干热法对人血浆血管性假血友病因子冻干品中病毒灭活效果的观察

目的探讨干热灭活法(dry heat treatment)对血管性假血友病因子(von willebrand factor,v WF)中猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)和脑心肌炎病毒(encephalomyocarditis virus,EMCV)的灭活效果。方法以PPV或EMCV作为灭活指示病毒与v WF混合,并分别在(80±1)℃4、8、12、24、36、48、72 h,(90±1)℃4、12、24、36、48 h以及(99±1)℃5、15、30 min进行干热灭活处理。将在干热灭活前以及干热灭活后不同温度时间段的v WF样品接种ST细胞(swine testis)或Vero细胞培养,观察细胞病变(cytopathic effect,CPE),用Reed-Muench法计算残余PPV和EMCV的病毒滴度。对无CPE的样品进行盲传3代培养,验证其灭活效果,并检测干热处理前后的v WF活性。结果v WF中EMCV滴度在(80±1)℃、(90±1)℃以及(99±1)℃灭活条件下,均下降超过4.0 lg TCID_(50)/0.1 m L,v WF中PPV的滴度下降也均超过4.0 lg TCID_(50)/0.1m L。干热法灭活后v WF的活性下降20%,质量稳定。结论干热法可以灭活v WF中的PPV以及EMCV,且对样品的活性影响在允许范围之内。     

人凝血酶原复合物在制备过程中凝血因子活性的检测和分析

目的对人凝血酶原复合物在制备工艺中凝血因子效价进行检测和分析。方法对PCC制备过程中的血浆、S/D病毒灭活、冻干工艺、干热病毒灭活前和后分别取样,检测分析凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ和Ⅹ效价,分别分析S/D病毒灭活、冻干工艺、干热病毒灭活前和后凝血因子效价的变化情况。分析PCC干热病毒灭活后的样品中四种凝血因子的效价比例。结果三批血浆中凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ和Ⅹ的活性在0.8~1.2 IU/m L之间。S/D病毒灭活前后PCC冻干工艺前后PCC中四种凝血因子活性无明显变化,而干热病毒灭活后PCC中四种凝血因子活性均有明显下降。三批PCC中四种凝血因子的比例基本一致,但是凝血因子Ⅶ效价较低,凝血因子Ⅱ效价偏高。结论通过PCC制备工艺中凝血因子效价的检测和分析可实现良好的质量控制。     

光化学法灭活血液中病毒的研究进展

光化学灭活法是指某些化学光敏剂与病原微生物的核酸或蛋白结合后,再以特定波长光照射,使光敏剂与核酸或蛋白之间发生光化学反应,以导致病原体失活的方法。研究认为,补骨脂素光化学法既可灭活细胞外的游离病毒,又可灭活细胞内的病毒,对包膜和无包膜病毒都有效。而部花青５４０、血卟啉和甲基蓝等光化学法主要对包膜病毒灭活效果较好。不同光化学灭活法对血液成分的影响程度有差异     

静脉注射免疫球蛋白制备中的病毒灭活

在静脉注射免疫球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）的制备中,采用有机溶剂结合表面活性剂（Ｓ／Ｄ）处理或６０℃１０小时液态加热（巴氏灭活法）的方法对组分Ⅱ（ＩｇＧ）进行病毒灭活处理,灭活效果用指示病毒进行了评价,结果表明：Ｓ／Ｄ法可有效灭活脂包膜病毒ＶＳＶ和Ｓｉｎｄｂｉｓ,巴氏灭活法则对上述病毒以及Ｖａｃｃｉｎｉａ和Ｅｃｈｏ病毒均有较好的灭活作用。经病毒灭活处理的免疫球蛋白,在理化及生物学特性上基本未受到不利影响,用两种方法分别处理组分Ⅱ后制备的ＩＶＩＧ,其主要特性指标均符合该制品的有关质量规定。     

注射用胸腺肽灭活/去除可能的污染病毒的工艺

目的制备注射用胸腺肽,并评价其病毒灭活/去除工艺的可行性和可信度。方法将麻疹病毒(MV)、水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)和甲肝病毒(HAV)作为指示病毒,分别在pH值3.2±0.3于-20℃冻存21 d、80℃加热5min灭活病毒、在进压0.15 MPa、回流压0.05 MPa下先后用截留相对分子质量10kD的中空纤维柱和膜包滤器循环超滤去除病毒,并于病毒灭活/去除前后分别取样感染宿主细胞,做病毒滴定,以病毒是否灭活/去除或病毒量下降是否大于4.0 Log作为病毒是否有效灭活/去除的标准。结果经过酸沉灭活后,3种指示病毒的滴度均有所降低;经过加热灭活后,MV和VZV均未检出,滴度下降大于4.0 Log;经超滤去除病毒后,3种指示病毒均未检出,滴度下降均大于4.0Log,且经盲传复壮后均未检出病毒。结论注射用胸腺肽生产工艺中的低pH孵放法、加热法、超滤法的联合运用可以有效地灭活/去除病毒。     

S/D法灭活血液制剂中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证S/D法处理对纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原复合物、凝血因子Ⅷ、静注丙种球蛋白、免疫血浆等血液制剂的病毒灭活效果。结果该法对所有被处理的血液制剂中的PRV及VSV灭活能力分别为≥3.38~5.88和≥3.50~4.75logTCID50/0.1ml,表明S/D法对两种病毒核酸类型的脂包膜病毒有良好的灭活效果。     

低pH孵放法灭活静注人免疫球蛋白中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸类型的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证低pH孵放法对不同厂家生产的人血静脉注射用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)的病毒灭活效果。结果表明,液体IVIG的pH值为3.8～4.4,在23～25℃环境中,孵放21天可灭活VSV和PRV,两种指示病毒的灭活效果分别为≥5.50～6.62和≥5.38～6.62logTCID50/0.1ml。因此,低pH孵放法是一种安全、有效且简便实用的灭活脂包膜病毒的方法。     

利用鸭乙型肝炎病毒感染模型评价血液成分中病毒的灭活效果

目的 利用鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)感染动物模型,评价亚甲蓝光化学病毒灭活方法对血液成分中DNA病毒的灭活效果。方法 将超离纯化的DHBV分别加入人血浆或人红细胞,经亚甲蓝光化学灭活病毒,将含不同基因组拷贝数DHBV的血浆成分经静脉感染1 d龄雏鸭。采用放射性核素核酸杂交法对血清中DHBV DNA进行检测,计算病毒灭活处理前、后人血浆及人红细胞中DHBV的半数感染计量(ID50)。结果 结果显示加入DHBV的血浆在未经灭活处理前对1 d龄雏鸭的ID50值为103.33,而经病毒灭活处理后ID50值为1010拷贝,灭活处理可使病毒感染性滴度下降达6个Log;加入DHBV的红细胞灭活前ID50值为103.35,经灭活处理后ID50值为108.35拷贝,灭活处理使病毒感染性滴度下降5个Log。结论 利用DHBV感染动物模型,可以检测到少量病毒在自然感染宿主体内的感染性,可用于评判血液成分中病毒灭活方法的效果,亚甲蓝光化学处理对血浆中DNA病毒的灭活效果较好于对红细胞中DNA病毒的灭活作用。     

Sindbis病毒蚀斑方法的建立及其在血液制品病毒灭活实验？…

实验建立了Ｓｉｎｄｂｉｓ病毒在ＢＨＫ－２１细胞内蚀斑形成的方法,Ｓｉｎｄｂｉｓ病毒接种于ＢＨＫ－２１细胞内,３天半染色,结果显示蚀斑清晰可见,直径为２－４ｍｍ,病毒滴度已达高峰期,同时将此方法用于血液制品病毒灭活实验中,结果表明该方法准确、客观,Ｓｉｎｄｂｉｓ病毒在Ｓ／Ｄ低ｐＨ孵放法等灭活病毒实验中作为有脂质包膜类病毒的指示病毒具有相对稳定性,较为适宜并且能客观的体现出各种灭活方法灭活病毒的作用。     

腮腺炎病毒三种实验室常规灭活方法效果评价

探究几种实验室常规消毒灭活方法对腮腺炎病毒的灭活效果,为实验室进行腮腺炎病毒消毒工作提供基础数据。本研究采用热灭活、紫外线灭活和化学试剂灭活三种方法对腮腺炎病毒进行灭活处理,灭活处理后腮腺炎病毒采用细胞培养技术进行病毒滴定,评估上述灭活方法对腮腺炎病毒的灭活效果。热灭活方法显示,腮腺炎病毒对热敏感,随温度升高和热灭活时间增长对腮腺炎病毒灭活有明显加强作用。65℃30min、60min和70℃10min、30min、60min可有效灭活腮腺炎病毒;紫外线灭活方法显示,紫外线照射15min,30min,60min均可有效灭活涂抹在平皿表面的腮腺炎病毒,但对毒株液倾倒导致的MuV液体不能达到完全灭活效果;化学试剂灭活方法显示,三氯异氰泡腾片、1%过氧化氢、3%过氧化氢和75%乙醇根据试剂说明书处理后病毒均能有效灭活腮腺炎病毒。三种灭活方法在一定条件下均能实现对腮腺炎病毒的灭活,可以作为实验室常规灭活腮腺炎病毒方法。建议使用65℃30min或70℃10min对腮腺炎病毒进行有效灭活。紫外线适用于对腮腺炎病毒进行表面消毒,但对液滴状病毒污染建议使用化学试剂进行有效灭活。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.