Effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ferulae</Emphasis> extracts on viability of human lung cancer and cervical cancer cell lines

When SiHa cells were incubated for varying periods of time with extracts of PFF and PFM, the cytotoxicity of the ethanol extracts of PFF was higher than those of the other extracts. These results indicated that the extracts from fruiting bodies ofP. ferulae contain antitumor substances. When A549, SiHa and HeLa cells were incubated with different concentrations of PFF and PFM extracts, the ethanol extracts of PFF showed strong cytotoxicity against A549 cells at concentrations over 10 μg/mL and against SiHa and HeLa cells at concentrations over 40 μg/mL. However, the differences in the cytotoxic effects of the hot water and ethanol extracts of PFM and the hot water extracts of PFF on all 3 cancer cells were not significant. Also, the PFF ethanol extracts induced synergistic effects on the TRAIL-induced apoptosis in A549 cells, which were strongly resistant to TRAIL. These results indicated that ethanol extracts of PFF were the most prominent antitumor agents toward lung cancer cells (A549).     

Antimutagenic effect of eight natural foods on moldy foods in a high liver cancer incidence area.

Ames test procedures were used to test 8 natural food extracts for their antimutagenic activity against the mutagenic activity induced in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or metabolic extracts from A. versicolor or A. ochraceus. The tested substances were extracted repeatedly with acetone. The revertants induced by AFB1, metabolic extracts of A. versicolor or A. ochraceus were significantly decreased when extracts of the 8 natural foods were added to the media. The results showed that these extracts had marked inhibitory effects on the mutagenic activity induced by AFB1 or metabolic extracts of the two molds and also suggested that antimutagenic substances were present in these natural foods. These experiments provide a scientific basis for the study of food substances for the prevention of carcinogenesis. It is considered that these 8 natural food extracts produce marked antimutagenic effects and are practically valuable in the field of chemoprophylaxis of liver cancer in humans.     

A sensitive method for determination of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Polymerization-competent extracts of suspension-cultured HeLa cells and porcine brain tissue were assayed for tubulin content. Five different methods were used to assay identically prepared extracts: two types of sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing acrylamide gels, a DEAE retention assay, a colchicine-binding assay, and a radioimmunoassay. The colchicine-binding and radioimmunoassay results were in close agreement and are therefore considered reliable assays for tubulin content in cell extracts. The DEAE retention assay gave slight overestimates, but the gel methods seriously overestimated tubulin content. Based on data from colchicine binding and radioimmunoassay, the proportion of soluble cell protein which is tubulin is 4.3% for HeLa cell extracts and 12.1% for brain tissue extracts.     

Arachidonic and other tissue fatty acids of Culex pipiens reared with various concentrations of dietary arachidonic acid

Chloroform/methanol extracts were prepared from groups of Culex pipiens reared in synthetic dietary media provided with various concentrations of arachidonic acid. Extracts were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition of whole extracts and also of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions separated by thin-layer chromatography from the whole extracts. The same extracts were also tested for their ability to support flight of adult C. pipiens reared in basal synthetic diet containing various concentrations of the extracts: this provided a bioassay for the presence of arachidonic acid or related polyunsaturates in the extracted lipid, since adults can fly only if provided, as larvae, with dietary arachidonic or related fatty acids. For comparison, chromatographic and bioassay data obtained from normal stock mosquitoes, reared in crude septic medium, are also presented. All extracts were shown by gas-liquid chromatography to contain some arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The proportions of arachidonic acid in extracts from mosquitoes reared in synthetic media were greater the greater the concentration of dietary arachidonic acid provided; and in the bioassay, extracts induced more flight activity in test mosquitoes the higher the dietary arachidonic acid provided for extracted mosquitoes. Extracts from stock-reared mosquitoes were more active in the bioassay than synthetic dietreared extracts, even though gas-liquid chromatography indicated lower proportions of arachidonic acid in stock-reared extract. However, stock-reared extract contained a substantial proportion of gammalinolenic acid, which is flight active for C. pipiens, as well as more linolenic acid and a large amount of linoleic acid, both of which are semi-active for flight; thus, stock-reared extract contained a higher overall proportion of flight-inducing fatty acids. Proportions of polyunsaturates in the phospholipid fractions of extracts from synthetic diet-reared mosquitoes were much greater than in the unfractionated extracts, whereas polyunsaturates were virtually absent from the triacylglycerol fractions, indicating a sequestering of polyunsaturates into phospholipids.     

草菇培养物中粗三萜和黄酮含量及抗氧化抗肿瘤活性研究

采用液体摇瓶法培养草菇菌丝体,并用不同有机溶剂对培养液及菌丝体中的代谢成分分别进行分离提取,获得了不同来源的次生代谢提取物。对各提取物的成分分析表明,石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和乙醇相提取物中均含有粗三萜和黄酮类物质,但菌丝体提取物中粗三萜和黄酮含量明显高于培养液提取物中的含量。石油醚抽提菌丝体获得的提取物中粗三萜含量最高,达17%,而乙酸乙酯抽提菌丝体获得的提取物中黄酮含量最高,达9.31%。抗氧化活性检测结果显示,石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、乙醇相中的代谢提取物均有较高的抗氧化活性,但乙酸乙酯相提取物的抗氧化活性明显高于石油醚相提取物,具最高抗氧化活性的提取物分别来自乙酸乙酯、乙醇对菌丝体的抽提物。MTT法检测各提取物对胃癌细胞增殖的抑制作用,结果显示各组分均有较高的抗肿瘤活性,且抗肿瘤活性与提取物浓度存在明显的量效关系。     

红果龙葵茎和叶的抑菌作用研究

目的:研究红果龙葵茎、叶的水和乙醇提取液对常见微生物的抑菌作用。方法:制备红果龙葵茎和叶的水和乙醇提取液,用平板打孔法测定抑菌圈的方法,测定提取液对5种细菌的抑菌作用。结果和结论:红果龙葵茎和叶的水提取液和乙醇提取液对5种细菌有明显的抑制作用,乙醇提取液对5种细菌的抑菌作用强于水提取液;各提取液都显示出最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度。     

Antimicrobial effect of crude extracts of Nigella sativa on multiple antibiotics-resistant bacteria

Different crude extracts of Nigella sativa were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness against different bacterial isolates. These isolates comprised 16 gramnegative and 6 grampositive representatives. They showed multiple resistance against antibiotics, specially the gramnegative ones. Crude extracts of Nigella saliva showed a promising effect against some of the test organisms. The most effective extracts were the crude alkaloid and water extracts. Gramnegative isolates were affected more than the grampositive ones.     

Selective extraction of Cyclopia for enhanced in vitro phytoestrogenicity and benchmarking against commercial phytoestrogen extracts

Previous work established the phytoestrogenicity of "unfermented"Cyclopia (honeybush) extracts. The current study investigated the phytoestrogenicity of four Cyclopia harvestings (M6-9) for preparation of extracts with enhanced phytoestrogenicity for benchmarking against commercial preparations. Two extracts, from M6 (C. subternata) and M7 (C. genistoides), were identified as most phytoestrogenic using estrogen receptor binding, an estrogen receptor response element containing promoter reporter assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, and E-screen. M6 and M7 were sequentially and non-sequentially extracted with five solvents of differing polarities. Additionally, two extracts were prepared in the traditional way of preparing a cup of honeybush tea. The resultant 22 extracts were evaluated for estrogenicity. Select extracts were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequentially extracted M6 methanol extract (SM6Met) had the highest potency and the sequentially extracted M6 ethyl acetate extract (SM6EAc) had the highest efficacy of all the extracts. The HPLC results suggested enrichment of luteolin in SM6EAc and enrichment of an unidentified polyphenol in SM6Met. Benchmarking against four commercial phytoestrogenic preparations suggest that in terms of the assays used, Cyclopia extracts have comparable potency and efficacy to the commercial extracts and thus have potential as marketable phytoestrogenic nutraceuticals.     

Phytotoxicity analysis of extracts from compost and their ability to inhibit soil-borne pathogenic fungi and reduce root-knot nematodes

Compost extracts are novel organic amendments, typically applied to suppress soil-borne diseases. This research evaluated the phytotoxicity of compost extracts and analyzed their ability to inhibit pathogenic fungal growth and reduce root-knot nematodes. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of extracts from a pig manure and straw compost were analyzed. Three types of extracts were tested: direct extracts of compost (DEC), aerated fermentation extracts of compost (AFEC) and non-aerated fermentation extracts of compost (NAFEC). All compost extracts showed low phytotoxicity against lettuce and cress, but AFEC and NAFEC were more phytotoxic than DEC. All compost extracts significantly inhibited pathogenic fungal growth except for the fungus Rhizoctonia solania AG4. For two seasons, tomato root biomass of three compost extracts was 1.25–5.67 times greater than CK (water control), and AFEC and NAFEC showed the best tomato root growth promotion. The reduction ratio of root egg mass and density of soil nematodes were 34.51–87.77% and 30.92–51.37%, when applied with three compost extracts. The microbial population in compost extracts was considered to be the most significant factor of inhibition pathogenic fungal growth. No markedly correlations among bacterial community diversity, the inhibition of pathogenic fungal growth and the reduction of root-knot nematodes were observed. This information adds to the understanding of the growth-promoting and suppression effects of compost extracts and will help to enhance crop production.     

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook et Arn

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of seven ethanolic extracts and three aqueous extracts from various parts (leaves, stems and flowers) of A. aroma against 163 strains of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria. The disc diffusion assay was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity of the A. aroma crude extracts, against several Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis, S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli., K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, S. marcescens, M morganii, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, E. coli ATCC 35218, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 25922). All ethanolic extracts showed activity against gram-positive bacteria. Among all obtained extracts, only leaf and flower fluid extracts showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Based on this bioassay, leaf fluid extracts tended to be the most potent, followed by flower fluid extracts. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts and antibiotics were comparatively determined by agar and broth dilution methods. Both extracts were active against S. aureus, coagulase-negative stahylococci, E. faecalis and E. faecium and all tested Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values from 0.067 to 0.308 mg/ml. In this study the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were identical or twice as high than the corresponding MIC for leaf extracts and four or eight times higher than MIC values for flower extracts. This may indicate a bactericidal effect. Stored extracts have similar antibacterial activity as recently obtained extracts. The A. aroma extracts of leaves and flowers may be useful as antibacterial agents against Gram- negative and Gram-positive antibiotic multi-resistant microorganisms.     

Antioxidant activity and protective effects of Uncaria rhynchophylla extracts on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in Chang cells

Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) is widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, there are few studies on antioxidant activity of UR extracts. The study was aimed at determining the antioxidant activity, the contents of polyphenol and flavonoid of UR extracts. Various assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant property of water and ethanol extracts from the UR, compared to those of the other natural and synthetic antioxidants. UR extracts had high total phenolic contents in both the water (160 ± 2.32 mg GAE/g extracts) and ethanol extracts (190.2 ± 3.16 mg GAE/g extracts). In addition, total flavonoid contents were high in both the water extracts (154 ± 1.47 mg CE/g extracts) and ethanol extracts (184.2 ± 2.41 CE/g extracts). Specially, DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from UR were similar with vitamin C as a positive control. In addition, antioxidant capacity in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher than that for BHT, which was used as a positive control. The antioxidant activity of extracts from UR showed stronger activity than those of vitamin C and α-tocopherol in ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The ethanol extracts of UR protected on H₂O₂-induced DNA damage. In addition, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effect of ethanol extracts from UR was also investigated in t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, these results indicate that UR extracts have antioxidant properties through its ability to enhance the cell viability, mediation of production of ROS. The UR extracts could be suitable as an antioxidant in the food industry.     

银杏外种皮提取物对病原菌﹙Cylindrocladium colhounii﹚的抑制作用

采用菌丝生长抑制法,研究了银杏外种皮3种不同提取物对病原菌（Cylindrocladium colhounii）的抑制作用并测定了这些提取物的MIC/MBC。结果表明,在相同实验天数内,抑菌效果（最小抑菌率）由高到低依次为银杏外种皮乙醇提取物（37.4%）、石油醚提取物（23.7%）和新鲜外种皮汁液（18.4%）。当提取物的浓度提升到一定程度时,三者的抑菌率均可达到100%;三种提取物的MIC/MBC分别为：86.25/86.25,172.5/276,293.25/345 mg·mL^-1。可见银杏外种皮具有明显抑制该病原菌生长的作用,且抑菌成分在乙醇中的溶解度较大。这为进一步研究该抑菌成分乃至生物农药的开发奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of mutagenic activity in supply water at three sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

In this study, the Salmonella/microsome assay, using the micro-suspension method, was utilized to evaluate water for public supply at three sites in Rio Grande do Sul. The first site selected was in an area under industrial influence and the others were in non-industrial reference areas. Based on 40 L samples of raw water and/or after conventional treatment, compounds were extracted with XAD4 resins using natural and acidic pH, and the extracts were analyzed in the TA98 and TA100 strains with and without S9. Raw water extracts in the industrial region induced 27.4 revertants/L (rev/L) for TA100+S9 up to 226.3 rev/L for TA100-S9, both for acidic pH extracts. After conventional treatment the responses varied from 20.6 rev/L (TA98-S9) for natural pH extracts to 755.5 rev/L (TA98-S9) for acidic pH extracts. For acidic extracts obtained from reference site samples, the response, with metabolic activation only, ranged from negative to minimal. Direct mutagenic responses in acidic extracts may be elevated in treated extracts, compared with raw water extracts, influenced by the presence of by-products of the chlorination process. However, the mutagenicity observed in the treated water extracts in the industrial area increased and reflected mainly the combination of directly and indirectly acting compounds in the source waters, that are heavily influenced by anthropogenic factors.     

草菇培养物中粗三萜和黄酮含量及抗氧化抗肿瘤活性研究

采用液体摇瓶法培养草菇菌丝体,并用不同有机溶剂对培养液及菌丝体中的代谢成分分别进行分离提取,获得了不同来源的次生代谢提取物。对各提取物的成分分析表明,石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和乙醇相提取物中均含有粗三萜和黄酮类物质,但菌丝体提取物中粗三萜和黄酮含量明显高于培养液提取物中的含量。石油醚抽提菌丝体获得的提取物中粗三萜含量最高,达17%,而乙酸乙酯抽提菌丝体获得的提取物中黄酮含量最高,达9.31%。抗氧化活性检测结果显示,石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、乙醇相中的代谢提取物均有较高的抗氧化活性,但乙酸乙酯相提取物的抗氧化活性明显高于石油醚相提取物,具最高抗氧化活性的提取物分别来自乙酸乙酯、乙醇对菌丝体的抽提物。MTT法检测各提取物对胃癌细胞增殖的抑制作用,结果显示各组分均有较高的抗肿瘤活性,且抗肿瘤活性与提取物浓度存在明显的量效关系。     

Concentrations and antioxidative activity of anserine and carnosine in poultry meat extracts treated with demineralization and papain

Anserine and carnosine found in animal skeletal muscle are capable of inhibiting the catalysis of lipid oxidation by heme and non-heme iron. A demineralization technique and a proteolytic enzyme (papain) were used in this research in order to reduce the levels of proxidants while maintaining high levels of anserine and camosine in poultry (chicken, duck and turkey) meat extracts. Undemineralized poultry meat extracts contained larger amounts of anserine, camosine, heme and non-heme iron (p < 0.05) than did demineralized poultry meat extracts. Both undemineralized and demineralized breast meat extracts of chicken, duck and turkey contained higher concentrations of anserine and camosine, but lower amounts of heme and non-heme iron than did thigh meat extracts. In chicken, duck and turkey meat (breast and thigh) extracts (undemineralized and demineralized), the anserine concentrations were greater (p < 0.05) than the camosine concentrations. The hydrogen-donating ability of undemineralized and demineralized chicken breast meat extracts was not significantly different (p > 0.05): however, demineralized chicken breast meat extracts showed higher (p < 0.05) ferrous chelating ability than did undemineralized meat extracts. The concentrations of anserine, camosine, heme and non-heme iron in chicken breast meat extracts increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of papain (1%) to the meat mixture before extraction. Heme and non-heme iron in the chicken breast meat extracts increased as the reaction time for papain increased from 30 to 120 min, but the concentrations of anserine and camosine were not significantly affected by the longer reaction time for papain. The hydrogen-donating ability and ferrous chelating ability of demineralized chicken breast meat extracts were not significantly affected by papain. The ratios of carnosine/anserine were very specific in the chicken, duck and turkey meat extracts (breast and thigh); and the turkey meat extracts had lower (p < 0.05) camosine/anserine ratios than did the chicken and duck meat extracts. The camosine/anserine ratios of undemineralized and demineralized poultry meat extracts were not significantly different (p > 0.05). This suggests that the carnosine/anserine ratios of undemineralized chicken (0.62 - 0.80), duck (0.75 - 0.77) and turkey (0.15 - 0.16) meat extracts could be used to estimate the single meat species in uncooked or cooked meat products.     

Antimicrobial effects of aqueous plant extracts on the fungi Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum and on three bacterial species

Aqueous extracts of 10 plants were tested for their ability to inhibit Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis, the aetiological agents of dermal fungal infections in humans. These extracts were also evaluated for their activity against some bacteria. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of Inula viscosa produced detectable antifungal activity against these dermatophytes.     

Effect of gland extracts on digging and residing preferences of red imported fire ant workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

There is evidence that ant‐derived chemical stimuli are involved in regulating the digging behavior in Solenopsis invicta Buren. However, the source gland(s) and chemistry of such stimuli have never been revealed. In this study, extracts of mandibular, Dufour's, postpharyngeal, and poison glands were evaluated for their effect on ant digging and residing preferences of S. invicta workers from three colonies. In the intracolonial bioassays, workers showed significant digging preferences to mandibular gland extracts in 2 of 3 colonies and significant residing preferences in 1 of 3 colonies; significant digging preferences to Dufour's gland extracts in 1 of 3 colonies and significant residing preferences in 2 of 3 colonies. No digging and residing preferences were found for postpharyngeal and poison gland extracts. In intercolonial bioassays, significant digging and residing preferences were found for mandibular gland extracts in 3 of 6 colony combinations. Significant digging preferences to Dufour's gland extracts were found in 4 of 6 colony combinations and significant residing preferences in all 6 colony combinations. For postpharyngeal gland extracts, significant digging preferences were found only in 1 of 6 colonial combinations and no significant residing preferences were found. For poison gland extracts, no significant digging preferences were found; significant residing preferences were found in 1 of 6 colony combinations. However, a significant residing deterrence (negative residing preference index) was found for 2 of 6 colony combinations. Statistical analyses using data pooled from all colonies showed that mandibular and Dufour's gland extracts caused significant digging and residing preferences in both intracolonial and intercolonial bioassays but not postpharyngeal and poison gland extracts. By analyzing the data pooled from the same three colonies used for gland extract bioassays, it was found that, in no cases, workers showed significant digging and residing preferences to 2‐ethyl‐3,6‐dimethylpyrazine, an alarm pheromone component from mandibular gland.     

乳孔硫磺菌的化学成分和抗氧化活性

对乳孔硫磺菌子实体不同极性提取物进行了DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力的测定,并对氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物进行了分离纯化。结果表明,乳孔硫磺菌的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和甲醇提取物均有一定的抗氧化活性,各提取物对两种自由基的清除能力均表现为甲醇提取物＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞氯仿提取物＞石油醚提取物,甲醇提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率最高可达到93.78%;对ABTS自由基的清除率最高可达到62.06%;从氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到10个化合物,分别是：(22E,24R)-5α,8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇（1）,阿里红酸 A（2）,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇（3）,啤酒甾醇（4）,硫色多孔菌酸（5）,(4E,8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxypalmitoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl- 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine（6）,麦角甾醇（7）,N-(2′-羟基二十四碳酰基)-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-十八烷（8）,烟酸（9）和齿孔酸（10）。其中,化合物2、6、8和9为首次从硫磺菌属真菌中分离得到。     

Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Antigenic changes during spore formation

1. Antisera, prepared against extracts of cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis, were used in immunoelectrophoretic studies of the changes occurring in cell extracts during the course of spore formation. 2. At least 15 antigens could be detected in vegetative-cell extracts by the antiserum prepared against cell extracts and at least seven could be demonstrated in spore extracts by the homologous antiserum. 3. Cross-absorption studies showed that two of these antigens were probably completely specific for vegetative-cell extracts and that one was probably completely specific for spore extracts. The remainder were probably present in very small quantities in the heterologous extract. 4. In extracts of cells sporulating in an ;exhaustion medium' those antigens characteristic of the spore began to appear about 1hr. after the end of exponential growth. 5. In cells sporulating in a resuspension medium, spore antigens were detected at 4hr., and by 7hr. a decrease in vegetative-cell antigens was observed. 6. In an asporogenous mutant blocked early in sporulation there was neither an increase in spore antigens nor a decrease in vegetative-cell antigens. 7. In an asporogenous mutant blocked later in sporulation, there was an increase in spore antigens similar to that which occurred in the sporogenous strain.     

石花菜和海蒿子提取物抗菌活性初步研究

采用圆形纸片法,对石花菜和海蒿子粗提取物及萃取得到的不同极性组分进行抗菌实验。结果表明,石花菜和海蒿子均有不同程度的抗菌作用,海蒿子粗取物的抗细菌活性强于抗真菌活性,而石花菜乙醇提取物抗黑曲霉活性大于抗大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及枯草杆菌活性,其抑菌圈可达4 mm。