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1.
Stereochemical aspects of the metabolism of the isomeric methylcyclohexanols and methylcyclohexanones 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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1. The seven isomeric optically inactive forms of methylcyclohexanol (i.e. 1-, and cis- and trans-2-, -3- and -4-) are excreted by rabbits mainly as glucuronides of the thermodynamically more stable forms of the alcohols. The eighth isomer, cyclohexylmethanol, however, undergoes aromatization in vivo, giving rise to benzoic acid and hippuric acid. The (±)-2-, (±-3- and 4-methylcyclohexanones are reduced in the rabbit and excreted mainly as the glucuronides of the thermodynamically more stable forms of the corresponding methylcyclohexanols. 2. Racemic cis- and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol and 2-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated trans-2-methylcyclohexanol. However, when the (±)-cis-alcohol or the (±)-ketone is fed, (+)-trans-2-methylcyclohexanol is excreted, whereas when the (±)-trans-alcohol is fed it is excreted as the (±)-trans-alcohol. 3. Racemic cis- and trans-3-methylcyclohexanol and 3-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated racemic cis-3-methylcyclohexanol. cis- and trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol and 4-methylcyclohexanone are all excreted as conjugated trans-4-methylcyclohexanol. 4. The metabolic differences between the various methylcyclohexanols are explicable in terms of their conformations and of Vennesland's (1958) hypothesis of the role of NADH in dehydrogenation reactions. 相似文献
2.
N. Aste C. Viglietti-Panzica A. Fasolo C. Andreone H. Vaudry G. Pelletier G. C. Panzica 《Cell and tissue research》1991,265(2):219-230
Summary In the present study, we have demonstrated, by means of the biotin-avidin method, the widespread distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive structures throughout the whole brain of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The prosencephalic region contained the highest concentration of both NPY-containing fibres and perikarya. Immunoreactive fibres were observed throughout, particularly within the paraolfactory lobe, the lateral septum, the nucleus taeniae, the preoptic area, the periventricular hypothalamic regions, the tuberal complex, and the ventrolateral thalamus. NPY-immunoreactive cells were represented by: a) small scattered perikarya in the telencephalic portion (i.e. archistriatal, neostriatal and hyperstriatal regions, hippocampus, piriform cortex); b) medium-sized cell bodies located around the nucleus rotundus, ventrolateral, and lateral anterior thalamic nuclei; c) small clustered cells within the periventricular and medial preoptic nuclei. The brainstem showed a less diffuse innervation, although a dense network of immunopositive fibres was observed within the optic tectum, the periaqueductal region, and the Edinger-Westphal, linearis caudalis and raphes nuclei. Two populations of large NPY-containing perikarya were detected: one located in the isthmic region, the other at the boundaries of the pons with the medulla. The wide distribution of NPY-immunoreactive structures within regions that have been demonstrated to play a role in the control of vegetative, endocrine and sensory activities suggests that, in birds, this neuropeptide is involved in the regulation of several aspects of cerebral functions.Abbreviations
AA
archistriatum anterius
-
AC
nucleus accumbens
-
AM
nucleus anterior medialis
-
APP
avian pancreatic polypeptide
-
CNS
centrai nervous system
-
CO
chiasma opticum
-
CP
commissura posterior
-
CPi
cortex piriformis
-
DIC
differential interferential contrast
-
DLAl
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars lateralis
-
DLAm
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis
-
E
ectostriatum
-
EW
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
-
FLM
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
GCt
substantia grisea centralis
-
GLv
nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis
-
HA
hyperstriatum accessorium
-
Hp
hippocampus
-
HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
-
HV
hyperstriatum ventrale
-
IF
nucleus infundibularis
-
IO
nucleus isthmo-opticus
-
IP
nucleus interpeduncularis
-
IR
immunoreactive
-
LA
nucleus lateralis anterior thalami
-
LC
nucleus linearis caudalis
-
LFS
lamina frontalis superior
-
LH
lamina hyperstriatica
-
LHRH
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
-
LoC
locus coeruleus
-
LPO
lobus paraolfactorius
-
ME
eminentia mediana
-
N
neostriatum
-
NC
neostriatum caudale
-
NPY
neuropeptide Y
-
NIII
nervus oculomotorius
-
NV
nervus trigeminus
-
NVI
nervus facialis
-
NVIIIc
nervus octavus, pars cochlearis
-
nIV
nucleus nervi oculomotorii
-
nIX
nucleus nervi glossopharyngei
-
nBOR
nucleus opticus basalis (ectomamilaris)
-
nCPa
nucleus commissurae pallii
-
nST
nucleus striae terminalis
-
OM
tractus occipitomesencephalicus
-
OS
nucleus olivaris superior
-
PA
palaeostriatum augmentatum
-
PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
-
POA
nucleus praeopticus anterior
-
POM
nucleus praeopticus medialis
-
POP
nucleus praeopticus periventricularis
-
PP
pancreatic polypeptide
-
PYY
polypeptide YY
-
PVN
nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis
-
PVO
organum paraventriculare
-
R
nucleus raphes
-
ROT
nucleus rotundus
-
RP
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
-
Rpc
nucleus reticularis parvocellularis
-
RPgc
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, pars gigantocellularis
-
RPO
nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
-
SCd
nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis
-
SCv
nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis
-
SCNm
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars medialis
-
SCNl
nucleus suprachiasmaticus, pars lateralis
-
SL
nucleus septalis lateralis
-
SM
nucleus septalis medialis
-
Ta
nucleus tangentialis
-
TeO
tectum opticum
-
Tn
nucleus taeniae
-
TPc
nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta
-
TSM
tractus septo-mesencephalicus
-
TV
nueleus tegmenti ventralis
-
VeL
nucleus vestibularis lateralis
-
VLT
nucleus ventrolateralis thalami
-
VMN
nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
A preliminary report of this study was presented at the 15th Conference of European Comparative Endocrinologists, Leuven, Belgium, September 1990 相似文献
3.
Summary The septal region represents an important telencephalic center integrating neuronal activity of cortical areas with autonomous processes. To support the functional analysis of this brain area in the guinea pig, the afferent connections to the lateral septal nucleus were investigated by the use of iontophoretically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled perikarya were located in telencephalic, diencephalic, mesencephalic and metencephalic sites. The subnuclei of the lateral septum (pars dorsalis, intermedia, ventralis, posterior) receive afferents from the (i) medial septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis and pars ventralis), and the principal nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampus, and amygdala (nucleus medialis); (ii) the medial habenular nucleus, and the para- (peri-) ventricular, parataenial and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus; the anterior, lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas in particular, the medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, periventricular, paraventricular, arcuate, premammillary, and supramammillary nuclei; (iii) the periaquaeductal grey, ventral tegmental area, nucleus interfascicularis, nucleus reticularis linearis, central linear nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus; (iv) dorsal and medial raphe complex, and locus coeruleus. Each subnucleus of the lateral septum displays an individual, differing pattern of afferents from the above-described regions. Based on a double-labeling method, the vasopressinergic and serotonergic afferents to the lateral septum were found to originate in the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami and the raphe nuclei, respectively.Abbreviations
ARC
arcuate nucleus
-
BNST
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
-
CL
central linear nucleus
-
DBBh
diagonal band of Broca (pars horizontalis)
-
DBBv
diagonal band of Broca (pars ventralis)
-
DR
dorsal raphe nucleus
-
HC
hippocampus
-
IF
interfascicular nucleus
-
IP
interpeduncular nucleus
-
LC
locus coeruleus
-
LDT
laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
-
LHA
lateral hypothalamic area
-
LPO
lateral preoptic area
-
LSN
lateral septal nucleus
-
MA
medial amygdaloid nucleus
-
MH
medial habenular nucleus
-
MPO
medial preoptic region
-
MR
medial raphe nucleus
-
MSN
medial septal nucleus
-
PAG
periaquaeductal grey
-
PEN
periventricular nucleus
-
PHA
posterior hypothalamic area
-
PMd
premammillary region (pars dorsalis)
-
PMv
premammillary region (pars ventralis)
-
PT
parataenial nucleus
-
PVN
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
-
PVT
paraventricular thalamic nucleus
-
RE
nucl. reuniens
-
RL
nucl. reticularis linearis
-
SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
SMl
supramammillary region (pars lateralis)
-
SMm
supramammillary region (pars medialis)
-
SUB
subiculum
-
TS
triangular septal nucleus
-
VTA
ventral tegmental area
-
ac
anterior commissure
-
bc
brachium conjunctivum
-
bp
brachium pontis
-
cc
corpus callosum
-
fr
fasciculus retroflexus
-
fx
fornix
-
ml
medial lemniscus
-
mlf
fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
-
mp
mammillary peduncle
-
mt
mammillary tract
-
oc
optic chiasm
-
on
optic nerve
-
pc
posterior commissure
-
pt
pyramidal tract
-
sm
stria medullaris
-
st
stria terminalis
-
vhc
ventral hippocampal commissure
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Nu 36/2-1) 相似文献
4.
Th. Thepen P. Voorn Dr. C. J. Stoll A. A. Sluiter C. W. Pool A. H. M. Lohman 《Cell and tissue research》1987,250(3):649-656
Summary The distribution of mesotocin and vasotocin was studied in the brain of the lizard Gekko gecko with antisera specific for either peptide. Both mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic perikarya are found in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, whereas vasotocinergic neurons are exclusively present in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in a cell group of the rhombencephalon. The distributional pattern of the mesotocinergic fibers corresponds closely to that of the vasotocinergic fibers. However, throughout the entire brain the mesotocinergic innervation is less dense than the vasotocinergic innervation. No sex differences are present in the mesotocinergic fiber system.Abbreviations
acc
nucleus accumbens
-
bst
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
-
bv
blood vessel
-
dB
diagonal band of Broca
-
dc
dorsal cortex
-
dth
dorsolateral thalamic nucleus
-
lc
lateral cortex
-
me
median eminence
-
oc
optic chiasma
-
ot
optic tract
-
pag
periaqueductal grey
-
pvn
paraventricular nucleus
-
rc
rhombencephalic cell group
-
sep
septum
-
son
supraoptic nucleus
-
tect
mesencephalic tectum
-
vth
ventrolateral thalamus 相似文献
5.
Peter Bräunig 《Cell and tissue research》1990,260(1):95-108
Summary The nervus corporis cardiaci III (NCC III) of the locust Locust migratoria was investigated with intracellular and extracellular cobalt staining techniques in order to elucidate the morphology of neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion, which send axons into this nerve. Six neurons have many features in common with the dorsal, unpaired, median (DUM) neurons of thoracic and abdominal ganglia. Three other cells have cell bodies contralateral to their axons (contralateral neuron 1–3; CN 1–3). Two of these neurons (CN2 and CN3) appear to degenerate after imaginal ecdysis. CN3 innervates pharyngeal dilator muscles via its anterior axon in the NCC III, and a neck muscle via an additional posterior axon within the intersegmental nerve between the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. A large cell with a ventral posterior cell body is located close to the sagittal plane of the ganglion (ventral, posterior, median neuron; VPMN). Staining of the NCC III towards the periphery reveals that the branching pattern of this nerve is extremely variable. It innervates the retrocerebral glandular complex, the antennal heart and pharyngeal dilator muscles, and has a connection to the frontal ganglion.Abbreviations
AH
antennal heart
-
AN
antennal nerves
-
AO
aorta
-
AV
antennal vessel
-
CA
corpus allatum
-
CC
corpus cardiacum
-
CN1, CN2, CN3
contralateral neuron 1–3
-
DIT
dorsal intermediate tract
-
DMT
dorsal median tract
-
DUM
dorsal, unpaired, median
-
FC
frontal connective
-
FG
frontal ganglion
-
HG
hypocerebral ganglion
-
LDT
lateral dorsal tract
-
LMN, LSN
labral motor and sensory nerves
-
LN+FC
common root of labral nerves and frontal connective
-
LO
lateral ocellus
-
MDT
median dorsal tract
-
MDVR
ventral root of mandibular nerve
-
MVT
median ventral tract
-
NCA I, II
nervus corporis allati I, II
-
NCC I, II, III
nervus corporis cardiaci I, III
-
NR
nervus recurrens
-
NTD
nervus tegumentarius dorsalis
-
N8
nerve 8 of SOG
-
OE
oesophagus
-
OEN
oesophageal nerve
-
PH
pharynx
-
SOG
suboesophageal ganglion
-
T
tentorium
-
TVN
tritocerebral ventral nerve
-
VLT
ventral lateral tract
-
VIT
ventral intermediate tract
-
VMT
ventral median tract
-
VPMN
ventral, posterior, median neuron
-
1–7
peripheral nerves of the SOG
-
36, 37, 40–45
pharyngeal dilator muscles 相似文献
6.
《Carbohydrate research》1986,145(2):293-306
The tetrasaccharides β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-[β-d-Glcp-(1→6)]-d-Glcp, β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-[β-d-Glcp-(1→6)]-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glcp, and β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-d-Glcp, corresponding to the three possible repeating-units of Schizophyllan, have been synthesised by silver trifluoromethanesulfonate-promoted Koenigs-Knorr type condensations, using 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl bromide as the key intermediate. 相似文献
7.
Walter Heiligenberg Clifford H. Keller Walter Metzner Masashi Kawasaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(2):151-164
Summary The complex of the diencephalic nucleus electrosensorius (nE) provides an interface between the electrosensory processing performed by the torus semicircularis and the control of specific behavioral responses. The rostral portion of the nE comprises two subdivisions that differ in the response properties and projection patterns of their neurons. First, the nEb (Fig. 1 B), which contains neurons that are driven almost exclusively by beat patterns generated by the interference of electric organ discharges (EODs) of similar frequencies. Second, the area medial to the nEb, comprising the lateral pretectum (PT) and the nE-acusticolateralis region (nEar, Fig. 1 B-D), which contains neurons excited predominantly by EOD interruptions, signals associated with aggression and courtship. Neurons in the second area commonly receive convergent inputs originating from ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, which respond to the low-frequency and high-frequency components of EOD interruptions, respectively. Projections of these neurons to hypothalamic areas linked to the pituitary may mediate modulations of a fish's endocrine state that are caused by exposure to EOD interruptions of its mate.Abbreviations
a
axon
-
ATh
anterior thalamic nucleus
-
CCb
corpus cerebelli
-
CE
central nucleus of the inferior lobe
-
CP
central posterior thalamic nucleus
-
Df
frequency difference between neighbor's EOD and fish's own
-
DFl
nucleus diffusus lateralis of the inferior lobe
-
DFm
nucleus diffusus medialis of the inferior lobe
-
DTn
dorsal tegmental nucleus
-
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
G
glomerular nucleus
-
Hc
caudal hypothalamus
-
Hd
dorsal hypothalamus
-
Hl
lateral hypothalamus
-
Hv
ventral hypothalamus
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
LL
lateral lemniscus
-
MGT
magnocellular tegmental nucleus
-
MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus
-
nB
nucleus at the base of the optic tract
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius
-
nEar
nucleus electrosensorius-acusticolateral region
-
nEb
nucleus electrosensorius-beat related area
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing rise of EOD frequency
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing fall of EOD frequency
-
nLT
nucleus tuberis lateralis
-
nLV
nucleus lateralis valvulae
-
PC
posterior commissure
-
Pd
nucleus praeeminentialis, pars dorsalis
-
PeG
periglomerular complex
-
PG
preglomerular nucleus
-
PLm
medial division of the perilemniscal nucleus
-
Pn
pacemaker nucleus
-
PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
-
PT
pretectal nucleus
-
PTh
prethalamic nucleus
-
R
red nucleus
-
Sc
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
SE
nucleus subelectrosensorius
-
TAd
nucleus tuberis anterior-dorsal subdivision
-
TAv
nucleus tuberis anterior-ventral subdivision
-
TeO
optic tectum
-
TL
torus longitudinalis
-
TSd
dorsal (electrosensory) torus semicircularis
-
TSv
ventral (mechanosensory and auditory) torus semicircularis
-
tTB
tecto-bulbar tract
-
VCb
cerebellar valvula
-
VP
valvular peduncle
-
VPn
nucleus of the valvular peduncle 相似文献
8.
Investigation of the acetolysis products of the sulphated polysaccharide of the seaweed Aeodes ulvoidea led to the isolation and characterization of the following oligosaccharides: 3-O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-
-galactose (1), 3-O-(2-O-methyl-α-
-galactopyranosyl)-
-galactose (2), 4-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-2-O-methyl-
-galactose (3), 4-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-2-O-methyl-
-galactose (4), O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-
-galactose (5), O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-
-galactose (6), O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-2-O-methyl-
-galactose (7), O-(2-O-methyl-α-
-galactopyranosyl)-(1→3)-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-2-O-methyl-
-galactose (10), and O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-
-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-
-galactose. In addition, the isolation of a tetrasaccharide possessing alternating
- and
-galactose residues demonstrates the hitherto unexpected presence of
-galactose in the polysaccharide. The structure of the polysaccharide is discussed. 相似文献
9.
Walter Metzner Walter Heiligenberg 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(2):135-150
Summary In the context of aggression and courtship, Eigenmannia repeatedly interrupts its electric organ discharges (EODs) These interruptions (Fig. 1) contain low-frequency components as well as high-frequency transients and, therefore, stimulate ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, respectively (Figs. 2, 3). Information provided by these two classes of receptors is relayed along separate pathways, via the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of the hindbrain, to the dorsal torus semicircularis (TSd) of the midbrain. Some neurons of the torus receive inputs from both types of receptors (Figs. 14, 15), and some respond predominantly to EOD interruptions while being rather insensitive to other forms of signal modulations (Figs. 12, 13). This high selectivity appears to result from convergence and gating of inputs from individually less selective neurons.Abbreviations
CP
central posterior thalamic nucleus
-
Df
frequency difference between neighbor's EOD and fish's own
-
DPn
dorsal posterior nucleus (thalamus)
-
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
ELL
electrosensory lateral line lobe
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
LMR
lateral mesencephalic reticular formation
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius
-
nEb
nucleus electrosensorius, beat-related area
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing rise of EOD frequency
-
nE
nucleus electrosensorius, area causing fall of EOD frequency
-
nEar
nucleus electrosensorius-acusticolateralis area
-
NPd
nucleus praeeminentialis, pars dorsalis
-
PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
-
PT
pretectal nucleus
-
SE
nucleus subelectrosensorius
-
TeO
optic tectum
-
TSd
dorsal (electrosensory) torus semicircularis
-
TSv
ventral (mechano-sensory and auditory) torus semicircularis 相似文献
10.
Summary The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity was investigated in embryonic and juvenile locusts using an antibody raised against GABA-protein conjugates. GABA-like immunoreactivity was first detectable in the neuropile of embryonic ganglia at 55% development, and in neuronal somata at 62% development. The total number of immunoreactive somata increased between 62% and 85% embryonic development, and followed an anterio-posterior pattern of expression. At 85% development, the number of immunoreactive somata reached adult levels and no change in number was then seen. In embryonic stages and first and second juvenile instars two dorsal and four ventral groups of somata were labeled in all three thoracic ganglia, whilst in later juvenile instars one of the dorsal groups was visible as a separate entity only in the metathoracic ganglion. These early patterns were modified by alterations in the positions of some of the groups during late embryogenesis and during juvenile development to produce the adult pattern. The results show that the development of GABA expression is similar to that of other neurotransmitters. The characteristics of the development of immunoreactivity indicate that some of these immunoreactive clusters may be derived from clonally related neurones. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive somata and processes in embryos, which correspond to those of identified local and intersegmental interneurones studied in the adult.Abbreviations
Ab1–3
first-third abdominal ganglion
-
CON
connective
-
CI
1–3
common inhibitors 1–3
-
CTC
tract
-
DC I–VII
dorsal commissures I–VII
-
DIT
dorsal intermediate tract
-
DMT
dorsal median tract
-
LDT
lateral dorsal tract
-
LF
lateral fibres
-
o, iLVT
outer and inner lateral ventral tract
-
MVT
median ventral tract
-
N1–5
nerves 1–5
-
aPT
anterior perpendicular tract
-
PT
perpendicular tract
-
aRT
anterior ring tract
-
R1–5
nerve roots 1–5
-
PVC
posterior ventral commissure
-
SMC
supra-median commissure
-
T3
metathoracic neuromere
-
TT
T tract
-
aVAC
anterior ventral association centre
-
VC I
ventral commissure I
-
d,vVCII
dorsal and ventral parts of ventral commissure II
-
VF
ventral fibres
-
VIT
ventral intermediate tract
-
VLT
ventral lateral tract
-
VMT
ventral median tract
-
(d,v)LAG
(dorsal and ventral) lateral anterior group
-
LDG
lateral dorsal group
-
LVG
lateral ventral group
-
MDG
medial dorsal group
-
MPG
medial posterior group
-
MVG
medial ventral group 相似文献
11.
Jos M. J. Lamers Dick H. W. Dekkers Karel Bezstarosti Johanna T. A. Meij Han A. A. van Heugten 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1992,116(1-2):59-67
In the last decade a great deal of attention was awarded to a signal transduction pathway which is utilized primarily by Ca2+ mobilizing signal molecules and which involves the hydrolysis of a quantitatively minor phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) by a PtdIns-specific phospholipase C (PLC). The evidence for the existence of receptor-mediated GTP binding protein-coupled PLC in myocardium and its possible functions are briefly summarized. The minireview is concentrated on the following aspects: 1) cellular localization and synthesis of polyphospho-PtdIns from PtdIns, 2) desensitization of the 1-adrenergic agonist and endothelin-1 mediated PtdIns responses, 3) oscillatory Ca2+ transients initiated by Ptdlns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, 4) polyunsaturated fatty acids as constituents of polyphospho-PtdIns and of the protein kinase C activator 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), 5) source other than Ptdlns(4,5)P2 contributing to the stimulated DAG, 6) role of the PtdIns pathway in cardiomyocyte growth and gene expression during the hypertrophic response. (Mol Cell Biochem116: 59–67, 1992)Abbreviations Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
PtdIns(4,5)P2
- Phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate
PtdIns(4)P4
- Phosphatidylinositol
PtdIns
- Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
Ins(1,4,5)P3
- Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
Ins(1,3,4,5)P4
- Inositol 1-monophosphate
Ins(1)P
- Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate
Ins(1,4)P2
- Inositol
Ins
- Inositolphosphates
InsPn
- Guanine 5'-triphosphate
GTP
- GTP binding protein
G-protein
- Phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C
PLC
- Protein kinase C
PKC
- 1,2-Diacylglycerol
DAG
- Monoacylglycerol
MAG
- cytidyldiphoshate-diacylglycerol
CDP-DAG
- Sarcolemma
SL
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
SR
- Stearic acid
18:0
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
PUFA
- Arachidonic acid
20:4n-6
- Linoleic acid
18:2n-6
- Eicosapentaenoic acid
20:5n-3
- Docosahexaenoic acid
22:6n-3
- Phosphatidic acid
PtdOH
- Phospholipase D
PLD
- Phosphatidylcholine
PtdChol 相似文献
12.
The relative frequencies of stages and substages of the Swamp buffalo seminiferous epithelium were determined using a morphological classification. Duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was determined from radiolabelling studies using tritiated thymidine. Mean (+/-SD) duration of the cyle of the seminiferous epithelium of five Swamp buffalo was 8.74 +/- 0.18 d. Mean (+/-SEM) relative frequencies of stages and substages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in ten bulls were Stage 1a, 7.27 +/- 0.72; Stage 1b, 8.11 +/- 0.85; Stage 1c, 8.54 +/- 1.13; Stage 2a, 5.9 +/- 0.79; Stage 2b, 7.49 +/- 0.78; Stage 3a, 9.05 +/- 0.66; Stage 3b, 9.69 +/- 1.11; Stage 4a, 5.04 +/- 0.44; Stage 4b, 4.8 +/- 0.69; Stage 5, 1.86 +/- 0.23; Stage 6, 8.81 +/- 0.84; Stage 7, 10.64 +/- 1.2; Stage 8a, 6.87 +/- 0.96; and Stage 8b, 5.93 +/- 0.72. 相似文献
13.
Restoration of a high potential (HP) form of cytochrome b-559 (Cyt b-559) from a low potential (LP) form was the primary process in the reconstitution of O2-evolving center during the photoreactivation of Tris-inactivated chloroplasts. In normal chloroplasts, about 0.5 to 0.7 mol of Cyt b-559 was present in the HP form per 400 chlorophyll molecules. However, the HP form was converted to the LP form when the O2-evolving center was inactivated by 0.8 M alkaline Tris-washing (pH 9.1). The inactivation was reversible and both the Cyt b-559 HP form and the O2-evolving activity were restored by incubating the inactivated chloroplasts with weak light, Mn2+, Ca2+ and an electron donor (photoreactivation). The recovery of the HP form preceded the recovery of O2-evolving activity. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) did not inhibit the recovery of the HP form. Thus, the recovery of Cyt b-559 HP form was the primary reaction in the photoreactivation, which was stimulated by the light-induced redox reaction of the PS-II core center.Abbreviations ASC
ascorbate
- BSA
bovine serum albumin
- Chl
chlorophyll
- Cyt b-559 HP form
high potential form of cytochrome b-559
- Cyt b-559 LP form
low potential form of cytochrome b-559
- Cyt b-559 VLP form
very low potential form of cytochrome b-559
- Cyt f
cytochrome f
- DBMIB
2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone
- DCMU
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
- DCPIP
2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol
- Hepes
N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- HQ
hydroquinone
- SHN
chloroplast-preparation medium containing 0.4 M sucrose, 50 mM Hepes-Na (pH 7.8) and 20 mM NaCl
- PS-II
Photosystem II 相似文献
14.
Ban-Dar Hsu 《Photosynthesis research》1993,36(2):81-88
Fluorescence induction of isolated spinach chloroplasts was measured by using weak continuous light. It is found that the kinetics of the initial phase of fluorescence induction as well as the initial fluorescence level Fj are influenced by the number of preilluminating flashes, and shows damped period 4 oscillation. Evidence is given to show that it is correlated with the S-state transitions of oxygen evolution. Based on the previous observations that the S states can modulate the fluorescence yield of Photosystem II, a simulating calculation suggests that, in addition to the Photosystem II centers inactive in the plastoquinone reduction, the S-state transitions can also make a contribution to the intial phase of fluorescence induction.Abbreviations DCMU
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea
- F0
non-variable fluorescence level emitted when all PS II centers are open
- Fi
initial fluorescence level immediately after shutter open
- Fpt
intermediate plateau fluorescence level
- Fm
maximum fluorescence level emitted when all PS II centers are closed
- PS II
Photosystem II
- QA
primary quinone acceptor of PS II
- QB
secondary quinone acceptor of PS II 相似文献
15.
G. -S. Tae R. M. Everly W. A. Cramer S. A. Madgwick P. R. Rich 《Photosynthesis research》1993,36(2):141-146
Stromal membranes enriched in PS I contain a low potential cytochrome with a reduced -band peak close to 560 nm. The identity of this cytochrome component has been ascribed either to a low potential form of the Photosystem II cytochrome b-559 or to a different cytochrome with a reduced -band of 560 nm. The half-bandwidth of the 560 nm component in stromal membranes is identical to that of purified cytochrome b-559. Western blots show that the stromal membranes contain an amount of PS II cytochrome b-559 -subunit that is more than sufficient to account for the cytochrome b-560 detected spectrophotometrically in these membranes. These immunochemical data and the similarity of (i) the spectral peaks, and (ii) the redox properties of low potential PS II cytochrome b-559 and the b-560 component, suggest that the simplest inference is that the cytochrome b-560 protein in stromal membranes is identical to the PS II cytochrome b-559.Abbreviations: A
absorbance
- cyt
cytochrome
- DCBQ
2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone
- Emx
midpoint potential at pH x
- hbw
half-bandwidth
- LP
low potential
- MD
menadiol
- MES
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
- MHQ
methylhydroquinone
- PS I-PS II
photosystems I, II
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 相似文献
16.
Summary Injection of tritiated leucine and proline into the nucleus ovoidalis of the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) produces terminal labeling in the palaeostriatum and in three adjacent zones (field L1–L3) of the auditory neostriatum (AN). L2, situated between L1 and L3, receives the main input and corresponds to the former field L of Rose. These neuroanatomically defined zones of the auditory neostriatum are also characterized by differing properties of their neurons. Injection of radioactive material into the auditory neostriatum produces labeling of (i) a palaeostriatal, (ii) a ventral hyperstriatal, and (iii) an additional neostriatal area (Nd). Injection into the hyperstriatum ventrale reveals connections (i) to field L2, (ii) to the palaeostriatum, (iii) to Nd, and (iv) to the archistriatum. After injection into the palaeostriatum, labeling can be observed (i) in the neostriatum dorsale, (ii) in the hyperstriatum ventrale, (iii) in the archistriatum, (iv) in the diencephalic nuclei, nucleus ansae lenticularis and nucleus spiriformis lateralis, and (v) in the mesencephalic nuclei, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus and nucleus intercollicularis. These results show that a widespread connectivity exists among primary and presumably higher order auditory areas in the forebrain of birds. Connections also exist between these auditory areas and presumed vocal-motor areas (neostriatum dorsale, archistriatum, nucleus intercollicularis).Abbreviations A
Archistriatum
- AL
Ansa lenticularis
- AN
Auditory neostriatum
- Bas
Nucleus basalis
- CA
Commissura anterior
- Cb
Cerebellum
- CP
Commissura posterior
- DLP
Nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami
- DTh
Dorsal thalamus
- E
Ectostriatum
- EM
Nucleus ectomamillaris
- FA
Tractus fronto-archistriatalis
- FPL
Fasciculus prosencephali lateralis
- GLv
Nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis
- HA
Hyperstriatum accessorium
- HD
Hyperstriatum dorsale
- HIS
Hyperstriatum intercalatum superius
- HV
Hyperstriatum ventrale
- HVc
Hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale
- I
Injection site
- ICo
Nucleus intercollicularis
- ICT
Nucleus intercalatus thalami
- Imc
Nucleus isthmi, pars magnocellularis
- Ipc
Nucleus isthmi, pars parvocellularis
- l1, L2, L3
Auditory neostriatum: zones L1, L2, L3
- LAD
Lamina archistriatalis dorsalis
- LH
Lamina hyperstriatica
- LMD
Lamina medullaris dorsalis
- LPO
Lobus parolfactorius
- M
Mesencephalon
- MLd
Nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis
- N
Neostriatum
- nAL
Nucleus ansae lenticularis
- Nc
Neostriatum caudale
- Nd
Neostriatum dorsale
- OM
Tractus occipito-mesencephalicus
- OMv
Nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis
- Ov
Nucleus ovoidalis
- PA
Palaeostriatum augmentatum
- PP
Palaeostriatum primitivum
- PT
Nucleus praetectalis
- PVM
Nucleus periventricularis magno-cellularis
- RSd
Nucleus reticularis superior, pars dorsalis
- RSv
Nucleus reticularis superior, pars ventralis
- Rt
Nucleus rotundus
- SMe
Stria medullaris
- SpL
Nucleus spiriformis lateralis
- SpM
Nucleus spiriformis medialis
- SRt
Nucleus subrotundus
- TeO
Tectum opticum
- TOv
Tractus ovoidalis
- TPc
Nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus
- TrO
Tractus opticus
- TSM
Tractus septo-mesencephalicus
- Ve
Ventricle
The authors are indebted to Mrs. I. Röder and Mrs. M. Hansel for their aid in the preparation of the histological material and the illustrationsThis work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sche 132/4 相似文献
17.
Nucleotide sequences of the mating-type loci MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 of Cordyceps takaomontana were determined, which is the first such report for the clavicipitaceous fungi. MAT1-1 contains two mating-type genes, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2, but MAT1-1-3 could not be found. On the other hand, MAT1-2 has MAT1-2-1. A pseudogene of MAT1-1-1 is located next to MAT1-2. 相似文献
18.
Structure and function of the mating-type locus in the homothallic ascomycete, Didymella zeae-maydis
Sung-Hwan Yun Olen C. Yoder B. Gillian Turgeon 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2013,51(6):814-820
Homothallic Didymella zeae-maydis undergoes sexual reproduction by selfing. Sequence analysis of the mating type (MAT) locus from this fungus revealed that MAT carries both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes found in heterothallic Dothideomycetes, separated by ~1.0 kb of noncoding DNA. To understand the mechanistic basis of homothallism in D. zeae-maydis, each of the MAT genes was deleted and the effects on selfing and on ability to cross in a heterothallic manner were determined. The strain carrying an intact MAT1-1-1 but defective MAT1-2-1 gene (MAT1-1-1;ΔMAT1-2-1) was self-sterile, however strains carrying an intact MAT1-2-1 but defective MAT1-1-1 gene (ΔMAT1-1-1;MAT1-2-1), when selfed, showed delayed production of a few ascospores. Attempts to cross the two MAT deletion strains yielded fewer ΔMAT1-1-1;MAT1-2-1 than MAT1-1-1;ΔMAT1-2-1 progeny and very few ascospores overall compared to WT selfs. This study demonstrates that, as in the other homothallic Dothideomycetes, both MAT genes are required for full fertility, but that, in contrast to other cases, the presence of a single MAT1-2-1 gene can induce homothallism, albeit inefficiently, in D. zeae-maydis. 相似文献
19.
T. A. Gudasheva V. P. Lezina E. P. Kir’yanova O. A. Deeva L. G. Kolik S. B. Seredenin 《Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry》2013,39(3):259-267
The biologically active conformation of N-(6-phenylhexanoyl)glycyl-tryptophan amide (GB-115), a highly active cholecystokinin-4 retro dipeptide analogue with the anxiolytic activity, has been studied using the conformational analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy in solution and the method of sterically restricted analogues. A study of the relationship between the preferable conformation in solution and the anxiolytic activity in the series of GB-115 derivatives showed that the biologically active conformation of this compound is the β-turn. Based on the data on the nuclear Overhauser effect 1H NMR spectroscopy, this structure was identified as the β-turn of type II. Subsequent synthesis and study of the pharmacological activity of novel sterically restricted analogues of dipeptide GB-115: (2S)-2-{(3R)-3-[(6-phenylhexanoyl)amino]-2-oxopyrrolidine-1-yl}-3-(1H-indole-3-yl)propionic acid ethyl ester, N-(6-phenylhexanoyl)glycyl-N α-methyltryptophan ethyl ester, (2S)-2-[(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b, f]azepin-5-ylcarbonyl)amino]-3-(1H-indole-3-yl)propionic acid methyl ester, and (2S)-2-[({3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b, f]azepin-5-yl}carbonyl)amino]-3-(1H-indole-3-yl)propionic acid methyl ester confirmed that the β-turn of type II is the active conformation of GB-115. 相似文献
20.
Simulation of the dynamics in a fed batch process for production of Baker's yeast is discussed and applied. Experimental evidences are presented for a model of the energy metabolism. The model involves the concept of a maximum respiratory capacity of the cell. If the sugar concentration is increased above a critical value, corresponding to a critical rate of glycolysis and a maximum rate of respiration, then all additional sugar consumed at higher sugar concentrations is converted into ethanol.In a fed batch process with constant sugar feed the sugar concentration declines slowly. If ethanol is present when the sugar concentration declines below the critical value of 110 mg/dm3 fructose +glucose the metabolism switches rapidly into combined oxidation of sugar and ethanol. Thus, no diauxic growth is involved under process conditions. The rate of ethanol consumption is determined by the free capacity of respiration under these conditions. The invertase activity of the cells was found to be so high that mainly fructose and glucose were present in the medium, typically in the concentration range around 100 mg/dm3. These components are consumed at the same rate but with fructose at a higher concentration, indicating a higher K
s
for fructose consumption.The model was used in simulation experiments to demonstrate the dynamics of the Baker's yeast process and the influence of different process conditions.List of Symbols
DOT % air sat
dissolved oxygen tension
-
F dm3/h
rate of inlet medium flow
-
H kg/(dm3 % air sat.)
oxygen solubility
-
K kg/m3
saturation constant specified by index
-
K
L
a 1/h
volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient
-
m g/(g · h)
maintenance coefficient specified by index
-
P kg/(m3 · h)
mean productivity of biomass in the process
-
q g/(g · h)
specific consumption or production rate
-
S kg/m3
concentration of sugar in reactor
-
S
0 kg/m3
concentration of inlet medium sugar
medium
t h
process time
-
V dm3
medium volume
-
X kg/m3
concentration of biomass
-
Y g/g
yield coefficient specified by index
-
1/h
specific growth rate
Index
aa
anaerobic condition
-
c
critical value
-
e
ethanol
-
ec
ethanol consumption
-
ep
ethanol production
-
max
maximum value
-
o
oxygen
-
oe
oxygen for growth on ethanol
-
os
oxygen for growth on sugar
-
s
sugar
-
x
biomass 相似文献