抗人线粒体核糖体小亚基蛋白17单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

以纯化人线粒体核糖体小亚基蛋白17(MRPS17)免疫BALB/c小鼠,经细胞融合和ELISA法筛选成功获得1株抗MRPS17杂交瘤细胞。以所获特异性单抗作为一抗,使用Western印迹、免疫组化和免疫荧光等方法检测标本中MRPS17。结果显示:Western印迹检测人骨骼肌组织、黑素瘤组织和体外培养HeLa细胞提取蛋白质,在分子量约13kDa处有一特异性条带,与阳性对照纯化MRPS17相一致;免疫组化检测石蜡切片标本显示人骨骼肌细胞和恶性黑素瘤细胞胞浆中强阳性着色;细胞免疫荧光检测于培养的HeLa细胞,可见细胞核周围胞浆部位颗粒状绿色荧光,其分布与线粒体特异性荧光探针(MitoTrackerRedCM-H2XRos)的荧光分布一致。说明成功制备了具有高度特异性并可适用于多种检测方法的抗人MRPS17单抗,应用该单克隆抗体对人MRPS17进行了亚细胞水平定位,为线粒体生物学相关研究提供了新的研究工具。     

人β-actin蛋白原核表达及其单克隆抗体制备

为获得分泌抗人β-actin蛋白单克隆抗体（McAb）的杂交瘤细胞,通过在大肠杆菌中原核表达人β-actin蛋白,以纯化的人β-actin蛋白作为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠。经过细胞的融合及筛选获得1株能稳定分泌抗人β-actin蛋白McAb的杂交瘤细胞,命名为2B4。采用间接ELISA和Western blot方法对McAb的特异性、稳定性和适用范围进行鉴定。结果显示：蛋白的相对分子质量为43 kDa,可溶于8 mol/L尿素;杂交瘤细胞上清的抗体效价为1×10^5,腹水的抗体效价为1×10^7;间接ELISA结果表明,杂交瘤细胞在体外传20代或液氮冻存3个月后,分泌的抗体效价不变;37℃保存24 h后,抗体的效价开始下降。Western blot结果显示,单克隆抗体识别人、鼠、兔和鱼的β-actin蛋白,与其发生特异性反应。2B4分泌的单克隆抗体可以广泛的应用于细胞生物学和免疫学试验,具有良好的应用价值。     

人EYA3基因真核表达载体的构建及其活性检测

目的：构建带myc标签的人EYA3基因真核表达载体,获得myc-EYA3融合表达蛋白,并对其功能进行初步检测。方法：采用PCR技术从乳腺文库中扩增人EYA3基因,并将其正确插入pXJ-40-myc载体;将重组质粒与空载体分别转染人乳腺癌细胞系ZR75-1后,Western印迹检测表达情况,并进行生长曲线实验。结果：双酶切和测序鉴定表明,myc-EYA3真核表达质粒构建成功,转染ZR75-1细胞后成功表达;生长曲线实验结果表明,EYA3可促进乳腺癌细胞的生长。结论：构建了带myc标签的人EYA3基因真核表达载体,myc-EYA3能在乳腺癌细胞ZR75-1中表达,且能促进该细胞的生长,本实验为进一步研究EYA3在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

人催乳素受体胞外区蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的:建立人催乳素受体的原核表达系统,并在大肠杆菌中获得表达。方法:由RT-PCR获得人催乳素受体(human prolactin receptor,hPRLR)胞外区氨基酸的编码序列,扩增并通过酶切位点修饰后克隆至pMD18-T载体,经测序正确后,切下编码序列连接到重组表达载体pGEX-4T-2中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3),用IPTG诱导重组工程菌表达,使用谷胱甘肽偶联的GSTrapFF柱亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。结果:重组菌株可以表达GST-hPRLR融合蛋白,用免疫印迹反应鉴定纯化的融合蛋白,在相对分子质量为37.6×103处有一条带。结论:利用大肠杆菌表达系统获得了较高纯度的GST-hPRLR融合蛋白,为进一步研究催乳素受体的功能和制备特异性的抗体奠定了基础。     

人IL-6受体胞外区真核表达载体的构建及体外表达

目的构建人IL-6受体（IL-6R）胞外区真核表达载体,检测其在体外培养细胞中的表达。方法利用PCR扩增IL-6R胞外区,克隆到pcDNA3．1（＋）中,用双酶切、测序鉴定。重组质粒通过脂质体转染HL-60细胞,用G418进行筛选,利用Western印迹检测IL-6R蛋白表达。结果PCR扩增出1218bp的目的片段,双酶切和测序结果显示重组质粒正确。Western印迹结果显示转染细胞能够表达目的蛋白。结论成功构建了人IL-6R胞外区真核表达载体,并且能够在真核细胞中表达。     

人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体的构建及其功能验证

目的:构建带myc标签的人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体,并对其功能进行初步检测。方法:采用PCR技术,从乳腺文库中扩增人FOXO3a基因,并将其正确插入pXJ-40-myc载体;将重组质粒与空载体分别转染人乳腺癌细胞系ZR75-1、MCF-7后,通过Western印迹检测其表达情况,并用CCK8法测定细胞生长曲线。结果:双酶切和测序鉴定表明myc-FOXO3a真核表达质粒构建成功,转染乳腺癌ZR75-1、MCF-7细胞后目的基因成功表达;细胞生长曲线结果显示,转染myc-FOXO3a的乳腺癌细胞较空载体细胞生长较慢。结论:构建了带myc标签的人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体,为进一步研究FOXO3a在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

重组人瘦素蛋白纯化鉴定及其单克隆抗体制备

大肠杆菌（E.coli）重组表达获得的重组人瘦素蛋白（rh-leptin）,复性、纯化后进行SDS-PAGE电泳和Western-blot印迹杂交鉴定其免疫学活性,免疫小鼠后制备单克隆抗体,结果表明通过对rh-leptin进行复性和纯化,获得了高纯度的具有免疫学活性的rh-leptin蛋白,并获得一株稳定分泌抗rh-leptin单抗的杂交瘤细胞株。瘦素蛋白的纯化及其单克隆抗体的制备,可供瘦素进一步研究应用。     

人VHL基因真核表达载体的构建及其对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制

目的:构建人抑癌基因VHL的真核表达载体,并验证其对肿瘤细胞生长的影响。方法:采用PCR技术从人乳腺文库中扩增人VHL基因,将其克隆到p XJ-40-myc载体中,酶切和测序验证后转染人胚肾293T细胞,通过蛋白免疫印迹鉴定其表达;转染人乳腺癌ZR75-1细胞和肝癌Hep G2细胞,通过CCK8法测定细胞生长曲线。结果:从人乳腺文库中扩增得到约650 bp的DNA片段,并克隆至p XJ-40-myc载体上,且测序与目的序列完全一致;转染人胚肾293T细胞后,蛋白免疫印迹检测到相对分子质量为26×103的目的基因表达产物;细胞生长曲线显示,转染myc-VHL的乳腺癌、肝癌细胞较空载体细胞生长慢。结论:构建了myc-VHL真核表达载体,myc-VHL抑制癌细胞生长,为进一步研究VHL在肿瘤发生发展中的功能奠定了基础。     

人源CT55蛋白原核表达及单克隆抗体的制备

为制备Cancer testis 55(CT55)单克隆抗体,需构建带有人源CT55片段的原核表达质粒,把该质粒转化Rosetta感受态进行原核表达并得到目的蛋白,蛋白质被纯化后免疫6周雌性BALB/c小鼠。按传统的单克隆抗体的制备方法,取小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(sp2/0)进行融合,经ELISA方法筛选及两次连续亚克隆,共获得多株能稳定分泌抗CT55蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,如3D8B7B12、4C8E1C9、3D8C10G9等。ELISA及Western blot(WB)分析结果表明,筛选的细胞株均能产生单克隆抗体,且该抗体均分别能与原核表达及真核表达的CT55蛋白发生特异性结合。单克隆抗体可用于免疫荧光试验,且与P53发生互作的荧光主要位于细胞核边缘。结果表明,成功制备了针对人源CT55蛋白的单克隆抗体。CT55蛋白单克隆抗体的制备为今后肝癌、胃癌、结肠癌等癌症的快速的病原学诊断以及CT55蛋白的结构和功能研究奠定了物质基础。     

人源NOVA1蛋白的真核表达及其抗低氧活性鉴定

构建人NOVA1基因的真核表达载体pCMV-Myc-NOVA1,转染PC12细胞后筛选最佳转染条件,进而结合细胞免疫组织化学研究NOVA1蛋白在PC12细胞中的表达分布,并探究其抗低氧活性。根据NCBI数据库NOVA1基因序列设计上下游引物,以pCR4-TOPO-NOVA1载体为模板采用聚合酶链式反应扩增获得NOVA1基因的全长c DNA编码序列,限制性内切酶SalⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后插入pCMV-Myc真核表达载体,酶切及直接测序验证后采用脂质体转染法转染入PC12细胞,针对转染比例和转染时间进行优化,进而采用实时定量PCR和Western blotting检测NOVA1蛋白的表达,最后采用细胞免疫组织化学检测NOVA1蛋白在PC12细胞中的表达定位及其抗低氧活性。通过酶切和直接测序验证,成功构建了真核表达载体pCMV-Myc-NOVA1;质粒和Lipo2000最佳转染比例为1:2.5,最佳转染时间为72 h;最佳转染条件下NOVA1基因和蛋白的表达水平显著增加,转染pCMV-Myc-NOVA1质粒后,NOVA1蛋白主要分布于细胞核和细胞质;过表达NOVA1的PC12细胞增殖活性明显增加。本文采用分子克隆的方法成功构建了NOVA1基因的真核表达载体,通过条件优化实现了高效表达并测定过表达NOVA1蛋白具有明显的抗低氧活性,不仅为深入揭示NOVA1蛋白的作用机理提供了重要参考,而且为NOVA1蛋白潜在的药物开发提供了重要技术支撑。     

IL-6单克隆抗体对自身免疫性心肌炎的保护作用及其机制

目的：观察白介素-6（interleukin,IL-6）单克隆抗体（IL-6 mAb）治疗Lewis大鼠自身免疫心肌炎（EAM）的疗效。探讨IL-6与辅助性T细胞17（Th17）、调节性T细胞（Treg）在EAM发病中的机制。方法：将34只8-10周龄Lewis大鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=6）,EAM组（n=12）,IL-6mAb干预组（n=16）。对EAM组和干预组注射心肌肌凝蛋白,干预组于免疫注射后第1、7至第20天腹腔注射IL-6 mAb1nlg,分别于急性峰值期（第21天）、慢性持续期（第84天）取材,观察心肌炎症浸润、纤维化、细胞凋亡以判断IL-6mAb疗效。检测脾脏TH17、Treg细胞数量和功能,比较各组血清中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和转化生长因子．β（TGF-β）的浓度,实时定量PCR测定外周血STAT3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA水平,对EAM源性脾细胞进行体外IL-6mAb刺激,并用ELISA法测定IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β的浓度。结果：炎症积分、纤维化积分、凋亡指数IL-6mAb干预组较EAM组明显下降（P〈0．01）。急性峰值期（21d组）EAM组TH17和Treg细胞数量上调,干预组则受明显抑制（P〈0．01）;21d干预组血清IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β的浓度较EAM组明显下降（P〈0．01）;21d干预组外周血STAT3、RORγt、Foxp3mRNA水平下降（P〈0．01）;体外IL-6mAb刺激EAM源性脾细胞,IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β表达明显增加。结论：IL6mAb对EAM有明显的保护作用,IL6mAb通过抑制Th17、Treg细胞的数量和功能,实现对EAM的保护作用。     

抗人血栓调节蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为了制备特异性抗人血栓调节蛋白(human thrombomodulin,hTM)的单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,McAb),利用脂质体Lipofectamine 2000将包含hTM全长cDNA序列的重组表达质粒pThr402转染CHO细胞,经G418筛选及相关鉴定后获得高效稳定表达hTM的CHO-TM5细胞株。将CHO-TM5细胞直接免疫Balb/c小鼠,应用杂交瘤技术,通过细胞ELISA (cellular enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay,CELISA)筛选出阳性克隆后,将杂交瘤细胞株腹腔注射Balb/c小鼠诱生腹水。用CELISA、流式细胞术、免疫组织化学染色法及免疫印迹法对所获McAb的特异性进行鉴定。我们获得了1株可稳定分泌抗hTM的McAb的杂交瘤细胞株NH-1,其亚型为IgGl,McAb腹水效价为1×10~(-6),腹水抗体含量为20 mg/ml。NH-1对相应抗原具有较高的组织特异性,在体内与正常组织的交叉反应少,对人脐静脉内皮细胞、CHO-TM5有特异性结合反应,说明NH-1可特异性识别天然的hTM分子,为进一步应用此McAb进行hTM生物学功能及临床意义研究提供了基础。     

Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase monoclonal antibody generation from a coiled-coil template

Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) was the initial representative of a ubiquitous protein kinase family that regulates cell size and shape. DMPK is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle and transgenic over-expression induces cardiac hypertrophy. The characterization of DMPK has been limited by the paucity of immunological reagents with high affinity and well-defined specificity. Amino acid sequence data was used to predict the surface exposure of the coil-coiled domain of DMPK. These exposed amino acids were substituted into an extremely stable coiled-coil template to produce a peptide antigen. Sera from mice immunized with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were screened against recombinant DMPK using Western blots. Murine spleens expressing DMPK antibodies were used to produce hybridoma cell lines. Hybridoma supernatants were further screened against recombinant DMPK and four clonal hybridoma cell lines expressing DMPK antibodies were generated. These four monoclonal antibodies recognized recombinant DMPK in Western blots of COS-1 cell lysates expressing high levels of recombinant DMPK and immunoprecipitated recombinant DMPK from COS-1 cell lysates. The identity of the immunoprecipitated DMPK was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting. DMPK was the only protein detected in the immunoprecipitates, indicating the high specificity of the antibodies. Western blots immunostained with two of the monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized the two isoforms of endogenous DMPK, DMPK-1 and DMPK-2, that are expressed at low levels in the human heart. The recognition of low amounts of DMPK-1 and DMPK-2 indicates the high affinity of these antibodies. A human heart lysate was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography to produce a fraction that was enriched in DMPK. One of the monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated endogenous DMPK from this fraction. This antibody was used for immuno-localization studies of an adenoviral DMPK construct, expressed in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. This construct was localized to the intercalated disc, the site of endogenous DMPK, indicating that this antibody is applicable to immuno-localization studies. This study demonstrates the utility of the described procedure for generation of specific monoclonal antibodies with high affinity for epitopes in coiled-coiled domains of mammalian proteins expressed at low levels.     

Preparation and characterization of a human aurora-A kinase monoclonal antibody

We have developed monoclonal antibodies against the human aurora-A serine/threonine kinase. After immunization of a mouse, a fusion was performed to obtain hybridomas that were selected because they produced immunoglobulin positively reacting against the protein used for immunization. We isolated one particular monoclonal that we named 35C1 using a series of selective assays. The first criteria of the screen for monoclonals was an Elisa (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay) assay performed in 96-well plates against the purified recombinant histidine-tagged aurora-A. The second was a positive Western blot against the same recombinant protein. The third criteria was a positive western blot against an HeLa cell extract, the selected monoclonal should detect only one protein migrating at 46 kDa (kiloDalton) on SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the monoclonal had to bind to duplicated centrosomes and spindle poles in human MCF7 cultured cells by indirect immunofluorescence. At this stage several monoclonals were still positive. We then increased the selectivity by searching for antibodies that were able to cross-react with the mouse aurora-A kinase both by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence. We selected and cloned the 35C1 hybridoma to produce the antibody. Further characterization of the 35C1 antibody revealed that it was able to immunoprecipitate the kinase, that it did not inhibit the aurora-A kinase activity and consequently could be used to measure the aurora-A kinase activity in vivo after immunoprecipitation.     

Recent advances in the generation of human monoclonal antibody

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has now gained a niche as an epochal breakthrough in medicine. Engineered antibodies (Abs) currently account for over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials. Several methods to generate human mAbs have evolved, such as (1) immortalization of antigen-specific human B cell hybridoma technology, (2) generation of chimeric and humanized antibody (Ab) from mouse Ab by genetic engineering, (3) acquisition of antigen-specific human B cells by the phage display method, and (4) development of transgenic mice for producing human mAbs. Besides these technologies, we have independently developed a method to generate human mAbs by combining the method of in vitro immunization using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the phage display method. In this paper, we review the developments in these technologies for generating human mAbs.     

Fluorescent protein fusions to a human immunodeficiency virus monoclonal antibody reveal its intracellular transport through the plant endomembrane system

In order to further understand the production and intracellular trafficking of pharmaceutical proteins in plants, the light and heavy chains (LC and HC) of the human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12 were fused to fluorescent proteins [Venus and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)] to enable the visualization of their passage through the plant cell. Co-expression of LC and HC with various markers of the endomembrane system demonstrated that LC fusions were found in mobile punctate structures, which are likely to be pre-vacuolar compartments (PVCs) as a proportion of the LC fusions were found to be located in the vacuole. In addition, apoplast labelling was also observed with a 2G12LC-RFP fusion. The HC fusion expressed alone was found only in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When the LC and HC fusions were expressed together, they were found to co-locate to larger punctate structures, which were morphologically distinct from any observed on expression of LC or HC alone. These structures appeared to be in close association with the ER and their labelling partially overlapped with PVC marker fluorescence, but no increase in apoplast labelling was observed. Co-immunoprecipitation data demonstrated that the presence of the fluorescent proteins did not affect the assembly of the antibody, and also showed the association of BiP with the antibody chains. The antigen-binding activity of the Venus-fused 2G12 antibody was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Production and scale‐up of a monoclonal antibody against 17‐hydroxyprogesterone

The hybridoma 192 was used to produce a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), for possible use in screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The factors influencing the MAb production were screened and optimized in a 2 L stirred bioreactor. The production was then scaled up to a 20 L bioreactor. All of the screened factors (aeration rate, stirring speed, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature) were found to significantly affect production. Optimization using the response surface methodology identified the following optimal production conditions: 36.8°C, pH 7.4, stirring speed of 100 rpm, 30% dissolved oxygen concentration, and an aeration rate of 0.09 vvm. Under these conditions, the maximum viable cell density achieved was 1.34 ± 0.21 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1 and the specific growth rate was 0.036 ± 0.004 h^?1. The maximum MAb titer was 11.94 ± 4.81 μg mL^?1 with an average specific MAb production rate of 0.273 ± 0.135 pg cell^?1 h^?1. A constant impeller tip speed criterion was used for the scale‐up. The specific growth rate (0.040 h^?1) and the maximum viable cell density (1.89 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1) at the larger scale were better than the values achieved at the small scale, but the MAb titer in the 20 L bioreactor was 18% lower than in the smaller bioreactor. A change in the culture environment from the static conditions of a T‐flask to the stirred bioreactor culture did not affect the specificity of the MAb toward its antigen (17‐OHP) and did not compromise the structural integrity of the MAb. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013     

Preclinical characterization of an anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody for human use

Ch-mAb7F9, a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to bind (+)-methamphetamine (METH) with high affinity and specificity, was produced as a treatment medication for METH abuse. In these studies, we present the preclinical characterization that provided predictive evidence that ch-mAb7F9 may be safe and effective in humans. In vitro ligand binding studies showed that ch-mAb7F9 is specific for and only binds its target ligands (METH, (+)-amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) with high affinity. It did not bind endogenous neurotransmitters or other medications and was not bound by protein C1q, thus it is unlikely to stimulate in vivo complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Isothermal titration calorimetry potency studies showed that METH binding by ch-mAb7F9 is efficient. Pharmacokinetic studies of METH given after ch-mAb7F9 doses in rats demonstrated the in vivo application of these in vitro METH-binding characteristics. While METH had little effect on ch-mAb7F9 disposition, ch-mAb7F9 substantially altered METH disposition, dramatically reducing the volume of distribution and clearance of METH. The elimination half-life of METH was increased by ch-mAb7F9, but it was still very fast compared with the elimination of ch-mAb7F9. Importantly, the rapid elimination of unbound METH combined with previous knowledge of mAb:target ligand binding dynamics suggested that ch-mAb7F9 binding capacity regenerates over time. This finding has substantial therapeutic implications regarding the METH doses against which ch-mAb7F9 will be effective, on the duration of ch-mAb7F9 effects, and on the safety of ch-mAb7F9 in METH users who use METH while taking ch-mAb7F9. These results helped to support initiation of a Phase 1a study of ch-mAb7F9.