Complete mitochondrial genome of the boreal digging frog Kaloula borealis (Anura, Microhylidae)

We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome from the boreal digging frog Kaloula borealis. The genome sequence was 17,173 bp in size, and the gene order and contents were identical to those of previously reported amphibian mitochondrial genomes. Of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 5 genes (CO2, ATPase 6, CO3, ND3, and ND4) had incomplete stop codons. Also ND1 gene used GTG as a start codon, while CO1 and ND5 genes used AGG as a stop codon. The base composition of K. borealis mitogenome showed a strong anti-G bias (6.11%) on the 3rd position of PCGs.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ampittia dioscorides</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its phylogenetic analysis

The complete mitochondrial genome of Ampittia dioscorides (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) was determined. The sequenced genome is a circular molecule of 15313 bp, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an A + T-rich region. The gene arrangements and transcribing directions are identical to those in most of the reported lepidopteran mitogenomes. The base composition of the whole genome and genes or regions are also similar to those in other lepidopteran species. All the PCGs are initiated by typical ATN codons; the exception being COI, which begins with a CGA codon. Eight genes (ND2, ATPase8, ATPase6, COIII, ND5, ND4L, ND6, and Cytb) end with a TAA stop codon, and two genes (ND1 and ND3) end with TAG. The remaining three genes (COI and COII, which end with TA-, and ND4, which ends with T-) have incomplete stop codons. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, with the exception of tRNA^Ser(AGY). On the basis of the concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the 13 PCGs and wingless gene of 22 butterfly species, maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) trees were constructed, respectively. Both MP and BI trees had the same topological structure: ((((Nymphalidae + Danaidae) + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae) + Hesperiidae). The results provide support for Hesperiidae as a superfamily-level taxon.     

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Beet Webworm,Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Its Phylogenetic Implications

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the beet webworm, Spoladea recurvalis has been sequenced. The circular genome is 15,273 bp in size, encoding 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes and containing a control region with gene order and orientation identical to that of other ditrysian lepidopteran mitogenomes. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome shows a high A+T content of 80.9%, and the AT skewness is slightly negative (-0.023). All PCGs start with the typical ATN codons, except for COX1, which may start with the CGA codon. Nine of 13 PCGs have the common stop codon TAA; however, COX1, COX2 and ND5 utilize the T nucleotide and ND4 utilizes TA nucleotides as incomplete termination codons. All tRNAs genes are folded into the typical cloverleaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, except for the tRNA^Ser(AGY) gene, in which the DHU arm fails to form a stable stem-loop structure. A total of 157 bp intergenic spacers are scattered in 17 regions. The overlapping sequences are 42 bp in total and found in eight different locations. The 329 bp AT-rich region is comprised of non-repetitive sequences, including the motif ATAG, which is followed by a 14 bp poly-T stretch, a (AT₁₁ microsatellite-like repeat, which is adjacent to the motif ATTTA, and a 9 bp poly-A, which is immediately upstream from the tRNA^Met gene. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 13 PCGs and 13 PCGs+2 rRNAs using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood methods, show that the classification position of Pyraloidea is inconsistent with the traditional classification. Hesperioidea is placed within the Papilionoidea rather than as a sister group to it. The Pyraloidea is placed within the Macrolepidoptera with other superfamilies instead of the Papilionoidea.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and phylogenetic analysis

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the most serious pest of citrus as the vector of Huanglongbing (HLB), the citrus greening disease. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of D. citri has been sequenced and annotated, and a comparative analysis is provided with known Psylloidea species. The mitogenome of D. citri is a typical circular molecular of 15,038 bp in length with an A + T content of 74.56%, contains the typical 37 genes and the gene order is identical to the other Psylloidea mitogenomes. The nucleotide composition and codon usage of D. citri are similar to the four Psylloidea species. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) use standard initiation codons (TAN), stop with TAA and TAG except ND2 and ND5 which stop with incomplete termination codon T. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, with the exception of trnS1 lacking the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The control region is located between rrnL and the trnI gene with the highest A + T content among the five Psylloidea species. Phylogenetic analysis is conducted based on the 13 PCGs or/and 2 rRNAs of 23 Sternorrhycha mitogenomes. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analysis suggest a clear relationship of Psylloidea, Aleyrodoidea and Aphidoidea within Sternorrhycha, which support the traditional morphological classification.     

Mitochondrial genomes of five Hyphessobrycon tetras and their phylogenetic implications

To date, the taxonomic status and phylogenetic affinities within Hyphessobrycon, even among other genera in Characidae, remain unclear. Here, we determined five new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Hyphessobrycon species (H. elachys, H. flammeus, H. pulchripinnis, H. roseus, and H. sweglesi). The mitogenomes were all classical circular structures, with lengths ranging from 16,008 to 17,224 bp. The type of constitutive genes and direction of the coding strand that appeared in the mitogenomes were identical to those of other species in Characidae. The highest value of the Ka/Ks ratio within 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs) was found in ND2 with 0.83, suggesting that they were subject to purifying selection in the Hyphessobrycon genus. Comparison of the control region sequences among seven Hyphessobrycon fish revealed that repeat units differ in length and copy number across different species, which led to sharp differences in mitogenome sizes. Phylogenetic trees based on the 13 PCGs did not support taxonomic relationships, as the Hyphessobrycon fish mixed with those from other genera. These data were combined to explore higher level relationships within Characidae and could aid in the understanding of the evolution of this group.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Teinopalpus aureus guangxiensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and related phylogenetic analyses

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Teinopalpus aureus guangxiensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), which is considered as an endemic species in China. It is listed as a vulnerable species by International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List and also a first class endangered species in China. The complete mtDNA from T. aureus guangxiensis was 15,235 base pairs in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The T. aureus guangxiensis genes were in the same order and orientation as the completely sequenced mitogenomes of other lepidopteran species. All PCGs of T. aureus guangxiensis mitogenome start with a typical ATN codon and terminate in the common stop codon TAA, except that ND1 gene uses TTA, ND3 gene uses ATT, and ND4 and ND4L gene use TAA. The phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed with the concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs of the mitochondrial genome, and phylogenetic results confirmed that Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae are monophyletic clades.     

Whole mitochondrial genome of long-clawed mole vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi) from Turkey,with its phylogenetic relationships

The mitogenome of Prometheomys schaposchnikowi was characterized for the first time as a circular DNA molecule (16.284 bp), containing 37 coding and 2 non-coding regions. In the mitogenome, ND6 and 8 tRNA genes were encoded on the light chain, while 12 PCGs, 14 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, D-loop and O_L were encoded on the heavy chain. The most common initiation codon in PCGs was ATG. As in many mammals, incomplete stop codons in P. schaposchnikowi were in the COX3, ND1 and ND4. Phylogenetic relationships were revealed using Bayesian method and the 13 PCGs. Seven genera (Arvicola, Dicrostonyx, Lasiopodomys, Myodes, Ondatra, Proedromys and Prometheomys) formed a monophyletic group, while Eothenomys, Microtus and Neodon were paraphyletic. P. schaposchnikowi constituted the most basal group within Arvicolinae. Divergence time estimation suggested that P. schaposchnikowi diversified during the Miocene (16.28 Mya). Further molecular studies are needed to test the distinctiveness and diversity of the genus Prometheomys.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) and its phylogenetic implications

Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) is a typical small cold water fish, which is distributed widely and mainly inhabits in East Asia. Here, we sequenced and determined the complete mitochondrial genome of R. oxycephalus and studied its phylogenetic implication. R. oxycephalus mitogenome is 16,609 bp in length (GenBank accession no.: MH885043), and it contains 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two noncoding regions (the control region and the putative origin of light‐strand replication). 12 PCGs started with ATG, while COI used GTG as the start codon. The secondary structure of tRNA‐Ser (AGN) lacks the dihydrouracil (DHU) arm. The control region is 943bp in length, with a termination‐associated sequence, six conserved sequence blocks (CSB‐1, CSB‐2, CSB‐3, CSB‐D, CSB‐E, CSB‐F), and a repetitive sequence. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods based on the concatenated nucleotide sequence of 13 PCGs and the complete sequence without control region, and the result revealed that the relationship between R. oxycephalus and R. percnurus is closest, while the relationship with R. kumgangensis is farthest. The genus Rhynchocypris is revealed as a polyphyletic group, and R. kumgangensis had distant relationship with other Rhynchocypris species. In addition, COI and ND2 genes are considered as the fittest DNA barcoding gene in genus Rhynchocypris. This work provides additional molecular information for studying R. oxycephalus conservation genetics and evolutionary relationships.     

The mitochondrial genome of red-necked phalarope <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaropus lobatus</Emphasis> (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) and phylogeny analysis among Scolopacidae

The red-necked phalarope is a wonderful species with specific morphological characters and lifestyles. Mitochondrial genomes, encoding necessary proteins involved in the system of energy metabolism, are important for the evolution and adaption of species. In this study, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of Phalaropus lobatus (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae). The circular genome is 16714 bp in size, containing 13 PCGs, two ribosomal RNAs and 22 tRNAs and a high AT-rich control region. The AT skew and GC skew of major strand is positive and negative respectively. Most of PCGs are biased towards A-rich except ND1. A codon usage analysis shows that 3 start codons (ATG, GTG and ATA), 4 stop codons (TAA, TAG, AGG, AGA) and two incomplete terminate codons (T–). Twenty two transfer RNAs have the typical cloverleaf structure, and a total of ten base pairs are mismatched throughout the nine tRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree based on 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes indicates that monophyly of the family and genus Phalaropus is close to genus Xenus plus Tringa. The analysis of selective pressure shows 13 protein-coding genes are evolving under the purifying selection and P. lobatus is different from other Scolopacidae species on the selective pressure of gene ND4. This study helps us know the inherent mechanism of mitochondrial structure and natural selection.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of the sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata, was sequenced in this study. It represents the first sequenced mitogenome of family Tingidae in Heteroptera. The mitogenome of C. ciliata is 15,257 bp and contains 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and a large non-coding region. Gene arrangement, nucleotide content, codon usage, and amino acid composition and asymmetry indicate a high degree of conservation with six other species of Cimicomorpha. The 13 PCGs initiated with ATN as the start codon and terminated with TAA, TA or T as stop codon. The evolutionary rate of each PCG was different, among which ATP8 showed the highest rate while ATP6 indicated the lowest rate. The 22 tRNAs genes apparently fold into a typical cloverleaf structure; however, the anticodon (TTC) of trnSer (AGN) differs from other Heteropteran insects. Secondary structure modeling of rRNA genes revealed similarity to other insects, except for two incomplete helices (H1648 and H2735) in lrRNA. The predicted secondary structure of lrRNA indicates 45 helices in six domains, whereas srRNA has 27 helices in three domains. Three potential stem–loops and two tandem repeats (–TCTAAT–) were identified in the A+T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. ciliata is a sister group to other Heteroptera species based on analysis of the 13 PCGs.     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Diaphania pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Diaphania pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) was determined to be 15,298 bp and has the typical gene organization of mitogenomes from lepidopteran insects. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A + T-rich region. The A + T content of this mitogenome is 80.83% and the AT skew is slightly positive. All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene which is initiated by CGA. Only the cox2 gene has an incomplete stop codon consisting of just a T. All the tRNA genes display a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The A + T-rich region of the mitogenome is 332 bp in length, including several common features found in lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the D. pyloalis is close to Pyralididae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Eriocheir japonica sinensis (Decapoda: Varunidae) and its phylogenetic analysis

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can provide novel insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying mitogenome evolution. In this study, the complete mitogenome of Eriocheir japonica sinensis (Decapoda: Varunidae) was determined to be 16,378 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a D-loop region. The AT skew of the E. j. sinensis mitogenome was slightly negative (−0.016), indicating a higher number of T compared with A nucleotides. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was also biased toward A + T nucleotides (71.6%). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons. Eight of the 13 PCGs harbored the incomplete termination codon by T, or TA. All other tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The D-loop region of the E. j. sinensis mitogenome was 918 bp in length. Based on 13 PCGs, phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of E. j. sinensis within the Varunidae.     

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Indian pipistrelle Pipistrellus coromandra (Vespertilioninae)

We characterized the complete mitogenome of Pipistrellus coromandra (Indian pipistrelle) for comparative analysis of mitogenomes and for resolving the phylogenetic relationship of four tribes in the subfamily Vespertilioninae. The mitogenome size of P. coromandra was 17,153?bp, with a control region and a typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes. The nucleotide composition of the P. coromandra mitogenome showed an AT bias with a nucleotide composition of 33.5% A, 30.7% T, 13.3% G, and 22.5% C. The mitochondrial protein-coding genes in P. coromandra use the standard start codon (ATN), two stop codons (TAA and AGA), and two incomplete stop codons (TA- and T--). The intertribal relationship of four tribes was highly resolved from the phylogenetic analysis of mitogenome sequences.     

Phylogenetic inference of calyptrates,with the first mitogenomes for Gasterophilinae (Diptera: Oestridae) and Paramacronychiinae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

The complete mitogenome of the horse stomach bot fly Gasterophilus pecorum (Fabricius) and a near-complete mitogenome of Wohlfahrt''s wound myiasis fly Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) were sequenced. The mitogenomes contain the typical 37 mitogenes found in metazoans, organized in the same order and orientation as in other cyclorrhaphan Diptera. Phylogenetic analyses of mitogenomes from 38 calyptrate taxa with and without two non-calyptrate outgroups were performed using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood. Three sub-analyses were performed on the concatenated data: (1) not partitioned; (2) partitioned by gene; (3) 3rd codon positions of protein-coding genes omitted. We estimated the contribution of each of the mitochondrial genes for phylogenetic analysis, as well as the effect of some popular methodologies on calyptrate phylogeny reconstruction. In the favoured trees, the Oestroidea are nested within the muscoid grade. Relationships at the family level within Oestroidea are (remaining Calliphoridae (Sarcophagidae (Oestridae, Pollenia + Tachinidae))). Our mito-phylogenetic reconstruction of the Calyptratae presents the most extensive taxon coverage so far, and the risk of long-branch attraction is reduced by an appropriate selection of outgroups. We find that in the Calyptratae the ND2, ND5, ND1, COIII, and COI genes are more phylogenetically informative compared with other mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Our study provides evidence that data partitioning and the inclusion of conserved tRNA genes have little influence on calyptrate phylogeny reconstruction, and that the 3rd codon positions of protein-coding genes are not saturated and therefore should be included.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thrinchus schrenkii</Emphasis> (Orthoptera: Caelifera,Acridoidea, Pamphagidae)

Complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Thrinchus schrenkii (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pamphagidae) were determined. It is 15672 bp in length and contains 71.2% A + T. All T. schrenkii protein-coding sequences except for the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) start with a typical ATN codon. Instead, CCG, which is a rare but possible initiation codon, is located at the initiation context of COI. The usual termination codons (TAA and TAG) were found from 12 PCGs. However, the ND5 had incomplete termination codon (T). All tRNA genes could be folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, excluding tRNA ^Ser(AGN) which forms another structure according to the Steinberg–Cedergren tertiary structure. The sizes of the large and small ribosomal RNA genes are 1319 and 848 bp, respectively. The A + T content of the A + T-rich region is 78.7%, which is the lowest among the known mitogenome of Acridoidea.     

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the little egret (Egretta garzetta)

Many phylogenetic questions in the Ciconiiformes remain unresolved and complete mitogenome data are urgently needed for further molecular investigation. In this work, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of the little egret (Egretta garzetta). The genome was 17,361 bp in length and the gene organization was typical of other avian mtDNA. In protein-coding genes (PCGs), a C insertion was found in ND3, and COIII and ND4 terminated with incomplete stop codons (T). tRNA-Val and tRNA-Ser (AGY) were unable to fold into canonical cloverleaf secondary structures because they had lost the DHU arms. Long repetitive sequences consisting of five types of tandem repeats were found at the 3′ end of Domain III in the control region. A phylogenetic analysis of 11 species of Ciconiiformes was done using complete mitogenome data and 12 PCGs. The tree topologies obtained with these two strategies were identical, which strongly confirmed the monophyly of Ardeidae, Threskiorothidae and Ciconiidae. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed that Egretta was more closely related to Ardea than to Nycticorax in the Ardeidae, and Platalea was more closely related to Threskiornis than to Nipponia in the Threskiornithidae. These findings contribute to our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Ciconiiformes based on complete mitogenome data.     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae): Genome description and phylogenetic implications

The complete mitochondrial genome of Cryptotermes domesticus (Haviland) was sequenced and annotated to study its characteristics and the phylogenetic relationship of C. domesticus to other termite species. The mitogenome of C. domesticus is a circular, close, and double-stranded molecule with a length of 15,655 bp. The sequenced mitogenome contains 37 typical genes, which are highly conserved in gene size, organization, and codon usage. Transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) also have typical secondary structures. All of the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with an ATN codon, except for nad4, which starts with GTG and terminates with the terminal codon TAA and TAG or the incomplete form T-- (cox2 and nad5). Most tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1, in which this form is replaced by a simple loop and lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The nucleotide diversity (Pi) and nonsynonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) mutation rate ratios indicate that nad1, cox1, and cox3 are the most conserved genes, and that cox1 has the lowest rate of evolution. In addition, an 89 bp repeated sequence was found in the A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods based on 13 PCGs, and the monophyly of Kalotermitidae was supported.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the wild silkmoth,Saturnia boisduvalii (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

We sequenced mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the wild silkmoth, Saturnia boisduvalii (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), which occurs in mainland Korea, and compared it with other species in Bombycoidea to characterize the genomic evolution of the superfamily. We found that the composition and arrangement of genes in the 15,257‐bp S. boisduvalii genome are typical of the majority of Lepidoptera, and the genome is biased toward A/T nucleotides, as previously reported. Comparison of individual gene divergence among bombycoid species showed that ND6 was most variable (p‐distance = 0.21), whereas COI and COII were most conserved, indicating that of all the protein‐coding genes (PCGs) ND6 appear to have evolved most rapidly. Thus, other PCGs beside COI are potential alternative markers, where scrutinized discrimination among species is required.     

The first complete mitogenome of Picumnus innominatus (Aves,Piciformes, Picidae) and phylogenetic inference within the Picidae

The avian family Picidae, which is nearly global in distribution, contains the piculets (Picumninae and Nesoctitinae), the woodpeckers (Picinae), and the wrynecks (Jynginae). However, the phylogenetic relationships within the Picidae remain obscure for most genera. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Picumnus innominatus was determined and described, which was the first complete mitogenome reported in the Picumnus. The circular mitogenome of P. innominatus was 17,180 bp in size and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNA genes, a control region (CR), and a noncoding region. The gene order and arrangement of the P. innominatus mitogenome were identical to other mitogenomes of the Picidae. Moreover, strikingly large tandem repeats were found in the noncoding region of the P. innominatus mitogenome, which have not yet been covered in other picid species to date. At the family level (Picidae), the highest dN/dS ratio was detected for the ND1 gene (1.38726) among 13 PCGs, indicating that positive selection was powerful for this gene. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses based on the combination of 12S rRNA and CYTB gene supported strongly that the Picumninae is monophyletic.     

The complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the oriental mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

The complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the oriental mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), were determined. The 15,521-bp-long G. orientalis mitogenome contains typical gene complement, base composition, and codon usage found in metazoan mitogenomes. The G. orientalis mitogenome contains the third lowest A+T content (70.5%) among the complete insects mt genome sequences. The initiation codon for the G. orientalis COI gene appears to be ATG, instead of the tetranucleotides, which have been postulated to act as initiation codon for Locusta migratoria and some lepidopteran COI genes. The initiation codon for ND2 appears to be GTG, which is rare, but has been designated as an initiator of Tricholepidion gertschi ND2. All anticodons of G. orientalis tRNAs were identical to Drosophila yakuba and L. migratoria. The tRNA(Ser)(AGN) could not form a stable stem loop structure in the DHU arm as shown in many other insect tRNA(Ser)(AGN). Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence information from all mt genes supported a monophyletic Diptera, a monophyletic Lepidoptera, a monophyletic Coleoptera, a monophyletic Mecopterida (Diptera+Lepidoptera), and a monophyletic Endopterygota (Diptera+Lepidoptera+Coleoptera), suggesting that the complete insect mitogenome sequence has a resolving power to the diversification events within Endopterygota. However, the relationships of ancient insect orders were unstable, indicating the limited use of mitogenome information at deeper phylogenetic depth.