HCV RNA的检测方法简介

本文讨论了检测丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸（ＨＣＶＲＮＡ）的样本来源和处理,引物的设计,合成和选择等问题;重点介绍了蛋白酶Ｋ消化法,聚乙二醇沉淀法,异硫氰酸胍一步法,硅凝胶提取法和直接捕获法提取ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ的５种方法,以及一步ＰＣＲ法,常规ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,直接ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,化学修饰的ＲＴ－巢式ＰＣＲ,联合ＰＣＲ,双温ＰＣＲ和定量竞争性ＰＣＲ等７种ＰＣＲ方法检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ,用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ方法的标准化以及检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ具有非常重要的意义。本文还介绍了一种新型的定量方法－ｂＤＮＡ信号放大技术检测ＨｃＶＲＮＡ。     

抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应（AC－PCR）直接分型检测单纯疱疹病毒

用抗单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）型共同性ｇＣ和ｇＤ羊克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）,包被即Ｅｐｐｅｎｄｏｒｆ管,捕捉ＨＳＶ,同时加入３个引物：一个是ＨＳＶ─１／ＨＳＶ─２型共同性上游引物,另两个分别是ＨＳＶ─１和ＨＳＶ─２型特异性下游引物。借此建立了能直接分型检测ＨＳＶ的抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应（ＡＣ─ＰＣＲ）。ＨＳＶ─１的扩增产物为４７７ｂｐ,ＨＳＶ─２的为３９９ｂｐ两型病毒经ＡＣ─ＰＣＲ扩增后产生分子量不同的ＤＮＡ片段,致使ＡＣ─ＰＣＲ能直接分型检测ＨＳＶ。ＨＳＶ─１和ＨＳＶ─２扩增产物的克隆和序列分析表明,本方法特异性好。用本法检测Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ幼鼠中枢神经系统ＨＳＶ感染的脑标本,进一步证实本方法不仅敏感、特异,而且分型准确。     

抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应（AC—PCR）直接分型检测单纯疱疹病毒

用抗单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）型共同性ｇＣ和ｇＤ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）,包被Ｅｐｐｅｎｄｏｒｆ管,捕捉ＨＳＶ,同时加入３个引物：一个是ＨＳＶ－１／ＨＳＶ－型共同性上游引物,另两个分别是ＨＳＶ－１和ＨＳＶ－２型特异性下游引物。借此建立了能直接分型检测ＨＳＶ的抗原捕获聚合酶链式反应（ＡＣ－ＰＣＲ）。ＨＳＶ－１的扩增产物为４７７ｂｐ,ＨＳＶ－２的为３９９ｂｐ,两型病毒经ＡＣ－ＰＣＲ扩增后产生分子量不同的ＤＮ     

斑点杂交检测肾综合征出血热病毒核酸的研究

本研究用非放射性标记物—地高辛碱性磷酸酶标记肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）ｃＤＮＡ制备探针,检测恙螨、鼠肺中ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ的ＲＴＰＣＲ扩增产物中目的片段。结果表明：ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠体螨５０只组、１０只组,游离螨５０只组、１０只组,ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阳性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ、５００ｍｇ,抗原阴性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ检测结果为阳性,呈现明显紫褐色斑点,而ＲＴＰＣＲ检测时未能扩增出ＨＦＲＳＶ抗原阴性鼠肺１０００ｍｇ和游离螨１０只组中的目的条带。实验结果说明,斑点杂交检测方法比ＲＴＰＣＲ敏感。     

湖北省不同地区汉坦病毒M片段的分析研究

参考汉坦病毒（ＨＶ）的基因文库软件设计Ｍ片段Ｇ－１区型特异性引物,以ＨＶ　７６／１１８、Ｈ－１１４、Ａ－９及Ｒ－｛２２｝株ＲＮＡ为阳性模板,建立ＨＶ的分型方法──逆转录一半巢式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ）,对湖北省不同地区分离的３０株ＨＶ进行分　型。结果显示：（１）建立的ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ分型方法对ＨＶ两型的代表株７６／１１８（ＨＴＮ）、Ａ－９（ＨＴＮ）、Ｈ－１１４（ＨＴＮ）及Ｒ－｛２２｝（ＳＥＯ）ＲＮＡ进行了特异性扩增,其大小与理论值一致;此　法只能检测ＨＶ　ＲＮＡ,不能检测其它病毒ＲＮＡ。（２）分离于湖北省不同地区的３０株ＨＶ的分型结果　为汉滩型２１株、汉城型９株,其中长江以南汉滩型１２株、汉城型２株;长江以北汉滩型９株、　汉城型７株。这表明建立的ＲＴ－ｈｅｍｉｎｅｓｔｅｄ　ＰＣＲ用于ＨＶ的检测特异性好;分析湖北省不同　地区分离的３０株ＨＶ,显示湖北省ＨＦＲＳ流行为混合疫区;且在湖北地区具有一定的地理聚集性。     

逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术诊断丙型肝炎病毒感染

本文采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ-ＰＣＲ）技术对２１２例住院及门诊病人其中肝病患者９８例（慢性肝炎４３例、肝炎后肝硬化４７例、原发性肝细胞癌８例）进行ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ检测。结果９８例慢性肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性２７例（２７．６％）,１１４例非肝病患者血清中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性９例（７．９％）,两组间差异非常显著（Ｐ（０．０１）,各种肝病患者的ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性率均高于非肝病组。６８例患者同时进行了ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ检测和抗－ＨＣＶ检测,２５例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性的患者中ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ,２１例阳性（８４％）,４３例抗－ＨＣＶ阴性的患者中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ,９例阳性（２０．１％）、有输血及血制品史者４８例,其中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性１６例（３３．３％）,１６４倒无输血史者中ＨＣＶ-ＲＮＡ-ＰＣＲ阳性２０例（１２．２％）,两组间差异非常显著（Ｐ（０．０１）。结果表明：１．ＨＣＶ感染与慢性肝病有密切联系,说明ＨＣＶ感染是慢性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌的致病因素;２．ＨＣＶ-ＰＣＲ法具有特异性好、灵敏度高、简便快速等特点,弥补了抗－ＨＣＶ检测的不足之处,是目前确定ＨＣＶ感染的主要手段;３．ＨＣＶ感染与输血关系密切,因此对献血员进行常规ＨＣＶ检测对预防由输血所致ＨＣＶ感染有着极其重要的临床意义。     

乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒的同步PCR扩增

介绍了一种从人血清中同步扩增和检测ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ和ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ的方法。ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,这种ｃＤＮＡ和从ＨＢＶ中抽提出的ＤＮＡ一起,用根据ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ保守区序列设计的特异引物进行同步ＰＣＲ扩增,这种方法对于检测ＨＢＶ和ＨＣＶ重复感染很有用处     

昆虫杆状病毒衣壳主蛋白基因的PCR扩增,克隆和定位

用ＰＣＲ技术成功地扩增了苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）的衣壳主蛋白基因（ｖｐ３９基因）,并克隆了该基因,利用纯的ｖｐ３９基因探针,在低严谨杂交条件下,已将粘虫核型多角体病毒（ＬｓＮＰＶ）的ｖｐ３９基固定位在ＰｓｔＩ－Ｆ,ＢａｍＨＩ－Ｃ,ＥｃｏＲＩ－Ｃ,ＸｈｏＩ－Ｄ,Ｉ,ＥｃｏＲＶ－Ｈ,Ｘ等片段上。ＰＣＲ反应时,在扩增出预期的包括完整ｖｐ３９基因的１４０６ｂｐ片段的同时也扩增出一条Ｃａ．４００ｂｐ的片段,本文讨论了ＰＣＲ的特异性扩增和非特异性扩增。     

RT—nested PCR检测肾综合征出血热患者血清病毒核酸

采用异硫氰酸胍－酚－氯仿（ＡＧＰＣ）一步法提取病毒ＲＮＡ,并依据肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）核蛋白（ＮＰ）编码基因保守区核苷酸序列合成两对巢式引物,建立了逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ）检测ＨＦＲＳＶＲＮＡ方法,应用此法对ＨＦＲＳＶ感染的ＶｅｒｏＥ６细胞培养液及ＨＦＲＳ患者血清中的病毒ＲＮＡ进行检测。结果显示,感染细胞培养液及３５例ＨＦＲＳ患者血清均为阳性,正常的ＶｅｒｏＥ６     

水稻草矮病毒血清学和分子检测方法的比较

将间接ＥＬＩＳＡ、非放射性分子杂交和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ三种方法应用于水稻草矮病毒（ＲＧＳＶ）的检测。结果表明,利用自制的融合蛋白ＧＳＴ－ＮＣ的抗血清检测ＲＧＳＶ的灵敏度为１ｍｇ鲜重的病株叶片或８４ｎｇ提纯病毒,利用地高辛（ＤＩＧ）标记的ＤＮＡ探针ＮＣ的点杂交方法检测ＲＧＳＶ的灵敏度为５０μｇ病叶或６ｎｇ病毒,而ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的检测灵敏度则为１０μｇ病叶或２ｎｇ的病毒,对上述三种方法的灵敏度和可操作性也进行     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.