The genusEpistomaria Galloway, 1933 and the genusEpistomaroides Uchio, 1952

Tests ofEpistomaria semi-marginata (D’ORBIGNY) are analysed; a complicated toothplate is present and the marginal foramen is homologised with that ofEpistomina, whereas the supplementary sutural foramina are connected with the toothplate also. The taxonomy of the Epistominidae can be established on the basis of the development of the toothplate inReinholdella, Epistomina, Epistomaria, Cushmanella, Pseudobulimina, Robertina andRobertinoides. Species with coarse pores, double septal walls, spaces between which form supplementary chambers closed ventrally by porous plates, and lacking a toothplate in the chambers do not belong toEpistomaria but are closely allied toGavelinella from the Upper Crateceous. They are joined in the genusEpistomaroides Uchio. Two of them,E. separans (LE CALVEZ) andE. punctata (SAID) are analysed in this paper. The type-species,E. polystomelloides has been analysed 1927 (Siboga I, p. 35–37, Tafel 16, Fig. 1–6).     

Ueber das an Lebewesen im allgemeinsten beobachtbare biophysikalische Gesetz,zugleich eine Zusammenfassung meiner,sich auf die den Entwicklungsgang der Lebewesen lenkenden biophysikalischen Faktoren bestehenden bisherigen Forschungen

Author cultivated fermenting cells (Scccharomyces spec.) in must of grapes and measured the various vital phenomena. The data thus received described in a rectangular co-ordinate as a function of time, found three kinds of characteristic curves in every vital phenomenon (whether belonging to the group of feeding, growth or that of increase): I. the curve described bySachs in 1873 and called the curve of the great period of evolution (Fig. 1:s). 2. the one described byM. G. Harting in 1845, and the curve of individual or ontogenetic evolution (Fig. 1:S). 3. the undulatory curve similar to a sinus-cosinus function, deduced in theory by author and later on, in 1915, also found on an experimental basis (Fig. 3). — Analysing these curves, author demonstrates that they are in the closest relationship with each other. The course ofSachs' great period is identical with the function of the aperiodically mitigated vibromotion; the course ofHarting's ontogenetic curve is identical with the integral of the previous aperiodic function; the undulatory curve discovered by the author, and the one belonging to the philogenesis of evolution, consist of two details, one of the members is formed from the function of aperiodically mitigated vibromotion, and the other from a function of periodically mitigated vibration. — Mitigated vibromotion, according to our present knowledge can only arise if a body capable of vibration is simultaneously affected by a force establishing movement and a resistance mitigating the movement. In the living organism, on this basis, there is also a force and a resistance. The living organism obtains this force from food while the resistance is rooted in the construction of the cell. The author proves that the cells which no longer divide (the so-called permanent tissueforming cells) follow an aperiodical vibromotor course in their development while in the development of the continually dividing, so-called meristematic cells, owing to the periodic change of division and regeneration, the potential of the energy accommodates itself to the periodic vibromotor course. Both forms of development are derived from the identical differential equation: d²s/dt²=?w²s?2r ds/dt, the only difference between the two phenomena is that by aperiodic oscillation it is r²>w² while by periodic it is r²2 and this brings about the difference in the development of the cells. Thus the laws of ?biomotoric energy” following vibromotion constitute the most general law in living organism. The organism lives as long as the biomotoric energy is active, if the action of this energy ceases, death ensues. The most essential result of this research work is that we have become acquainted in regard to both cases with the w, r, v₀ factors regulating the qualities of two chief types of living cells, the meristematic and those incapable of division as in these equations, the constants changing according to the biological conditions, and that we can accurately follow the course of the phenomena with the method of theoretic physics and furthermore, that we have found the connection between these two chapters of evolution.     

Turbellarien der GattungPromesostoma von der nordamerikanischen Pazifikküste

Two new species of the genusPromesostoma, P. infundibulum nov. spec. andP. hymanae nov. spec., are described from the mesopsammal of the San Juan Archipel (Washington, USA). They are closely related toP. dipterostylum Karling from the Californian coast. These three species have a differentiated seminal receptacle with special cuticular structures, which represents a remarkable synapomorphy. The cuticular connection between the stylet and the seminal receptacle was unknown until now in the organization of turbellarians.     

Holothurien-Sklerite aus dem Dachsteinkalk (Ober-Trias) der nördlichen Kalkalpen

By dissolving Dachstein-limestone with acetic acid, Holothurian sclerites were obtained, i. e. sieve plates and wheels. One new species of the genusCalclamna, two new species of the genusCalclamnella, and the well known speciesFissobractites subsymmetrica Kristan-Tollmann were received within the family Calclamidae. For the first time the family Priscopedatidae is represented in the Triassic by two new species of the genusPriscopedatus and byStaurocumites cf.bartensteini Deflandre-Rigaud. Within the family Theeliidae four new species can be adjoined to the genusTheelia whileAcanthotheelia spinosa Frizzell & Exline could be confirmed by comparison.     

A revision of the moss genusCrossidium (Pottiaceae) with the description of the new genusMicrocrossidium

A world revision of the genusCrossidium Jur. recognizes 11 species, which are described and discussed in the context of important taxonomic characters. An identification key is provided.C. asirense Frey & Kürschner is reduced to synonymy withC. davidai Catcheside, and the geographical range ofC. laevipilum Ther. & Trab. is extended to Europe. Phylogenetic trends are interpreted on the basis of two main evolutionary lines associated with the presence or absence of hyaline hair-points on the leaves. A twelfth species is transferred toMicrocrossidium Guerra & Cano, gen. nov., asM. apiculatum (Magill)Guerra & Cano, comb. nova, because of differences in stem anatomy, peristome configuration, and spore morphology.     

Chemistry and clinical uses of the protein components involved in blood clotting

Recent advances in the chemistry of the clotting process include:

1. 1)
   The preparation of highly purified prothrombin and thrombin from beef blood by Seegers and his associates.     
   
   

Kinetic theory of the mechanism of muscular contraction

Muscle belongs to a class of highly elastic gels typified by rubber. Results of studies of certain properties of gels seem applicable.

1. 1.
   The change of fluidity with temperature is logarithmic: log φ=A?Q/TT is absolute temperature. The change of the constants with concentration and mastication suggests that rubber contains long filamentous molecules.     
   
   

Microbial synthesis of riboflavin

This member of the vitamin-B complex is necessary in human diet to prevent soreness of mouth, lips and nose, and inflammation of the cornea. It is commercially produced from the fungi Ashbya gossypiiand Eremothecium ashbyii,and is used to enrich various foods and animal feedstuffs.     

Some chromosome numbers of the CzechoslovakLeguminosae

Chromosome numbers of the Czechoslovak species of the genusLotus, from various localities have been determined. The paper includes the speciesLotus uliginosus Schkuhr,L.tenuis Waldst. etKit. andL. borbásii Ujhelyi.     

Studies in the taxonomy of the Polypores II

The following genera are redefined:Albatrellus S. F. Gray,Heterobasidion Bref.,Haploporus Bond. et Sing. ex Sing.,Fomitopsis P. Karst. andRigidoporus Murrill two new subgenera are described:Polyporus subgen.Dendropolyporus Pouz. (type:Polyporus umbellatus) andRigidoporus subgen.Neooxyporus Pouz. (type:Polyporus latemarginatus); the genusOxyporus (Bourd. etGalz.)Donk is classified as a subgenus of the genusRigidoporus,Murrill and the generaBjerkandera P. Karst. andLeptoporus quél. are classified as subgenera of the genusTyromyces P. Karst. The new subfamilyAlbatrelloideae Pouz. (genera:Albatrellus andGrifola) is described and 14 new specific combinations are made. The new genusIrpicodon Pouz. (type:Irpex pendulus) is proposed.     

Two hybrids ofThymus hyemalis Lange (Labiatae) from Southeastern Spain

Two new hybrids in the genusThymus, Th. × indalicus Blanca et al., nothosp. nov. [=Th. baeticus Boiss. exLacaita ×Th. hyemalis Lange subsp.hyemalis] andTh. × enicensis Blanca et al., nothosp. nov. [=Th. hyemalis Lange subsp.hyemalis × Th. zygis Loefl. ex L. subsp.gracilis (Boiss.)R. Morales] are described. Until now no hybrids ofTh. hyemalis have been described, due to its early period of flowering and because it hybridizes with closely related species, making rather difficult the detection of such hybrids.     

Die Arten der Foraminiferen-GattungAsterigerina d'Orb. im Tertiär NW-Deutschlands

Some species ofAsterigerina are described and discerned, as they occur in different levels of the sequence from Eocene to Miocene in northwestern Germany.Asterigerina bartoniana (Dam) in the Eocene is followed byAsterigerina rotula haeringensis Lühr andAsterigerina brandhorstiana n. sp. in the Lower Oligocene (sensuBeyrich).Asterigerina gürichi gürichi (Franke), typical for the lowermost part of sequences of Upper Oligocene age, is furnished with a lectotype out ofFrankes material. This species is substituted by the subspeciesAsterigerina gürichi staeschei (Dam & Reinhold) in the Miocene. The localities of Lower Oligocene in littoral facies near Bünde (Westfalia) are mentioned and described. (Localities “Brandhorst” resp. “Hof Fahrenkamp” and newer outcrops).     

A cytochemical study of pycnotic nuclear degeneration

Pycnotic degeneration of neoplastic and normal nuclei of mice has been studied cytologically and cytochemically, in pieces of tissues removed some time after subcutaneous transplantation. The cytological changes in pycnosis were found to be about as they have often been described earlier: the nuclei become spherical, shrink progressively, the nucleoli become lost, the chromatin becomes homogeneous. The relative changes in total desoxyribose nucleic acid were followed by the Feulgen reaction; the methylgreen stain was used as an index of nuclei acid polymerization; the Millon reaction was used for the detection of the protein changes. In order to measure the amounts of the Feulgen and methylgreen dye, respectively the color developed by the Millon reaction within individual nuclei, the photometric microscopic method after Pollister and Ris was used, which allows the estimation of relative amounts of colored precipitates within individual nuclei of fixed and stained sections. Using these methods the nucleoprotein composition of resting nuclei of a viable tumortissue was compared with that of three pycnotic stages (Stage I, II, III) in nuclei of necrotic areas of the same tumor tissue (Sarcoma 180). In Sarcoma 180 the change from a fresh tumor cell to Pycnosis I involves loss of nearly half the protein, no significant decrease in desoxyribose nucleic acid, and depolymerisation of over half of the desoxyribose nucleic acid. Later these processes continue, and there is added progressive loss of DNA. It is pointed out that at any pycnotic stage there is a total protein equivalent to about 20 times the highly polymerised (methylgreen positive) DNA, which is the ratio found in non-pycnotic nuclei of the type from which these were derived. It is suggested that this part of the pycnotic chromatin represents the unaltered nucleoprotein. In transplanted liver nuclei pycnosis is much more rapid than in neoplastic tissue, but otherwise the two processes are similar both cytologically and chemically. The discussion points out that: a) there is no real increase in chromatin stainability in pycnotic nuclei; b) the change of shape in pycnosis may be due to lower nuclear viscosity accompanying the DNA depolymerisation; c) the highly polymerised state of the DNA may depend upon the presence of some particular protein, possibly histone; and d) that pyenosis can be interpreted as showing high proteolytic activity in the nucleus and a delayed nuclease activity.     

Beiträge zur Sedimentation und fossilführung des hunsrückschiefers 14.Viriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher, 1931) im Hunsrückschiefer und im Tentaculitenknollenkalk thüringens

The new genusViriatellina Bou?ek, 1964 unites the two older species namedNovakia gemündina Runzheimer, 1932 andTentaculites fuchsi Kutscher, 1931. ThusViriatellina gemuendina (Runzheimer) is cancelled, on the other handViriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher) remains valid. RecentlyViriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher) has been found in the tentaculitiferous limestone of Thuringia.     

Flechtensystematische Studien IV. Die GattungGyalidea Lett

Im Artikel wird die ursprüngliche Gattungsdiagnose derGyalidea Lett. um die Merkmale der Pilzkomponente ergänzt. Die angenommenen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen derGyalidea zu der FamilieAsterothyriaceae werden diskutiert. Alle bisher festgestellten Arten mit Übersichten der revidierten Proben werden kurz beschrieben. Neue Taxa und Kombinationen:Gyalidea dodgei spec. n.,G. epiphylla spec. n.,G. mayaguezensis spec. n.,G. portoricensis spec. n.,G. fritzei (Stein) comb. n.,G. fritzei var.rivularis (Eitn.) comb. n.,G. hyalinescens (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. lecideopsis var.convarians (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. lecideopsis var.stigmatoides (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. mexicana (B. de Lesd.) comb. n. undG. subscutellaris (Vězda) comb. n.     

New contributions to the biodiversity of ciliates (Protozoa,Ciliophora) from Antarctica,including a description of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gastronauta multistriata</Emphasis> nov. spec.

Antarctica is a remote and isolated biotope which makes it an ideal location for studying new and endemic species. Since there is little literature available on the diversity of ciliates in this area, a taxonomic survey of ciliates from melt-water of Collins glacier, King George Island, was carried out from January to March 2006. As a result, the morphology and infraciliature of five ciliates, including one new species, are described using live observations and silver staining: Gastronauta multistriata nov. spec., Neokeronopsis asiatica Foissner et al., 2010, Paraholosticha muscicola Kahl, 1932, Oxytricha sp., and Cyclidium glaucoma Müller, 1786. Gastronauta multistriata nov. spec. is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: cell size in vivo on average 80 × 40 μm; 5–9 kineties in left ciliary field; 18–23 kineties in right ciliary field, including 10–12 postoral kineties; 7–10 preoral kineties; dorsal brush along anterior dorsal margin, consisting of 5–8 groups of basal bodies. The only minor differences between the current population of N. asiatica and a previously described Antarctic population are the numbers of caudal cirri (6–10 vs. 8–15) and dorsal kineties (11–13 vs. 12–18). Paraholosticha sterkii is synonymised with P. muscicola. The Antarctic population of C. glaucoma corresponds well with a former population from China, the only difference being the number of kinetids in SK _n (11–17 vs. 9–11). This work will contribute to the understanding of ciliate diversity in this little studied area.     

Fallopia Adans. 1763 instead ofBilderdykia Dum. 1827

The generic nameFallopia Adans. 1763 is analysed from the point of view of its taxonomic identily and typified byPolygonum scandens L. 1753. By this typification it is taxonomically identical withBilderdykia Dum. 1827 and must replace that name. The genusFallopia Adans. is defined by comparison with related genera; it includes 9 species in two sections, and 1 hybrid; new nomenclatural combinations are proposed for these taxa.