Indian aconites

Of the two dozen species of aconite native to India, thirteen are known to possess drug value. Some of the latter are in commercial trade and offer valuable substitutes for the more commonly used species of Europe. Their nomenclature is revised in this article, with proper consideration given to their habitats and chemical constituents in order to facilitate identification and standardization of this drug.     

乌头属植物化学成分、药理作用及其内生菌的研究进展

毛茛科乌头属植物广泛分布于北温带地区,具有重要的药用价值。乌头属植物主要的化学成分是生物碱,其中二萜生物碱是历来的研究热点。现代药理学研究证明,乌头属植物具有镇痛、抗炎、抗肿瘤及杀虫等作用。目前乌头属植物内生菌的研究也逐渐开展。本文对乌头属植物近年来报道的新的化学成分、药理研究和利用植物内生菌产生活性成分等进行了综述,可为乌头属植物的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on Chinese Medicinal Plants of the Genus Aconitum

This paper reports the result of comparative anatomical studies on medicinal roots of 53 species and varieties in the genus Aconitum from China. The anatomical structures of the roots can be classified into 6 types and 18 subtypes according to the level of their evolution. The anatomy of Aconitum roots is discussed in relation to phylogeny based on chemotaxonomy, cytology and other related disciplines. It was found that the six types of Aconitum roots are correlated with chemical components, chromosomes, toxicity and the gross morphology. The relatively advanced Types I and II roots always contain highly toxic alkaloids of diterpenoid diester of aconitine type, distributed mainly in Ser. 3, 5-11 of Sect. Aconitum of Subgen. Aconitum, while the relatively primitive Types III, IV and II roots with small diameters contain mainly atisine and aminal alcohol alkaloids, which have lower toxicity, present in Subgen. Gymnaconitum and Ser. 1, 2 of Sect. Aconitum of Subgen. Aconitum. The primitive Types V and VI roots of Subgen. Lycoctonum contain mainly the most low-toxic alkaloids of lycoctonine Type. The result is of significance both in theory or practice for the development of medicinal plant resourcesand the safety of clinical usage of these of plants.     

国产12种乌头属和18种翠雀属植物的细胞学研究

研究了12种乌头属Aconitum L．和18种翠雀属Delphinium L．植物的染色体。在12种乌头属植物中,除粗花乌头A．crassiflorum为四倍体(2n=4x=32)外,其他种类都为二倍体(2n=2x＝16),中甸乌头 A.piepunense中有B染色体存在,牛扁亚属Aconitum subgen．Lycoctonum的二倍体植物与乌头亚属Aconitum subgen．Aconitum 植物的染色体在大小和形态上有明显区别;所有18种翠雀属植物都为二倍体(2n＝2x=16),其染色体在大小和形态上极为相似,但与乌头亚属的染色体易于区别。翠雀属植物的核型不对称性程度明显高于乌头属植物,因此从染色体证据来看,翠雀属要比乌头属进化。     

The Chemotaxonomy of Chinese Species of the Genus Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae)

On the basis of biosynthsis, distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids as well as morphological evolution of Chinese species L. (Ranunculaceae), chemotaxonomy of the genus Aconitum is discussed: 1, Subgen. Lycoctonum, containing lycoctonine-type alkaloids and Subgen. Aconitum containing aconitine-type alkaloids, were probably differetiated at the early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum and evolved respectively in their own ways. 2, In Subgen. Aconitum: (1) Ser. Bullatifolia, containing mainly atisine-, veatchine-type alkaloids, and amino, alcohol and ester base of aconitine-type, and distributed in Hengduan Mountain and Jingsha River valley, where is the centre of modern differentiation of species of Aconitum, is probably a series from which Chinese species of the genus Aconitum were derived; (2) Ser. Inflata, containing mainly aconitine, mesaconitine and bypaconitine, is an advanced group; (3) Ser. Grsndituberosa, containing mainly aconitine and songorine, is related to Ser. Bulatifolia; (4) Ser. stylosa and Ser. volubilia, containing mainly yunaconitine and other anisyl ester alkaloids form another advanced branch. 3, Ser. Tangutica and A. naviculare of Ser. Rotaundifolia, containing atisine and lactone-type alkaloids may be a specialized group in high mountains and have occurred at early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum. 4, Subgen. Gymnaconitum, containing atisine-type alkaloids and amino alcohol of aconitine type, may als be a specialized group in high mountains. 5, A. franchetii Finet. et Gagnep. mainly containing ester bases of aconitine-typeand closed to A. chasmanthum Stapf, is best placed into Ser. Ambigua.     

Cytologyof 12 species in Aconitum L. and of 18 species in Delphinium L. of the tribe Delphineae (Ranunculaceae) from China

Cytology of 12 species in Aconitum L. and of 18 species in Delphinium L. of the tribe Delphineae (Ranunculaceae) from China have been investigated. Only A. crassiflorum is a tetraploid with the chromosome number of 2n = 32, and all the other Aconitum species studied are diploids with 2n = 16. In A. piepunense, up to six B-chromosomes were observed. All the Delphinium species are diploids with 2n = 16; their karyotypes are very similar among the species, and are distinctly distinguishable from those of Aconitum species with respect to the chromosome size, chromosome morphology and karyotype asymmetry. From a cytological view, Delphinium seems to be more advanced than Aconitum, as the karyotypes in Delphinium are more asymmetric than those in Aconi-tum.     

甘肃乌头属二新种

描述了自甘肃发现的毛茛科乌头属二新种,合作乌头和莲花山乌头,并分别给出二种与其等近缘种的形态区别特征。     

新疆药用乌头的民族植物学

本文对新疆乌头属药用植物在哈萨克民族中的应用进行调查,基本弄清乌头属的药用部位、民间药用方法,并对乌头属药用资源的开发应用进行探讨.     

Quantification of Aconitum alkaloids in aconite roots by a modified RP-HPLC method

The three Aconitum alkaloids, aconitine (1), mesaconitine (2) and hypaconitine (3), are pharmacologically active but also highly toxic. A standardised method is needed for assessing the levels of these alkaloids in aconite roots in order to ensure the safe use of these plant materials as medicinal herbs. By optimising extraction, separation and measurement conditions, a reliable, reproducible and accurate method for the quantitative determination of all three Aconitum alkaloids in unprocessed and processed aconite roots has been developed. This method should be appropriate for use in the quality control of Aconitum products. The three Aconitum alkaloids were separated by a modified HPLC method employing a C18 column gradient eluted with acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate buffer. Quantification of Aconitum alkaloids, detected at 240 nm, in different batches of samples showed that the content of 1, 2 and 3 varied significantly. In general, the alkaloid content of unprocessed roots was higher than that of processed roots. These variations were considered to be the result of differences in species, processing methods and places of origin of the samples.     

中国乌头属分布式样的数值分析

本文运用聚类分析方法,将国产乌头属划为4个分布区,同时探讨了各区的地理、气候和植物区系特点以及该属植物的分布规律。     

多根乌头的药用资源研究

对多根乌头的生物学特性,有效成分的鉴别,分离等方面进行了研究报道,从多根乌头中首次分得12－表－欧乌碱,其中准噶尔乌头碱,新乌碱,12－表－欧乌碱含量较高,为多根乌头药用资源的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

组织培养法快速繁殖川乌头种苗

本研究探讨了川乌头组织培养过程中的外植体诱导建立无菌繁殖系;外植体生长分化和增殖培养基的筛选:生根及驯化移栽等关键技术环节,从而使川乌头通过组培快繁实现大规模育苗成为可能.     

The Diterpenoid Alkaloids of Aconitum nagarurn var. lasiandrurn W. T. Wang and Its Chemotaxonomic Significance

From the roots of Aconitum nagarum var. lasiandrum W. T. Wang, seven diterpe- noid alkaloids were isolated and determined as follows: denudatine of atisine-type (7), songorine and songoramine of veatchine-type (1 and 12), virescenine of lycoctonine-type (13), neoline, 14-acetylneoline and fiavaconitine of aconitine-type (2, 3 and 8). A. nagarum var. lasiandrum W. T. Wang is a typical species of Ser. Bullatifolia which contained four types diterpenoid alkaloids. On the basis of distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids, phytogenesis add morphological evolution of Chinese species of genus Aconitum, probably Chinese species of genus Aconitum modernly advanced and divided from this serics.     

Chromosome Studies of Subgenus Gymnaconitum Endemic to China and Beesia (Ranunculaceae)

The paper reports chromosomal number and chromosomal morphologies of annual Aconitum gymnandrum endemic to China and Beesia calthifolia for the first time. Of the two spcies, chromosome number is same (X=8, 2n=16) and chromosome average lengths are 6.17μ , 10.73μ respectively. The longest chromosome 1, the short chromosomes 3-5, 7 and the shortest chromosome 8 are metacentrical (m), the chromosomes 2, 6 are submetacentrical (sm), and the pairs 4, 5, 8 have satellites in the karyotype of A. gymnandrum. In B. calthifolia, all of the chromosome 1-5 are the long m, the chromosomes 6, 8 are the short sm and the 7 is telocentrical (t). The pairs 3, 4, 6 have satellites. According to the comparison of karyotypes of three subgenera—subgen. Paraconitum, subgen. Aconitum and subgen. Gymnaconitum in Aconitum, the evolution trend of chromosomes is further discussed. Finally, the relationship between Aconitum and Beesia is also discussed in thispaper.     

中国乌头属属下等级数量分类的初步研究

本文取中国乌头属50种(含变种)植物,选取形态学性状46个、化学性状8个、组织学性状5个、生态学性状1个,运用数量分类方法,对该属进行属下等级的分类研究。根据数学分析结果,确定了树系图中变种、种、系、亚属的分级界线,并在聚类分析的基础上,进一步探讨了各等级类群的划分。     

紫乌头复合体nrDNA的ITS序列与系统发育分析

对乌头属 Aconitum L. 27个类群的nrDNA ITS序列进行了简约法与邻接法分析,两种方法得到的系统发育树基本一致。乌头亚属subgen. Aconitum 的蔓乌头系 ser. Volubilia 不是一个单系类群,显柱乌头系 ser. Stylosa 与兴安乌头系ser. Ambigua 各自作为单系类群也没有得到支持。特产于云南西北部横断山区的一些种之间存在非常近的系统发育关系,说明这些种可能是近期物种形成的产物。紫乌头 A. delavayi 复合体的不同类群在系统发育树上位     

Diterpenoid alkaloids with chemotaxonomic significance from Aconitum spathulatum

Diterpenoid alkaloids have been acknowledged as of chemotaxonomic significance in plants from the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae). Phytochemical investigation on the Aconitum spathulatum W. T. Wang, an endemic Aconitum species in China, has led to the isolation of twelve C₁₉-diterpenoid alkaloids. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds are summarized.     

黄附子中糖复合物的初步分析

生药中糖复合物研究是２１世纪生物科学热点之一。本文首次报道了附子中糖复合物的研究结果。我们采用饱和硫酸铵沉淀、乙醇分级沉淀及ＤＥＡＢ－Ｃ３２层析方法,从黄附子中分离出三种组分,通过鉴定发现：组分Ｉ主要为糖蛋白,组分Ⅱ主要含酸性多糖,组分Ⅲ可能是淀粉。此研究结果为全面深入地研究和开发附子提供了参考依据。     

Phytochemical Evidence Related to the Phylogeny of Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim.

From the whole plant of Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim., four diterpene alkaloids have been isolated and identified: talatizamine, 14-acetyltalatizamine, condelphine and isotalatizidine. Thus the species nvestigated, belonging to the monotypic subgenus Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Rapaics, secms to be phytochemically closely related to A. nemorum M. Pop. and A. talassicum M. Pop. From the phytochemical point of view however, A. gymnandrum does not seem to be the most advanced species within the genus Aconitum.