黄曲条跳甲危害对不同寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量的影响

采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法对6种十字花科蔬菜不同危害程度叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量进行了测定。结果表明黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(F.)对6种十字花科蔬菜叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量存在不同程度的影响。萝卜(Raphanus sativus(L.))、白菜(Brassica chinensis(L.))和菜心(B.parachinensis Bailey)叶片在黄曲条跳甲危害胁迫8、10 d时,甘蓝(B.oleracea(L.))在胁迫10、12 d时,芥菜(B.juncea(L.))和芥蓝(B.alboglabra Bailey)在胁迫12 d时,可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。芥菜在黄曲条跳甲危害2 d时,可溶性蛋白质含量与对照没有显著差异(P>0.05),可能是因为其承受黄曲条跳甲危害的抗虫性能力较强。随着叶片危害程度的加重,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量下降。这可能是寄主植物本身的保护行为,也是对害虫为害胁迫的一种响应。     

激素对枸杞体细胞胚发生及可溶性蛋白质含量和组分的影响

以宁夏枸杞无菌苗叶片为材料,对体细胞胚发生过程中激素作用、可溶性蛋白质变化及体细胞胚发生频率进行了研究。发现不同激素处理、可溶性蛋白质含量、组分和体细胞胚发生频率均有一定的差异,三者之间存在着相关性。结果如下：（１）ＭＳ＿１、ＭＳ＿２和ＭＳ＿３三种培养基上继代的愈伤组织难以诱导形成体细胞胚,为非胚性愈伤组织;而从ＭＳ＿１、ＭＳ＿２和ＭＳ＿３分别转到ＭＳ＿０和ＭＳ＿４培养基上的愈伤组织体细胞胚发生频率高,属于胚性愈伤组织。其中以ＭＳ＿３转至ＭＳ＿０后的体细胞胚发生频率最高。（２）可溶性蛋白质ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明：非胚性愈伤组织有特异性蛋白质６７ｋＤ,胚性愈伤组织有特异性蛋白质３５ｋＤ和４４ｋＤ;蛋白质３３ｋＤ和６７ｋＤ受２,４－Ｄ调控,蛋白质４９ｋＤ、５７ｋＤ受６ＢＡ调控,而蛋白质３７ｋＤ、５１ｋＤ受２,４－Ｄ和６ＢＡ协同调控。     

大海林地区不同生境高山红景天根部红景天甙含量的差异

在黑龙江省大海林地区海拔１４００－１６２０ｍ的高山上,依据高山红景天的生境于岳桦林内、高山草甸、苔原上选择了６个样地,测定了高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量。生境不同的高山红景天,根部红景天甙的含量有明显差异,红景天甙含量范围内０．１０１％－０．６８４％。从测定结果看,光照条件好、土壤肥沃的生境下高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量较高。     

生境破碎化过程对流域生境质量的影响

近几十年来,随着工业化、城市化的加速推进,人类活动对自然生境的干扰越来越频繁,导致生境破碎化与生境质量下降。在流域尺度上科学模拟生境破碎化过程及其对生境质量的影响,对于提升生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要意义。以鄱阳湖流域为研究区域,基于InVEST模型分析区域生境质量的演变特征;从生境面积、生境边缘和生境隔离三个特征维度模拟生境破碎化过程;采用广义加性模型和地理探测器探究不同生境破碎化过程对生境质量变化的影响与交互作用。研究结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖流域生境质量呈下降趋势,从2000年的0.7862下降到2010年的0.7807,再下降到2020年的0.7715,但总体生境质量较好。生境质量较优的区域主要分布在流域南部、东北部以及西部地区,生境质量较差的区域主要分布在各个子流域的交界处。(2)2000-2010年,鄱阳湖流域生境面积占比下降、生境边缘增加和生境隔离增加三个生境破碎化过程分别占总研究区网格数的34.70%、30.15%和4.50%;2010-2020年分别占总研究区网格数的34.80%、30.69%和4.40%;2000-2020年分别占总研究区网格数的40.82%、37.50%和5.46%。生境面积减少的网格主要集中在鄱阳湖流域的中北部地区;生境边缘增加的网格分布和生境面积减少的网格分布相似;相比之下,生境隔离增加的网格较少,主要分布在各城市的中心城区范围。(3)生境破碎化过程对生境质量具有显著影响,两者呈非线性负相关关系;三个生境破碎化过程两两之间交互作用对生境质量的影响呈现双因子增强趋势。研究结果可为鄱阳湖流域生态格局优化与生境质量提升提供科学参考。     

河南若干小麦品种籽粒戊聚糖含量的初步研究

1999-2000年对河南省8个有代表性的小麦品种的戊聚糖进行了测定,不同品种戊聚糖的平均含量变化范围为6%-9%。不同品种和不同生态条件下小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量均有很大差异。5个试点小麦籽粒戊聚糖的平均含量与千粒重,降落值均成负相关关系（r=-0.83,r=-0.31),而与蛋白质的含量却呈正相关关系（r=0.35)。说明戊聚糖含量与生态因素有很大关系,采用Eberhart-Russell模型对小鼠戊聚糖含量的稳定性进行分析。发现豫麦34是戊聚糖含量较理想的品种。     

生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响研究综述

生境破碎化与生物多样性的关系是理论生态学的研究热点。本文在综述国内外相关研究内容的基础上,阐述了生境破碎化的概念内涵与度量,介绍了生境破碎化研究的主要理论基础、研究内容与研究进展;总结了目前生境破碎化研究存在度量破碎景观格局的方法尚未统一、研究方法有待精确以及生境破碎化与生物多样性的阈值效应尚未发现等问题。今后,半干旱地区生境破碎化对生物多样性影响的研究需要加强,空间分析理论和方法将会在生境破碎化对生物多样性影响的研究中得到更多应用。     

不同生境下木麻黄脯氨酸含量和质膜ATPase活性的研究

采集生长于恶劣环境和中生环境的普通木麻黄(Casuarina)小枝,超速离心提取粗质膜制剂后,用两相系统法纯化得到质膜微囊,研究不同生境下木麻黄的质膜ATPase活性,并测定木麻黄小枝的游离脯氨酸含量。实验结果表明：同一生境中的木麻黄ATPase活性相对一致,而同一树种木麻黄不同生境下质膜微囊H^ -ATPase、Ca^2 ATPase、K^ -ATPase活性有显著差异,表现出以渗透胁迫为主的恶劣环境下的木麻黄质膜微囊ATPase活性和木麻黄细胞内游离脯氨酸明显高于中生环境下生长的木麻黄。说明普通木麻黄在干旱和盐胁迫下能调整生理生化过程来提高其质膜ATPase活性和增加细胞内脯氨酸含量提高渗透调节能力以保证其在恶劣环境的正常生长。     

大海林地区不同生境高山红景天根部红景天甙含量的差异

在黑龙江省大海林地区海拔1400~1620m的高山上,依据高山红景天的生境于岳桦林内、高山草甸、苔原上选择了6个样地,测定了高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量。生境不同的高山红景天,根部红景天甙的含量有明显差异,红景天甙含量范围为0.101%~0.684%。从测定结果看,光照条件好、土壤肥沃的生境下高山红景天根部的红景天甙含量较高。     

取食生境对白鹤越冬行为的影响

为探究人工生境与自然生境下白鹤Grus leucogeranus的行为差异及其可能对白鹤造成的影响,2021年1—2月,采用焦点动物取样法对鄱阳湖2个人工生境（藕塘、稻田）和1个自然生境（常湖池）的越冬白鹤行为进行了观察。结果表明,越冬期白鹤在不同生境下均以觅食行为为主,在稻田中比例最高（94.6%）,觅食频次显著高于藕塘（P<0.001）;稻田中的警戒行为频次显著高于藕塘和常湖池（P<0.001;P=0.002）,而藕塘和常湖池中的警戒行为频次无显著差异。白鹤在不同生境下食物的种类、营养成分、觅食方式均会影响白鹤越冬期行为及时间分配。本研究为加强越冬白鹤人工生境的保护与管理提供指导和依据。     

用SSR标记分析广西香稻与南亚香稻的遗传多样性

利用16对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物分析78份来自南亚的香稻资源和18份广西种植的香稻的遗传多样性。结果表明:在南亚的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到的等位基因数为3~13个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为5.31个,广西的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到等位基因数2~9个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为3.44个;南亚香稻资源平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.55,广西香稻资源平均PIC为0.41;南亚香稻资源平均基因多样性(Hs)为0.60,广西香稻资源平均Hs为0.47;说明了南亚香稻资源比广西香稻资源具有更为丰富的遗传多样性。聚类结果表明,大部分的南亚香稻资源或大部分的广西香稻资源各自聚为一类,说明大部分南亚和广西的香稻种质资源存在遗传差异性和地理远缘性。     

Amylose Content and Starch Granule Size in Rice Grains are Affected By Growing Season

Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality, which differs between the early (ES) and late season (LS). The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch granule size between seasons and find the main reasons (e.g., temperature and solar radiation) for the observed variation. Field experiments with six rice varieties (three high and three low amylose content rice) planted in the ES and LS were conducted in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The mean temperatures during the filling stage were higher in ES, however, the daily temperatures at 7-10 days after flowering (DAF) in 2016, and at 5-10, 13-14 DAF in 2017 were higher in LS. The results showed that amylose content in LS was lower than in ES with high amylose content rice varieties (HACV); the opposite trend occurred with low amylose content rice varieties (LACV). The mean starch granule diameter was higher in LS than ES in 2016, but the opposite result occurred in 2017 with all rice. Our results suggest that higher temperatures increased and decreased the amylose content in HACV and LACV, respectively. Temperatures at 5-15 DAF were important for the formation of starch granules: lower temperatures during 10-14 DAF increased the proportion of larger starch granules (d＞6.21 μm, some with d＞13.3 μm), and higher temperatures at 5-6 DAF increased the proportion of starch granules with diameter 4.24-6.21 μm.     

水稻籽粒锌含量的QTL定位

锌元素的营养失衡已成为影响人类健康的最重要因素之一,籽粒锌含量的QTL（quantitative trait loci）定位对研究富锌水稻的遗传育种具有重要的意义。以水稻（Oryzasativa L．）亲本奉新红米和明恢100杂交的145个株系的F2群体为实验材料,利用92个SSR（simple sequence repeat）标记对水稻籽粒锌含量进行了QTL定位,共检测到3个QTLs,分别定位于第3、6和11染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率分别为4．97％、12．75％和7．74％。其中位于第3染色体上的分子标记RM186和RM168之间的QZN3对表型变异的贡献率最大,其增效等位基因来自亲本明恢100,表现为部分显性。3个QTLs的联合贡献率为25．46％。具有基因累加效应。该研究结果有利于深入理解水稻锌含量的遗传基础,为锌含量的QTL精细定位、基因克隆和分子标记辅助选择提供依据。     

Accumulation Characteristics of Protein and Non-Protein Components and Their Correlations with Protein Concentration in Rice Grains

Protein in rice grains is an important source of nutrition for rice consumers. This study mainly aimed to identify the critical factors that determine grain protein concentration in rice. Accumulation parameters, including mean accumulation rate (R_mean) and active accumulation duration (D_active), for protein and non-protein components and their correlations with protein concentration in rice grains were investigated in field experiments conducted over two years with six rice cultivars. Results showed that grain protein concentration ranged from 9.6% to 11.9% across cultivars and years. Accumulation processes of protein and non-protein components were well fitted by the logistic equation for all six rice cultivars in both years, and the ratio of protein to non-protein for R_mean and D_active ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 and 1.01 to 1.33, respectively. Grain protein concentration was significantly correlated with protein to non-protein ratio for R_mean. This study suggests that grain protein concentration is not solely determined by the accumulation of protein or non-protein component, but by the coordination of protein and non-protein accumulation.     

Genetic Diversity of Global Aromatic Rice Varieties

Genetic diversity of 434 rice accessions collected from 16 countries, including 345 fragrance rice varieties and 89 non fragrance rice varieties, have been analyzed. A total of 573 alleles were detected by using 77 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primer pairs covering all rice 12 chromosomes. The value of allelic polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0090 to 0845, with an average of 0516 per locus; Gene diversity (GD) varied from 0091 to 0859, with an average of 0573; The mean value of major allele frequencies (MAF) was 0540, covering from 0251 to 0953. In addition, 434 rice accessions are divided into three sub populations by cluster and population structure analysis, and FST between sub populations showed a mean of -0116, ranging from -0623 to 0494; The score of genetic distance calculated by Nei′s method appeared from 0207 to 0355. Major allele frequencies within each sub population distributed from 0408 to 0746, and gene diversity level from 0354 to 0699, while PIC from 0320 to 0658. Sequencing 6 mitochondrion genes in 18 rice varieties exhibited no different in 5 genes, whereas Mit4 contains a 3 SNPs in the gene body, which acts as an important marker to understanding the relationship between Indica/Japonica differentiation and the evolution of fragrant gene. Finally, genetic diversity and mitochondrion gene sequencing would help to know about the origin of fragrant resource and benefit rice breeding.     

试论野生稻高蛋白种质在水稻育种中的应用

本文探讨野生稻高蛋白种质在水稻育种中应用的必要性、意义和可行性,提出研究应用的发展重点;认为水稻品质育种应利用野生稻高蛋白种质,加强专用水稻育种和高蛋白种质分子学研究。     

Ultrastructure of Endosperm Protein Bodies in Developing Rice Grains Differing in Protein Content

Ultrastructural aspects of the development of protein bodies(aleurone grains) in endosperm of grains of two rices differingin protein content are described. Formation of rough endoplasmicreticulum complexes prior to protein deposition was observedonly in the higher protein grain. From 8 days after floweringthree types of protein body were observed, one of which wasrestricted to the peripheral endosperm (sub-aleurone) layers.The higher protein grain had a greater number of protein bodiesand rough endoplasmic reticulum in the endosperm cells thanthe lower protein grain. Increase in total protein with maturitywas the result of increased number of protein bodies ratherthan increase in size; the protein bodies were concentratedin the peripheral endosperm layers.     

籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间不同遗传体系的条件遗传相关分析

选用稻米蛋白质含量等品质差异较大的7个籼型不育系(A)及相应的保持系(B)与5个籼型恢复系(R)杂交,组成7×5不完全双列杂交组合。应用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株基因的遗传主效应以及基因型×环境互作效应的数量性状遗传模型及非条件和条件分析方法,研究了籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,进一步揭示了籼稻糙米重、稻米直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间遗传相关性的影响。非条件分析的结果表明,除了与糙米厚的相关性未达到显著水平以外,蛋白质含量与其它稻米外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均达极显著水平,其中与糙米宽间的相关性表现为正值,其余为负向相关。条件分析的结果显示,糙米重和直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均可产生较大的影响。糙米重主要通过基因型×环境互作效应影响蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,其中对蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚间遗传相关性的影响主要表现为负向作用,而对蛋白质含量与糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间遗传相关性的影响则表现为正向作用。稻米直链淀粉主要通过细胞质遗传主效应和母体加性效应影响蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间的遗传相关性,而对蛋白质含量与糙米宽间的相关性影响主要表现为负向作用。     

Amylose Content,Morphology, Crystal Structure,and Thermal Properties of Starch Grains in Main and Ratoon Rice Crops

Rice ratooning, or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop, is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system. The present study was conducted to examine variance in amylose content (AC), grain morphology, crystal structure, and thermal properties of starch between main- and ratoon-season rice of seven varieties. Ratoon-season rice grains had higher ACs and significantly lower transition gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc) than did main-season rice grains. The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of ratoon-season rice starch were 7.89% and 20.38% lower, respectively, than those of main-season rice starch. In addition, smaller granules with smoother surfaces and lower thermal parameters were observed in the starch of ratoon-season rice. The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of starch correlated negatively with the AC and positively with transition gelatinization temperatures. These results suggest that the superior cooking quality of ratoon-season rice is attributable to the moderate increase of grain AC, which reduces the relative crystallinity, weakens the crystal structure, and lead to a decrease in the gelatinization temperature.     

PEG化重组尿酸氧化酶蛋白含量测定方法研究

目的:以未修饰的原型蛋白为对照品,建立准确测定2种聚乙二醇化重组尿酸氧化酶(PEG-rUOX)含量的方法。方法:以原型蛋白rUOX为对照品,利用凝胶色谱法测定PEG-rUOX中的蛋白含量,通过详细的专属性、精密度、准确性等方法学考察,建立该方法。色谱条件:采用TSK Gel 5000PWxl(300 mm×7.8 mm)凝胶色谱柱,以含0.15mol/L氯化钠的0.05 mol/L的Tris-HCl溶液(pH9.0)为流动相,流速0.5 mL/min,柱温为室温,检测波长280 nm。结果:在280 nm下,2种rUOX在200~1000μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r2分别为1和0.9999),其高、中、低平均回收率均较高,为98.33%~99.96%。结论:本方法专属性、精密度和准确性良好,可作为PEG-rUOX的含量测定方法。