四平地区六种优势蝗虫精巢发育的动态变化

在吉林省四平地区对6种优势蝗虫进行野外罩养,从成虫出现到死亡期间,对蝗虫精巢发育动态变化进行解剖学测量、统计分析和组织学观察。结果表明,蝗虫成虫刚出现时精巢发育水平较高,精巢长度显著增长但宽度增长差异不显著,随着虫体发育精巢体积达到峰值后出现下降趋势。不同种蝗虫精巢发育具有明显的种间差异,成虫出现时其精巢发育水平依次为长翅素木蝗>黄胫小车蝗>绿牧草蝗>素色异爪蝗>条纹异爪蝗>异翅负蝗,并且各蝗虫类群精巢发育的体积动态变化各不相同,体现出各蝗虫类群精巢生理功能的强弱。组织学观察显示,蝗虫发育不同时期精巢内以不同类型的精母细胞为主,精巢体积增长是精母细胞增长和成熟精子积累的结果,精巢体积下降为交配活动导致的大量精子外排以及其生理机能减退所至。     

网翅蝗科三种蝗虫卵子发生的比较研究(直翅目:蝗总科)

通过组织学观察与测量对网翅蝗科(直翅目:蝗总科)中3种蝗虫卵子发生各阶段进行比较和分析,3种蝗虫分别为:绿牧草蝗Omocestus viridulus(Linnaeus),素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor(Ikonn.)和条纹异爪蝗Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng。结果表明,在蝗虫卵子发生过程中,卵母细胞体积和形态变化显著,呈现指数增长模式;细胞核体积增长在发育初期增长显著,后期变化不显著;滤泡细胞体积和形态及数量呈现周期性变化规律;比较种间差异发现不同种蝗虫的卵子发生存在不同的发育进程。     

网翅蝗科三种蝗虫卵子发生时c-kit蛋白表达和比较

为探讨c-kit蛋白在蝗虫卵子发生过程中的表达和调控机制,应用免疫组织化学和统计分析等方法对网翅蝗科(直翅目,蝗总科)3种蝗虫卵子发生过程中8个代表性阶段c-kit蛋白表达进行观测和比较,3种蝗虫分别为:绿牧草蝗 Omocestus viridulus(Linnaeus),素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor(Ikonn.)和条纹异爪蝗Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng.结果显示蝗虫卵子发生第1～6阶段卵母细胞中有不同程度c-kit蛋白特异性表达,但随着卵黄发生的开始逐渐消失,而且3种蝗虫卵子发生过程中c-kit蛋白表达存在种间差异.以上结果提示c-kit蛋白在卵子发生中的表达暗示它参与和调控卵母细胞增殖与分化,此外c-kit蛋白表达种间差异说明在它的调控下不仅导致蝗虫卵子发生进程的迥异而且可能参与维系种间生殖隔离等机制.     

斑翅蝗科四种蝗虫卵子发生阶段及种间差异的统计分析

通过组织学观察与测量对斑翅蝗科(直翅目,蝗总科)中4种蝗虫卵子发生各阶段进行测量和分析比较,4种蝗虫分别为:大垫尖翅蝗Epacromius coerulipes(Ivan.)、黄胫小车蝗Oedaleus infernalis Sauss.、花胫绿纹蝗Aiolopus tamulus(Fabricius)和疣蝗Trilophidia annulata(Thunberg).结果显示,在蝗虫卵子发生过程中,卵母细胞体积和形态变化显著,呈现指数增长模式;细胞核体积增长在发育初期增长显著,后期变化不显著;滤泡细胞体积和形态及数量呈现周期性变化规律;进而比较种间差异,可见不同种蝗虫的卵子发生存在不同的发育进程.     

山西中条山地区蝗虫二新种记述（直翅目：蝗总科）

记述山西省南部中条山地区蝗虫2新种,即斑翅蝗科的短翅短腿蝗Hilethera brevipennis,sp.nov.及网翅蝗科的中条山异爪蝗Euchorthippus zhongtiaoshanensis,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所标本室。     

光周期对内蒙古三种草原蝗虫高龄若虫发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响

研究不同光周期(L8∶D16、L12∶D12及L16∶D8)对毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes(F.-W.),亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus B.-Bidenko,小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax(Zub.)3种草原蝗虫高龄若虫的发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响。结果表明:在白天温度(28±1)℃,黑夜温度(23±1)℃的恒定温度下,不同光周期对毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫的发育、羽化、产卵影响不大,但是对其存活率有极显著的影响:毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫到成虫的发育速度在中光照下(L12∶D12)最快。而在短光照(L8∶D16)下更有利于小翅雏蝗若虫发育,其次是中光照;毛足棒角蝗的羽化在中光照条件下最适宜,而长光照时数(L16∶D8)更有利于亚洲小车蝗和小翅雏蝗的羽化;光周期对亚洲小车蝗产卵影响最为明显,毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗在中光照和长光照时数条件下有利于它们产卵,而小翅雏蝗在短光照和中光照时数下有利于产卵。     

陕西省蝗虫的研究 Ⅱ.异爪蝗属及鸣蝗属

异爪蝗属(Euchorthippus Tarbinsky,1925)及鸣蝗属(Mongolotettix Rehn,1928)为蝗科中的二个小属,已知的种类不多。异爪蝗属在我国多分布于北部及西北地区,是草原上的一类重要害虫,目前在我国已知的约有五种。鸣蝗属在我国的分布主要在北部和中部地区,在我国已知有二种,在陕西省曾记载过一种,即Mongolotettix japonicus(Bolivar),但我们未采到标本。作者之一于1963年曾记载上述二属中的三种蝗虫(郑哲民、梁铬球,1963),其中有一种异爪蝗当时未能定名,近年来经核对后,认为是一新种,此外,并首次在我国发现异翅鸣蝗Mongolotettix anomopterus(Caud.)的大翅型。现将陕西省该二属的种类记述如下:     

雏蝗属与异爪蝗属二个近缘属蝗虫的染色体核型比较（直翅目：网翅蝗科）

采用常规染色体制片方法,对雏蝗属的模式种白边雏蝗Chorthippus albomarginatus(De Geer)和异爪蝗属的模式种素色异爪蝗Euchorthippus unicolor(Ikonnikov)的染色体核型进行了分析比较。结果表明,两种蝗虫的染色体数目均为2n(♂)=17=16+XO;常染色体为中部着丝粒(m,6条)和端部着丝粒(t,10条)两种类型,性染色体类型为端部着丝粒。二者的相似性显示出2属具有较近的亲缘关系,并且在进化过程中处于较近的发展阶段。但2种蝗虫的核型公式和染色体的相对长度组成则不相同,白边雏蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=8L+4M+4S+XO;素色异爪蝗K(2n,♂)=6m+11t=8L+6M+2S+XO;且2种蝗虫性染色体的位次也有明显差别,白边雏蝗的性染色体为第9位,而素色异爪蝗则为第8位。由此看出,该2属的蝗虫存在的不同遗传特征。     

白洋淀湿地蝗虫多样性调查及DNA条形码应用研究

为了解白洋淀湿地蝗虫的物种多样性及其分布情况,探究DNA条形码技术在物种鉴定方面的可行性,本研究对白洋淀湿地的蝗虫进行了采集调查。采用自行设计的cox1基因引物,本研究共扩增得到21种蝗虫的cox1序列97条,并利用构建NJ系统发育树法、计算遗传距离的ABGD法以及序列差异阈值分类的MOTU法对已得到的序列连同Gen Bank下载的10种25条cox1序列进行了比较分析。结果表明:白洋淀湿地蝗总科昆虫共有6科23属34种,包括1个新记录属,即异爪蝗属(Euchorthippus),和3个新记录种,即素色异爪蝗(E.unicolor)、柳枝负蝗(Atractomorpha psittacina)和日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica);蝗虫在白洋淀湿地主要分布在农田及其周围、堤坝及其周围以及淀边草丛;DNA条形码技术能够在种级阶元对蝗总科物种进行良好地解析,但物种鉴定时,不能完全脱离形态学方法。     

陕西省蝗虫一新种

在整理西北农学院收藏的陕西省蝗虫标本中,发现有采自大巴山地区的一新种蝗虫。为了对周尧教授表示敬意,特将该种定名为周氏异爪蝗Euchorthippus choui. 模式标本保存于西北农学院植保系。周氏异爪蝗 Euchorthippus choui sp.nov. 雌性 体黄绿色。触角褐色,复眼红褐色,眼后带宽黑色,前翅褐色,足黄褐色,后足股节上膝侧片黑色。     

Development of the ovary and the female reproductive cells of the lung fluke, Paragonimus ohirai (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae)

The ultrastructure of the ovary of Paragonimus ohirai was investigated in different developmental stages of experimental infection in rats, from the metacercarial stage to the adult stage. The female reproductive cells were observed in order to understand the development of the ovary. During its development in the definitive host, the ovarian primordium and the ovary increased in size and cell number and underwent morphological changes. The blind end of the female genitalia was an undifferentiated primordium at the metacercarial stage, but became the bud of an ovary on day 3. Germ cells and supporting cells were observed on day 5. Oogonia were identified in the 15-day-old ovary, followed by the appearance of young oocytes at 17 days. Large oocytes were found on day 19, but the 21-day-old ovary contained degenerated oocytes. Mature ovaries were observed in the 26-day-old worms and egg formation was seen to arise on day 28. The development of the ovary and female reproductive cells was discussed in relation to the physiology of P. ohirai.     

Distribution of photoassimilates in the pea plant: chronology of events in non-fertilized ovaries and effects of gibberellic acid

The short-lived isotope¹¹C (t_1/2=20.4 min) has been used to study assimilate distribution in intact pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). Radiolabel was measured at the leaf fed with¹¹CO₂ (feed-leaf), at the ovary of the flower subtended by this leaf, and in shoot apex and roots of individual plants. Considerable¹¹C-radiolabel was detected in the young ovaries during the first days after anthesis. Thereafter, when the ovaries stopped growing the uptake of¹¹C rapidly decreased. At this developmental stage only apex and roots were competing for the photoassimilates. Fertilization, however, restored the strong sink activity of the ovaries. The same effect could be achieved by applying gibberellic acid to non-fertilized ovaries. About 2 h after treatment the residual¹¹C-radiolabel entering the ovary started to increase and, at about the same time, the ovary resumed growth. Feed-leaf photosynthesis, as well as export of¹¹C-radiolabel out of the leaf, was not changed by the treatment. The¹¹C experiments show the dynamic behaviour of the sinks during developmental stages from the day of anthesis until 5 d later and demonstrate that phytohormones may play an important role in regulating carbon distribution.     

Ovarian yolk-protein synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The ovaries and fat bodies of Drosophila melanogaster adult females both synthesize yolk polypeptides. In a series of experiments it has been shown that the ovaries become competent to mature in an adult male host, where only ovarian synthesis occurs, very early in metamorphosis and synthesis of yolk polypeptides begins in a time-dependent sequence related to the age of the ovary when transplanted. Maturation of ovaries occurs prior to eclosion when they are transplanted to an earlier developmental stage showing that neither the event of eclosion not the adult environment is essential in triggering yolk-polypeptide synthesis by the ovary. When metamorphosing ovaries are transplanted to a female host they take up host yolk polypeptides from the haemolymph, but this does not lead to the implanted ovary developing substantially better than in a male host where only synthesis by the ovary can occur. The regulation of ovarian yolk-polypeptide synthesis therefore appears to be autonomous to the ovary itself. There may be a trigger early in metamorphosis which induces competence in the ovary so that it subsequently initiates yolk-polypeptide gene expression at eclosion.     

Pattern of arterial supply to the ovaries in Nili-Ravi buffaloes: Relationship with the distribution of ovarian structures

Reproductive tracts of 12 heifers and 18 adult buffaloes were collected from a slaughter house to study gross ovarian morphology and the distribution of follicles and corpora lutea on the surface of the ovary relative to the pattern of the arterial supply. Mean weight and volume of the ovaries were 3.8 ± 0.3 g and 4.08 ± 0.07 cm³, respectively, and were higher in adult buffaloes, but the difference was a function of body weight. Seventy percent of the ovaries were supplied by a single artery while the remaining 30% received two branches of the ovarian artery. Regardless of the position of entry of a single branch, ovarian follicles were located more frequently in the central (41.1%) than in medial (30.7%) or lateral portions of the ovary (28.2%). In ovaries supplied by two branches of the ovarian artery, follicles were distributed more uniformly on the ovarian surface. Number of follicles on the ovarian surface tended to increase when one of these branches was medial in position. Corpora lutea were observed more frequently in the part(s) of the ovary adjacent to the point of arterial entry regardless of the number of branches. Presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary had a negative effect on follicular development. The data suggested a possible relationship of the ovarian activity of the buffaloes with the pattern of arterial supply to the ovaries. Pattern of arterial supply might be contributing to the growth of the follicles, possibly by either saving them from atresia or by stimulating their growth.     

Density‐dependent polyphenism and geographic variation in size among two populations of lubber grasshoppers (Romalea microptera)

1. Density‐dependent phase polyphenism occurs when changes in density during the juvenile stages result in a developmental shift from one phenotype to another. Density‐dependent phase polyphenism is common among locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae). 2. Previously, we demonstrated a longitudinal geographic cline in adult body size (western populations = small adults; eastern populations = large adults) in the eastern lubber grasshopper (Romalea microptera) in south Florida. As lubbers are confamilial with locusts, we hypothesised that the longitudinal size cline was partly due to density‐dependent phase polyphenism. 3. We tested the effect of density, population, and density×population interaction on life‐history traits (pronotum length, mass, cumulative development time, growth rate) of, and proportion surviving to, each of the five instars and the adult stage in a 2 × 3 factorial laboratory experiment with two lubber populations, each reared from hatchling to adult at three different densities. 4. The effect of density on life history and survival was independent of the effects of population on life history and survival. Higher densities led to larger adult sizes (pronotum, mass) and lower survivorship. The western population had smaller adult masses, fewer cumulative days to the adult stage, and higher survivorship than the eastern population. 5. Our data suggest that lubber grasshoppers exhibit density‐dependent phase polyphenism initiated by the physical presence of conspecifics. However, the plastic response of adult size to density observed in the laboratory is not consistent with the relationship between phenotypes and adult density in the field. Genetic differences between populations observed in the laboratory could contribute to size and life‐history differences among lubber populations in the field.     

Hormonal control of ovarian development in the silkworm,Bombyx mori

Hormonal control of ovarian development was examined in Bombyx mori. The weight of the ovary increased suddenly by 3 days after pupal ecdysis, and vitellogenin could be immunologically detected in the ovary at that time. The ecdysteroid titers during pupal-adult development, quantified by radioimmunoassay, increased from day 0 to day 2. Ovarian development was arrested for a long period in brainless pupae and isolated pupal abdomens. Injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone into such preparations stimulated development of the ovaries, and vitellogenin could be detected in ovaries 2 days after injection. The results suggest that 20-hydroxyecdysone acts by stimulating the growth of ovary.     

Testis cell-specific proteins in testosterone-treated rat ovaries

Abstract. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of rat gonads in various developmental stages (embryonic days 16, 17, 21 postnatal day 5) reveals an increasing number of polypeptide spots; 0.6%-2% of the polypeptides are gonad-specific and increase from embryonic day 16 onwards. Exposure of newborn rat ovaries to testosterone for 5 days results in the appearance of eight polypeptides. These polypeptides are absent in control ovaries but present in the testis from embryonic day 16 or 17 onwards. Three do not appear in the ovary at any developmental stage. These findings indicate that testosterone plays a physiologic role in normal testicular differentiation. After long-term testosterone treatment, ovaries are depleted of germ cells. This might explain the degeneration of oocytes in the abnormal environment of a testis (e.g., in XX true hermaphrodites).