束花石斛种子超低温保存的研究

以濒危兰科物种野生束花石斛（Dendrobium chrysanthum）的成熟种子为材料,研究了PVS2植物玻璃化液对其萌发的作用,以及快速冷冻法和玻璃化法对种子超低温保存的影响。结果表明,种子的萌发率随着PVS2处理时间的延长而下降。PVS2预处理能明显地增加种子的超低温耐性。当预处理时间为15～45min时,种子的超低温耐性随预处理时间的延长而增加;当预处理时间长于60min后,种子的超低温耐性随预处理时间的延长而下降。经液氮保存后,存活的种子能萌发成为正常的幼苗。结论是经PVS2预处理45min后,成熟的束花石斛种子能成功地进行超低温保存。     

束花石斛种质资源的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对9个居群束花石斛的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果显示,从60条ISSR引物中共筛选出的5条有效引物,每个引物的扩增位点为9～13个,共56个位点,多态性位点49个(87.90%)。束花石斛种内遗传多态性水平较高,遗传变异较丰富,9个居群的总扩增条带为242个,平均每个居群为26.90个,其中多态性条带占179个(72.90%)。野生束花石斛种质资源减少的主要原因在于人为过度采收和其赖以生长的环境被破坏,聚类分析结果表明,云南思茅和文山居群的遗传距离最近,而云南景洪居群与其它居群之间的遗传距离相对较大,说明束花石斛种内亲缘关系的远近可能与其地理分布也有一定的联系。     

12种中国葱属植物的核型分析

采用细胞压片法,对采自中国西部的12种葱属植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,其巾天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)、梭沙韭(Aforrestii)、昌都韭(A.changduense)、西川非(A.xichuanense)、野黄韭(A.rude)、野葱(A.chrysanthum)和真籽韭(A.eusperma)等7种植物的核型为首次报道.供试类群中,峨眉韭(A.omeiense)和多星韭(A.wallichii)的染色体基数分别为11和7,其余类群的染色体基数均为8.观察发现,随体杂合和多侪性现象在供试类群中很普遍.分析推测:(1)随体和倍性的变异在葱属某些类群的进化中可能起重要作用,随体的类型在葱属具有重要的分类意义;(2)多倍化和地下走茎的无性繁殖方式可能是天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)的进化策略;(3)西川韭(A.xichuanense)、野黄非(A.rude)和野葱(A.chrysanthum)有密切的亲缘关系;(4)真籽韭(A.eusperma)与多籽组在核型上有密切的亲缘关系.     

海南兰科植物新资料

报道了中国兰科Orchidaceae植物一新记录属和3个中国新记录种及5个海南新记录种。其中小囊兰属Micropera Lindl．、红花小囊兰Microperapoilanei（Guill.）Garay、疏花羊耳蒜Liparis sparsiflora Aver.和美丽云叶兰Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Bl.为中国新记录;平卧曲唇兰Panisea cavalerei Schltr．、云南曲唇兰Panisea yunnanensis S．C．Chen＆Z．H．Tsi、束花石斛Dendrobium chrysanthum Wallichex Lindl．、滇南翻唇兰Hetaeria rubens （Lindl．）Benth．ex J．D．Hook．f和毛叶芋兰Nervilia plicata（Andrews）Schltr．为海南新记录种。     

A new phenanthrene with a spirolactone from Dendrobium chrysanthum and its anti-inflammatory activities

Investigation of phenolic patterns from the stems of Dendrobium chrysanthum by HPLC-PDA-MS has led to the isolation of a new phenanthrene derivative with a spirolactone ring, dendrochrysanene (1), that proved to suppress the mRNA level of TNF-alpha, IL8, IL10, and iNOS in murine peritoneal macrophages. The structure of 1 was characterized on the basis of various NMR (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC), mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystal diffraction data.     

长白山区珍稀濒危观赏植物优先保护定量研究

长白山区属温带气候,野生观赏植物资源十分丰富。经过7年的野外调查和查阅文献资料,首次建立了以蕴藏系数、保护缓急程度等9项指标在内的定量评价珍稀濒危观赏植物指标体系。结果表明:长白山区目前804种野生观赏植物中,受到生存威胁的观赏植物种类共有57科、129属、170种。其中急需保护的有27科、43属、52种,分别占长白山区科、属、种总数的47.39%、33.33%、30.59%,代表种类主要有长白松(Pinus sylvestriform is)、东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)、朝鲜崖柏(Thuja koraiensis)等;需要保护的有32科、53属、62种,分别占科、属、种总数的56.14%,41.09%,36.47%,代表种类主要有牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron chrysanthum)、木通马兜铃(Aristoloehia man-shuriensis)、花楸树(Sorbus pohuashanensis)等;一般保护的有36科、48属、56种,分别占科、属、种总数的63.16%,37.21%,32.94%,代表种类主要有芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)、长白瑞香(Daphne koreana)、溪荪(Iris sanguinea)等。     

中国西南葱属10种20居群的核型研究

采用常规压片法,对采自中国西南地区的10种20个居群葱属（Allium L．）植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,10种葱属植物分别为峨眉韭（Alliumomeiense）、多星韭（A．wallichii）、大花韭（A．macranthum）、韭（A．tubero—sum）、高山韭（A．sikkimense）、天蓝韭（A．cyaneum）、西川韭（A．xichuanense）、野黄韭（A．rude）、野葱（A．chrysanthum）和真籽韭（A．eusperma）。供试类群中,核型类型为2A、2B和2c,其中2c为首次报道;染色体基数为7、8、11;5个种中存在多倍体,其中天蓝韭的5倍体居群为首次报道;6个种存在随体杂合现象。通过观察发现峨眉韭的核型不对称性与海拔高度存在相关性;四倍体大花韭的核型演化伴随着st染色体短臂的断裂和丢失。结合核型、形态学和繁育制度等特征,对部分类群的进化和组一级分类等级及其归属问题进行了探讨。     

Cryopreservation of pharmaceutically important orchid Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. using vitrification based method

Our present study constitutes the successful and efficient protocol for cryopreservation of Dendrobium chrysanthum. D. chrysanthum Wall. ex Lindl. is a pharmaceutically valuable, ornamental epiphytic orchid of temperate and subtropical regions. On account of excellent herbal medicinal value and horticultural importance, D. chrysanthum is becoming rare due to over exploitation. For long-term conservation of this orchid, protocorm-like bodies of D. chrysanthum were excised and used for cryopreservation by encapsulation–vitrification. In this cryogenic procedure, PLBs were initially osmoprotected with a mixture of 0.4 M sucrose and 2 M glycerol, incorporated in the encapsulation matrix (comprising of 3 % (w/v) sodium alginate and 0.1 M CaCl₂). Encapsulated protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were then precultured on MS liquid medium supplemented with different concentrations of sucrose (0.06, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 M), and loaded in a loading solution (comprised of 2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose) for different duration to make the precultured PLBs tolerant to plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2). Subsequently, the PLBs were subjected to PVS2 (Sakai et al. 1990) treatment at different time of exposure (minutes) and temperatures (0 °C and 25 °C). Encapsulated–vitrified PLBs were plunged directly into liquid nitrogen and stored for 1 h. Optimum result (survival 63.2 % and regrowth 59.9 %) was obtained when the beads treated with loading solution for 80 min followed by PVS2 treatment for 100 min. Regenerated plants showed normal morphology as that of control plants.     

束花石斛的繁育生物学特性

为了探究束花石斛（Dendrobium chrysanthum）的繁育生物学特性,对其开花习性、花粉活力、柱头分泌特性、人工授粉结实率、自然结实种子育性和贮藏特性进行研究,结果表明：（1）束花石斛花芽萌动期为19d,现蕾期为23 d,群体花期为28 d,单花寿命10～15 d;(2)开花1～3 d花粉活力保持在90%左右,开花至第9天时花粉活力仅为23.7%,初始3 d开花的花粉活力与其他时间取样的活力差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）,花粉活力随开花时间延长呈由强到弱的趋势;（3）束花石斛的柱头腔从开花第2天开始有分泌物,第6 d时分泌物最多,柱头过氧化氢染色结果表明在开花5～6 d时柱头可授性最强,柱头可授性随开花时间延长呈由弱到强再到弱的趋势;（4）选取花朵开放4 d的花粉和柱头人工授粉,同株异花和同花授粉未见结实。野外结实果质量2.02～4.83 g,种子长0.628～0.845 mm,宽0.082～0.110 mm,长宽比为7.798,成胚率达97.35%,种子活力为90.80%,室温条件保存6个月的种子活力维持在73.20%。上述结果说明,束花石斛单花花期不长,开花初...     

长白山高山冻原植被生物量的分布规律

从物种生物量、优势种器官生物量和植被生物量角度,探讨了长白山高山冻原生态系统生物量的空间变化规律．结果表明,在调查的43种长白山高山冻原植物中,单物种生物量排序前5种植物分别是牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron chrysanthum)(159．01kg·hm^-2)、笃斯越桔(Vaccinium jiliginosum var．alpinum)(137．52kg·hm^-2)、高山笃斯(Vaccinium uliginosum)(134．7kg·hm^-2)、宽叶仙女木(Dryas octopetala var．asiatica)(131．5kg·hm^-2)圆叶柳(Salix rotundifolia)(128．4kg·hm^-2)．它们是长白山高山冻原生态系统的优势种．地下与地上生物量和地下与总生物量之比随海拔升高逐渐增加．植被生物量随海拔升高。总体呈逐渐减小的趋势。植被生物量与海拔高度呈显著负相关．长白山高山冻原生态系统平均生物量为2．21t·hm^-2,对调节长白山小气候、涵养水源、水土保持等生态服务功能的发挥有着重要的作用。同时对固定大气CO2起着汇的作用。     

香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿野生植物资源的初步研究

作者通过野外调查,报道了香港西贡牛尾海邻近岛屿的植被概况和物种多样性。结果表明:该地区共有维管束植物108科254属345种。作者将其植物资源按用途分为10类:药用植物、观赏植物、材用植物、纤维植物、油脂植物、饲用植物、有毒植物、食用植物、鞣料植物和芳香植物,并论述了各类资源植物的主要种类。并对合理开发、利用和保护该地区植物资源提出了建议。     

福建闽江源自然保护区野生经济植物资源

闽江源自然保护区位于福建省建宁县。区内有野生维管束植物168科635属1058种20亚种(或变种),按其经济用途分为11类,即纤维植物、鞣料植物、芳香植物、油脂植物、淀粉植物、观赏植物、蜜源植物、树脂及胶用植物、色素植物、药用植物和国家重点保护的珍稀濒危植物。本文还分析各属的区系成分,并对保护区植物资源的利用提出建议。     

植物园植物资源保育之创新

植物资源是植物园存在和发展的基础,植物资源保育是植物园最基本的工作。以往的植物资源保育工作主要包括植物资源日常管护、繁殖和资源保育研究,此模式的局限性随着植物园的发展或植物园面临越来越多的挑战而日显突出。植物资源保育之创新,首先是拟保育资源的系统性选择,其次是已保育资源的运用,包括植物资源的基础研究与应用研究、开发与推广应用以及科普利用。     

湖北大洪山野生植物资源调查研究

大洪山位于湖北省中北部,地处中纬度北亚热带季风气候带,植物种类非常丰富。初步统计大洪山共有野生资源植物1137种,隶属于132科、529属。对大洪山的野生植物资源按其性质和用途分为观赏植物、能源植物、药用植物、油脂植物、蜜源植物、纤维植物、淀粉及糖类植物、芳香植物、鞣料植物、饲用植物、土农药植物、树脂及树胶植物,并对其进行了统计和分析。文中列举了一些有代表性、经济价值较高的植物种类,分析了该地区野生植物资源的特点及存在问题,提出了合理开发利用植物资源的建议。     

高原湿地纳帕海水生植物群落分布格局及变化

采用3S技术与植物群落研究法,对高原湿地纳帕海24a来的湿地植物群落分布格局及变化的研究结果表明：与24a前水生植物群落相比较。纳帕海水生植物群落类型、数量改变,原生群落不断减少或消失,耐污、喜富营养类群如水葱群落（Com．Scirpus tabernaemontani）、茭草群落（Com．Zizania caduciflora）、穗状狐尾藻群落（Com．Myriophyllum spicatum）、满江红（Com．Azolla imbricata）群落等大量出现;群落总数由24a前的9个增至当前的12个,其中挺水植物群落增加2个,浮叶植物群落增加1个,挺水植物群落增幅最大。由东向西、由南向北,纳帕海水生植物群落分布大致呈现出浮叶群落、挺水群落、沉水群落斑块状依次配置的水平格局规律。挺水植物群落分布面积最大,达528．42hm^2,其次是沉水植物群落,分布面积为362．50hm^2,浮叶植物群落分布面积最小,为70．23hm^2。随沉水群落、浮叶群落向挺水群落的演替,群落伴生种数量增加、优势种优势度减小、层次类型改变,群落结构变得更为复杂。纳帕海湿地水生植物群落分布格局及变化是对湿地环境变化的响应,表明了在人为干扰作用影响下,纳帕海湖岸线内移、水量减少、水质恶化等湿地水文条件的改变,致使湿地生态系统功能不断退化。     

生物逆境和共生状态下植物的蛋白质组学研究

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域,主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育、组织分化、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。本文综述了微生物与植物互作的蛋白质组研究进展,包括有害和有益的相互作用,同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities,we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands,Yunnan,China,as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005.We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed.Some pollution-tolerant,nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani,Zizania caduciflora,Myriophyllum spicatum,and Azolla imbricata flourished,while the primary aquatic plant com-munities were reduced or even disappeared.The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant com-munities and one new floating-leaved plant community.The increase in emergent plant communities was signifi-cant.From east to west and from south to north,various types of plant communities were continuously distributed,including floating-leaved plant communities,emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities.The composition of the communities became more com-plicated and the number of accompanying species increased,while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined.In 2005,the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm2) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm2) and the float-ing-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm2).The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant com-munities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological envir-onment.This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline,a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat.     

Functional traits determine plant co-occurrence more than environment or evolutionary relatedness in global drylands

Plant–plant interactions are driven by environmental conditions, evolutionary relationships (ER) and the functional traits of the plants involved. However, studies addressing the relative importance of these drivers are rare, but crucial to improve our predictions of the effects of plant–plant interactions on plant communities and of how they respond to differing environmental conditions. To analyze the relative importance of – and interrelationships among – these factors as drivers of plant–plant interactions, we analyzed perennial plant co-occurrence at 106 dryland plant communities established across rainfall gradients in nine countries. We used structural equation modelling to disentangle the relationships between environmental conditions (aridity and soil fertility), functional traits extracted from the literature, and ER, and to assess their relative importance as drivers of the 929 pairwise plant–plant co-occurrence levels measured. Functional traits, specifically facilitated plants’ height and nurse growth form, were of primary importance, and modulated the effect of the environment and ER on plant–plant interactions. Environmental conditions and ER were important mainly for those interactions involving woody and graminoid nurses, respectively. The relative importance of different plant–plant interaction drivers (ER, functional traits, and the environment) varied depending on the region considered, illustrating the difficulty of predicting the outcome of plant–plant interactions at broader spatial scales. In our global-scale study on drylands, plant–plant interactions were more strongly related to functional traits of the species involved than to the environmental variables considered. Thus, moving to a trait-based facilitation/competition approach help to predict that: (1) positive plant–plant interactions are more likely to occur for taller facilitated species in drylands, and (2) plant–plant interactions within woody-dominated ecosystems might be more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than those within grasslands. By providing insights on which species are likely to better perform beneath a given neighbour, our results will also help to succeed in restoration practices involving the use of nurse plants.     

21世纪植物化学生态学前沿领域

植物和其它有机体通过次生物质为媒介的化学作用关系近年引入注目,其中植物的诱导化学防御,植物的化学通讯,植物次生物质和进化的关系,植物与人类的化学关系和海洋植物化学生态学是21世纪植物化学生态学值得关注的前沿领域。植物化学生态学前沿领域的进展将为实现21世纪的持续,发展是在生态安全条件下提高农业产量并达到对病虫草害的有效控制方面具有重要意义。