产生物柴油微藻培养研究进展

石油的大量使用会导致能源枯竭和温室气体（CO2）排放的增加。为了实现经济和环境的和谐发展,必须使用可再生能源代替石油。可再生能源使用后不会造成温室气体排放的增加。生物柴油是一种理想的可再生能源, 能满足以上要求,所以近年来得到迅速发展。微藻是一种主要利用太阳能固定 CO2,生成制备生物柴油所需油脂的藻类。因此以微藻油脂为原料转化成的生物柴油是石油理想的替代品。简要介绍了产油微藻的种类和微藻油脂的合成,较详细地阐述了微藻自养培养、异养培养、生物反应器、工程微藻的最新研究进展,并初步展望了微藻产油研究的未来发展方向。     

微藻规模培养技术研究进展

产油微藻是最具潜力的生物能源油脂资源之一,有关微藻生物能源的技术研究开发近年来受到国内外持续重视。微藻能源生产是一个涉及到从藻种、规模培养技术与装备,到能量转化加工全产业链的复杂过程,其中以解决微藻生物量资源的规模培养是整个产业过程的核心。从微藻的产能潜力分析出发,对微藻的光自养与异养模式以及微藻的开放池和光反应器培养研究进展进行了总结,特别分析了近些年发展起来的微藻序贯式异养—稀释—光诱导和贴壁培养技术等。并对涉及微藻培养的相关技术包括光能利用、水源和二氧化碳源解决,以及污染及其控制研究进展进行了分析。在此基础上,提出微藻规模培养必须以高效抗逆工业性状和高值化学品联产特色藻种的选育,与装备创新为重点和突破口,并将废气/废水等利用与规模培养相结合,从而构建起与环境处理相耦联的微藻能源—高值化学品多联产产业技术体系。     

利用烟道气培养微藻的机制与应用

微藻生物柴油是唯一有潜力代替传统化石燃料解决交通用油问题的可再生生物能源,但其产业化主要受到微藻培养高成本的制约。工业废气(烟道气)不仅含有大量CO2,还含有硫氧化物(SOx)和氮氧化物(NOx)。因此,利用烟道气培养产油微藻既可以降低微藻生物柴油的生产成本,又可以减少温室气体和污染气体的排放。综述了微藻液体悬浮培养系统吸收、转化CO2、SOX和NOx的机理和利用烟道气培养微藻的研究与实践,基于微藻细胞具有高效吸收、转化CO2、SO2和NOx的能力,提出了建立微藻产油、固碳、脱硫、除硝一体化模式来帮助解决当前能源和环境问题的设想。     

东北地区产油能源微藻的筛选和鉴定

微藻作为21世纪生物柴油的理想燃料已被人们广泛的关注,但是目前微藻种类很多,如何从诸多的微藻中筛选油脂含量高的微藻已成为人们函待解决的问题。从东北地区水样中分离纯化出93种藻种,采用尼罗红染色法对其中30株藻种进行了筛选获得了8种具有产油潜力的藻种,并利用自制的柱式反应器微藻评价装置对这8株藻株进行了产油能力的评价,获得了一株总脂产率达到133.9 mg/(L·d)的产油能源微藻。在此基础上,对该藻株进行了18S r RNA的鉴定,确定为Chlorella sp.。     

光生物反应器培养微藻研究进展

微藻具有固定CO2和净化有机废水的能力,在环保、食品饲（饵）料、医药和生物能源开发等领域备受关注,但规模化培养及其产业化仍是研究的难点,亟待解决。就常用于大规模培养微藻的光生物反应器的特点和结构进行了综述。其中,封闭式微藻光生物反应器能够较好地调控藻种的培养条件、不易遭受污染,藻种的纯度容易控制,但培养规模小,生产成本较高;而开放式微藻光生物反应器无法精确控制藻种生长环境,但生产规模大、产量高、生产成本低,因此应用广泛。最佳的方法是综合两者优点,即首先利用封闭式微藻光生物反应器进行中试放大,大量繁殖藻种,然后投入开放式微藻光生物反应器内进行大规模商业生产,此方法有望成为微藻光生物反应器的发展方向,以期为微藻大规模培养提供参考借鉴。     

微藻生物柴油技术的研究现状及展望

微藻生物柴油是一种优良的可再生新能源,对于解决人类面临的能源短缺和全球变暖两大危机具有潜在的重大战略意义。综述了微藻生物柴油的技术流程、油脂含量较高的微藻藻种、微藻生物柴油的最大技术瓶颈、提高微藻油脂总产量的方法、微藻的大规模培养、微藻的采收和微藻生物柴油的制取等方面的研究现状,并对微藻生物柴油未来的核心研究方向提出了初步见解。     

产油微藻的筛选及大规模培养的研究进展

产油微藻具有生长速度快、油脂含量高和抗逆性强等特点,是极具生产潜力的生物柴油的原料.微藻生物柴油技术包括微藻藻种的筛选、大量培养和采收、油脂的提取和生物柴油的制备.该文对近些年产油微藻藻种的筛选和规模化培养的研究进展进行综述.     

基于微藻的水产养殖废水处理技术研究进展

摘要：利用微藻处理水产养殖废水是一项污水资源化生物技术。近年来,国内外开展了大量有关藻类培养和废水处理的研究,发展了藻类处理技术,包括藻类塘、活性藻、固定化藻类、光生物反应器。本文综述了微藻净化水产养殖废?水的原理、研究成果及应用实例,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

微藻生物柴油的发展

微藻生物柴油是一种具有较大发展潜力的可再生能源,与动、植物为原料制备的生物柴油相比,它有不占用耕地、产油效率高等优点。目前,微藻生物柴油在国内外都有很大发展,产业化的进程也在逐步推进。介绍了高油脂含量微藻的种类、微藻合成油脂的机理研究、微藻的培养技术及微藻生物柴油的产业化现状,并对微藻生物柴油发展中的一些问题进行了分析。     

基于模糊综合评价的产生物柴油微藻藻种筛选

产生物柴油微藻大规模培养对微藻藻种的性能要求较高。从丰富的藻种资源中筛选到高品质的藻种一直是个亟待解决的问题。通过研究3株产油微藻,从系统工程的角度综合整个微藻生物柴油的技术工艺,建立了以生长速率、含油率、油脂组成等18种指标的二级评价体系,采用二级模糊综合评价的模糊数学方法对产生物柴油微藻的性能进行综和分析、筛选。最终确定供评价的三株微藻二级模糊综合评价集：小球藻LICME001［0.360 0.315 0.192 0.069 0.064］,微绿球藻LICME002［0.277 0.331 0.236 0.104 0.052］和葡萄藻LICME003［0.325 0.371 0.232 0.071 0.060］。根据最大隶属度法则分析得：小球藻LICM001株产生物柴油微藻品质为优等级别,适合产生物柴油的技术工艺要求;微绿球藻LICME002和葡萄藻LICME003为良等级别的产生物柴油藻种。     

Biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock: from strains to biodiesel

Due to negative environmental influence and limited availability, petroleum-derived fuels need to be replaced by renewable biofuels. Biodiesel has attracted intensive attention as an important biofuel. Microalgae have numerous advantages for biodiesel production over many terrestrial plants. There are a series of consecutive processes for biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock, including selection of adequate microalgal strains, mass culture, cell harvesting, oil extraction and transesterification. To reduce the overall production cost, technology development and process optimization are necessary. Genetic engineering also plays an important role in manipulating lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Many approaches, such as sequestering carbon dioxide from industrial plants for the carbon source, using wastewater for the nutrient supply, and maximizing the values of by-products, have shown a potential for cost reduction. This review provides a brief overview of the process of biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock. The methods associated with this process (e.g. lipid determination, mass culture, oil extraction) are also compared and discussed.     

微藻减排CO2制备生物柴油的研究进展

碳减排与可再生能源的开发利用是研究可持续发展的热点,而微藻在此方面具有巨大优势.利用微藻减排CO2合成生物柴油生产原料油脂,对于解决能源短缺和全球变暖具有重大战略意义.将碳减排与微藻生物柴油的制备方法相结合,对微藻转化CO2合成生物油脂的机制,微藻油脂积累的影响因素以及国内外在工业上的研究概况等方面进行综合归纳和评述,并对微藻生物油脂的发展前景进行了展望.     

Biodiesel fuel from microalgae-promising alternative fuel for the future: a review

The use of organic matter such as vegetable oil to produce biodiesel fuel has been a practical technology for a number of years. However, the search for new technologies and raw materials for biodiesel fuel production has gained increased attention recently because of financial and environmental concerns. Of particular interest are raw materials that are not food-related. Microalgae have gained a great deal of attention as a potential biodiesel raw material because of their high growth rates and ability to accumulate oil, bind carbon dioxide, and remove contaminants from wastewater. This article is a literature review of technologies for biodiesel production from microalgae. The technologies relate to microalgal cultivation, microalgal growth enhancement to simultaneously increase biomass and reduce pollution, the preparation of microalgal biomass for biodiesel production, and biodiesel production itself.     

Biofuels from microalgae

Microalgae are a diverse group of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that grow rapidly due to their simple structure. They can potentially be employed for the production of biofuels in an economically effective and environmentally sustainable manner. Microalgae have been investigated for the production of a number of different biofuels including biodiesel, bio-oil, bio-syngas, and bio-hydrogen. The production of these biofuels can be coupled with flue gas CO2 mitigation, wastewater treatment, and the production of high-value chemicals. Microalgal farming can also be carried out with seawater using marine microalgal species as the producers. Developments in microalgal cultivation and downstream processing (e.g., harvesting, drying, and thermochemical processing) are expected to further enhance the cost-effectiveness of the biofuel from microalgae strategy.     

Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review

Microalgae have the ability to mitigate CO₂ emission and produce oil with a high productivity, thereby having the potential for applications in producing the third-generation of biofuels. The key technologies for producing microalgal biofuels include identification of preferable culture conditions for high oil productivity, development of effective and economical microalgae cultivation systems, as well as separation and harvesting of microalgal biomass and oil. This review presents recent advances in microalgal cultivation, photobioreactor design, and harvesting technologies with a focus on microalgal oil (mainly triglycerides) production. The effects of different microalgal metabolisms (i.e., phototrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic growth), cultivation systems (emphasizing the effect of light sources), and biomass harvesting methods (chemical/physical methods) on microalgal biomass and oil production are compared and critically discussed. This review aims to provide useful information to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for microalgae-based biodiesel production.     

Microalgal carbohydrates: an overview of the factors influencing carbohydrates production, and of main bioconversion technologies for production of biofuels

Microalgal biomass seems to be a promising feedstock for biofuel generation. Microalgae have relative high photosynthetic efficiencies, high growth rates, and some species can thrive in brackish water or seawater and wastewater from the food- and agro-industrial sector. Today, the main interest in research is the cultivation of microalgae for lipids production to generate biodiesel. However, there are several other biological or thermochemical conversion technologies, in which microalgal biomass could be used as substrate. However, the high protein content or the low carbohydrate content of the majority of the microalgal species might be a constraint for their possible use in these technologies. Moreover, in the majority of biomass conversion technologies, carbohydrates are the main substrate for production of biofuels. Nevertheless, microalgae biomass composition could be manipulated by several cultivation techniques, such as nutrient starvation or other stressed environmental conditions, which cause the microalgae to accumulate carbohydrates. This paper attempts to give a general overview of techniques that can be used for increasing the microalgal biomass carbohydrate content. In addition, biomass conversion technologies, related to the conversion of carbohydrates into biofuels are discussed.     

Perspectives on microalgal CO₂-emission mitigation systems--a review

The problem of climate change arising mainly from CO? emission is currently a critical environmental issue. Biofixation using microalgae has recently become an attractive approach to CO? capture and recycling with additional benefits of downstream utilization and applications of the resulting microalgal biomass. This review summarizes the history and strategies of microalgal mitigation of CO? emissions, photobioreactor systems used to cultivate microalgae for CO? fixation, current microalgae harvesting methods, as well as applications of valuable by-products. It is of importance to select appropriate microalgal species to achieve an efficient and economically feasible CO?-emission mitigation process. The desired microalgae species should have a high growth rate, high CO? fixation ability, low contamination risk, low operation cost, be easy to harvest and rich in valuable components in their biomass.     

微藻在废水处理和生物质回收再利用方面的研究进展

随着经济的发展和人口的增加,环境污染和水资源短缺已经成为不可避免的全球性问题。基于微藻的废水处理技术不仅可以净化废水、解决环境污染问题,还可以利用废水中的营养元素合成生物质,现如今这种技术已经受到越来越多的关注。为了进一步提高废水处理效果、降低废水处理成本,有必要了解微藻去除废水中营养物质和污染物的机理,开发下游低成本收获技术,提升微藻高价值副产物的生产。本文综述了微藻去除碳、氮、磷、重金属、抗生素和有机物的机理和影响因素,总结了微藻的不同收获方式和微藻生物质在各个领域的应用。最后,分析了不同微藻共培养体系和微藻固定化技术的优缺点,并展望了微藻废水处理技术未来的发展方向。     

Integration of microalgae cultivation with industrial waste remediation for biofuel and bioenergy production: opportunities and limitations

There is currently a renewed interest in developing microalgae as a source of renewable energy and fuel. Microalgae hold great potential as a source of biomass for the production of energy and fungible liquid transportation fuels. However, the technologies required for large-scale cultivation, processing, and conversion of microalgal biomass to energy products are underdeveloped. Microalgae offer several advantages over traditional 'first-generation' biofuels crops like corn: these include superior biomass productivity, the ability to grow on poor-quality land unsuitable for agriculture, and the potential for sustainable growth by extracting macro- and micronutrients from wastewater and industrial flue-stack emissions. Integrating microalgal cultivation with municipal wastewater treatment and industrial CO(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants is a potential strategy to produce large quantities of biomass, and represents an opportunity to develop, test, and optimize the necessary technologies to make microalgal biofuels more cost-effective and efficient. However, many constraints on the eventual deployment of this technology must be taken into consideration and mitigating strategies developed before large scale microalgal cultivation can become a reality. As a strategy for CO(2) biomitigation from industrial point source emitters, microalgal cultivation can be limited by the availability of land, light, and other nutrients like N and P. Effective removal of N and P from municipal wastewater is limited by the processing capacity of available microalgal cultivation systems. Strategies to mitigate against the constraints are discussed.     

Dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems that treat wastewater and produce biodiesel and chemical products within a Biorefinery

Excess greenhouse gas emissions and the concomitant effect on global warming have become significant environmental, social and economic threats. In this context, the development of renewable, carbon-neutral and economically feasible biofuels is a driving force for innovation worldwide. A lot of effort has been put into developing biodiesel from microalgae. However, there are still a number of technological, market and policy barriers that are serious obstacles to the economic feasibility and competitiveness of such biofuels. Conversely, there are also a number of business opportunities if the production of such alternative biofuel becomes part of a larger integrated system following the Biorefinery strategy. In this case, other biofuels and chemical products of high added value are produced, contributing to an overall enhancement of the economic viability of the whole integrated system. Additionally, dual purpose microalgae-bacteria-based systems for treating wastewater and production of biofuels and chemical products significantly contribute to a substantial saving in the overall cost of microalgae biomass production. These types of systems could help to improve the competitiveness of biodiesel production from microalgae, according to some recent Life Cycle Analysis studies. Furthermore, they do not compete for fresh water resources for agricultural purposes and add value to treating the wastewater itself. This work reviews the most recent and relevant information about these types of dual purpose systems. Several aspects related to the treatment of municipal and animal wastewater with simultaneous recovery of microalgae with potential for biodiesel production are discussed. The use of pre-treated waste or anaerobic effluents from digested waste as nutrient additives for weak wastewater is reviewed. Isolation and screening of microalgae/cyanobacteria or their consortia from various wastewater streams, and studies related to population dynamics in mixed cultures, are highlighted as very relevant fields of research. The species selection may depend on various factors, such as the biomass and lipid productivity of each strain, the characteristics of the wastewater, the original habitat of the strain and the climatic conditions in the treatment plant, among others. Some alternative technologies aimed at harvesting biomass at a low cost, such as cell immobilization, biofilm formation, flocculation and bio-flocculation, are also reviewed. Finally, a Biorefinery design is presented that integrates the treatment of municipal wastewater with the recovery of oleaginous microalgae, together with the use of seawater supplemented with anaerobically digested piggery waste for cultivating Arthrospira (Spirulina) and producing biogas, biodiesel, hydrogen and other high added value products. Such strategies offer new opportunities for the cost-effective and competitive production of biofuels along with valuable non-fuel products.