental conditions to be used in taxonomic determinations.     

Investigating preference-performance relationships in aboveground-belowground life cycles: a laboratory and field study with the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)

The preference-performance hypothesis has principally considered insect herbivores with aboveground lifecycles, although the hypothesis could be equally relevant to insects with life stages occurring both aboveground and belowground. Moreover, most studies have focussed on either laboratory or field experiments, with little attempt to relate the two. In this study, the preference-performance hypothesis was examined in an aboveground-belowground context in the laboratory using the vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and two cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Glen Rosa and Glen Ample. A two-year field study (2008-2009) was also undertaken to characterise the population dynamics of adult weevils on the two raspberry cultivars. Larval performance (abundance and mass) differed significantly between Glen Rosa and Glen Ample, with Glen Rosa resulting in 26% larger but 56% fewer larvae compared to Glen Ample. Larval abundances were significantly and positively correlated with root nitrogen and magnesium concentrations, but negatively correlated with root iron. However, concentrations of these minerals were not significantly different in the two cultivars. Adult weevils did not preferentially select either of the two cultivars for egg laying (laying 3.08 and 2.80 eggs per day on Glen Ample and Glen Rosa, respectively), suggesting that there was no strong preference-performance relationship between adult vine weevils and their belowground offspring. Field populations of adult vine weevils were significantly higher on Glen Ample than Glen Rosa, which may reflect the higher larval survival on Glen Ample observed in laboratory experiments.     

Population structure of the rare damselfly,Ischnura gemina (Kennedy) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Summary The population structure of the endemic San Francisco Bay Area damselfly, Ischnura gemina, is examined using mark-recapture methods. Average daily movements, sex ratios, population size, maturation times, survivorship, and dispersion patterns, were recorded and calculated from two small (each less than one hectare) sites 150 m apart in Glen Canyon, San Francisco. Of 563 adults marked over 36 days, 412 (73%) were recaptured at least once. Average daily movements for males and females were less than 6 m, suggesting local movements. However, directional movements of 150 m were observed from one site to the other, indicating dispersal potential. One of the populations was a satellite composed entirely, of emigrating individuals from the other site; no larvae or teneral adults were found at the satellite area. Males were more aggregated than females at both sites. Both sexes were highly clumped at one site but were nearly randomly dispersed at the other site. Total population size for both sexes tended to be constant throughout the sampling period, at about 250. Adult population estimates showed more males were present than, females, but larval counts at one site indicated only a slight excess of males. Average life span estimates ranged from 6.5 days (females) to 23.3 days (males). One male lived at least 36 days. Maturation time for males was about 5–7 days, 7–10 days for females. A long life span and long flight season (March to November) are probably adaptations to the foggy San Francisco climate. All populations of I. gemina located to date are small, possibly originating from founders from nearby demes, and may be subject to different selection pressures. The dispersal potential of I. gemina may increase its chance of survival should small urban demes be threatened with destruction.     

The influence of floods and precipitation on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix</Emphasis> establishment in Grand Canyon,Arizona: consequences for flow regime restoration

Decoupling of climate and hydrology combined with introduction of non-native species creates novel abiotic and biotic conditions along highly regulated rivers. Tamarix, a non-native shrub, dominates riparian assemblages along many waterways in the American Southwest, including the Colorado River through Grand Canyon. We conducted a tree-ring study to determine the relative influences of climate and hydrology on Tamarix establishment in Grand Canyon. Riparian vegetation was sparse and annually scoured by large floods until completion of Glen Canyon Dam, which allowed pioneer species, including Tamarix, to expand. Post-dam floods in the mid-1980s were associated with high Tamarix mortality but also initiated a large establishment event. Subsequent establishment has been low but continuous with some exceptions. From 1984 to 2006 establishment increased during years of high, late-summer flows followed by years of low precipitation. This combination provided moist surfaces for Tamarix establishment and may have caused reduced erosion of seedlings or reduced competition from native plants. Attempts to mimic pre-dam floods for ecosystem restoration through planned flood releases also have affected Tamarix establishment. Early (March 1996) and late (November 2004) restoration floods limited establishment, but a small restoration flood in May 2000 followed by steady summer flows permitted widespread establishment. Flood restoration is not expected to prevent Tamarix spread in this system because historic flood timing in May–July coincides with seed release. To decrease future Tamarix establishment, river managers should avoid floods during peak Tamarix seed release, which encompasses the historic spring and early summer flooding period. Tamarix dominance may be reduced by early spring floods that initiate asexual reproduction of clonal shrubs (e.g., Salix exigua, Pluchea sericea).     

Good Enough for Government Work? A Study in "Grey Archeology"

Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley . Cheryl Ann Munson , ed. Glen A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology Research Reports, No. 6. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1980. xxvii + 829 pp. $15.00 (paper).
Colonization and Conquest: The 1980 Archaeological Excavations at Fort Toulouse and Fort Jackson, Alabama . Gregory A. Waselkov, Brian M. Wood , and Joseph M. Herbert . Auburn University Archaeological Monograph No. 4. Montgomery, AL: Auburn University, 1982. xxix + 399 pp. $11.00 (paper).
The Kellogg Village Site Investigations: Clay County, Mississippi . James R. Atkinson, John C. Phillips , and Richard Walling . A Report of work undertaken in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, in fulfillment of Modification Three to Contract DACW 01–77–0015. Starkville: Mississippi State University, 1980. x + 345 pp. n.p. (paper).
Parkin: The 1978–1979 Archaeological Investigations of a Cross County, Arkansas Site . Phyllis A. Morse . Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 13. Fay-etteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 110 pp. $6.00 (paper).
The Shallow Lake Site (3Un9/52) and Its Place in Regional Prehistory . Martha A. Rolingson and Frank F. Schambach . Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 12. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 240 pp. $10.00 (paper).
Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 1 . Robert M. Thome, Bettye J. Broyles , and Jay K. Johnson . Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 1. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 354 pp. $13.00 (paper).
Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 2 . Jay K. Johnson . Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 2. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 347 pp. $13.00 (paper).     

Book Reviews

Excavations on Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida . J ohn M. G oggin and F rank H. S ommers , III.
Excavations in Southeast Florida . G ordon R. W illey .     

Natural infection with raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) of the putatively RBDV-resistant red raspberry cultivar Glen Moy, and the demonstration that it does not contain the RBDV resistance gene, Bu

When released to commerce in 1981, the red raspberry cv. Glen Moy was reported to be immune to the Scottish type isolate of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV-D200). Field observations of this cultivar in localities where RBDV was prevalent tended to support this claim of its resistance, but in the past 6–10 yr, RBDV infection has been reported in this cultivar in Australasia, USA and in several commercial crops in England. Therefore, experiments were made to investigate the reason(s) for this apparent anomaly using RBDV-infected material, putatively of cv. Glen Moy, from two locations in southern England and one each from Australia, New Zealand (NZ) and the USA. Genetic fingerprinting of genomic DNA from samples of these five RBDV-infected raspberry sources confirmed their identity as cv. Glen Moy. Comparisons of some serological and genomic properties of the five Glen Moy RBDV isolates indicated that, whilst they shared many properties with previously well characterised isolates of this virus, they were distinguishable from them. Characterisation of the isolate from NZ maintained in raspberry showed that it did not have a Rubus host range characteristic of resistance-breaking (RB) isolates, indicating that for this location, and probably also for those of Australia and the USA, RB isolates were not the cause of infection in cv. Glen Moy. When virus-tested plants of cv. Glen Moy and 45 progeny seedlings from the cross between cv. Glen Moy and the RBDV-susceptible cv. Autumn Bliss were graft inoculated with RBDV-D200, all grafted plants became infected indicating that cv. Glen Moy does not contain the RBDV resistance gene, Bu. Possible reasons for the previously reported resistance of cv. Glen Moy to RBDV are discussed.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Zacatenco. G eorge C. V aillant.
MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Ticoman. G eorge C. V aillant. (Same series, Vol. 32, Part 2, 1931.)
MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Gualupita. S uzannah B. and G eorge C. V aillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 1, 1934.)
MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at El Arbolillo. G eorge C. V aillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 2, 1935.)
MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Early Cultures in the Valley of Mexico: Results of the Stratigraphical Project of the American Museum of Natural History in the Valley of Mexico, 1928–1933. G eorge C. V aillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 3, 1935.)     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Snaketown: Material Culture . H arold S. G ladwin , E mil Haury, E. B. S ayles , N ora G ladwin .
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Snaketown, II: Comparisons and Theories. H arold S. G ladwin .     

Trophic interactions and benthic animal community structure in the Colorado River, Arizona, U.S.A.

1. Cladophora glomerata is the dominant filamentous green alga in the tailwaters of the Colorado River, U.S.A., below Glen Canyon Dam, but becomes co-dominant with filamentous cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria spp., below the confluence of the Paria River (26km below the dam) where suspended sediments are elevated. 2. Benthic algal assemblages played an important role in the distribution of the amphipod, Gammarus lacustris, in the dam-controlled Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Cladophara and G. lacustris showed a weak positive relationship at ten cobble-riffle habitats in the Colorado River from Lees Ferry (25km below the dam) to Diamond Creek (362km downstream), while no relationship was found between Oscillatoria and G. lacustris. 3. The relationship between algal substrata and G. lacustris was tested by a series of in situ habitat choice experiments. G. lacustris showed a significant preference for Cladophora (with epiphytes) over Oscillatoria spp., detritus and gravel in treatment pans at Lees Ferry. 4. Epiphytic diatoms (i.e. food) were the overriding determinant of subtratum choice by G. lacustris in laboratory experiments. Gammarus chose the Cladophora/epiphytic diatom community over sonicated Cladophora with few diatoms. The amphipods also chose string soaked in diatom extract over string without diatom extract. 5. Importance of mutualistic interactions in aquatic benthic community structure is discussed.