塞来昔布对慢性低O_2高CO_2大鼠肺动脉高压的影响及其机制研究

目的：探讨塞来昔布对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉高压的作用。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,慢性低O2高CO2组,慢性低O2高CO2＋塞来昔布组。用电镜、放免等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压、颈动脉平均压、肺细小动脉显微结构、血浆和肺匀浆血栓素B2（TXB2）及6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）含量的变化。结果：①慢性低O2高CO2组平均肺动脉压（mPAP）比正常组显著升高,塞来昔布组的mPAP比慢性低O2高CO2组显著升高,3组间平均颈动脉压（mCAP）比较差异无显著性。②慢性低O2高CO2组与正常对照组相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB2浓度、TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值显著增高,6-keto-PGF1α浓度显著下降;塞来昔布组与慢性低O2高CO2组相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB2浓度无明显变化、TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α显著升高,6-keto-PGF1α显著下降。③光镜下慢性低O2高CO2组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积/管总面积（WA/TA）和肺细小动脉中膜厚度（PAMT）均显著增高。塞来昔布组与慢性低O2高CO2组相比WA/TA和PAMT显著增高。④电镜下慢性低O2高CO2组大鼠肺细小动脉内皮细胞吞饮小泡增多,血管壁增厚,中膜平滑肌细胞增生,纤维细胞增多,肺泡II型上皮细胞微绒毛脱落;塞来昔布组中膜平滑肌细胞增大、增多,胞浆肌丝丰富,平滑肌细胞间隙增宽,肺泡隔胶原纤维增生明显。结论：塞来昔布可能有加重慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建倾向,过度抑制COX-2,使TXA2/PGI2比值升高可能是其作用机制之一。     

红花注射液对慢性低O2高CO2肺动脉高压的影响

目的：探讨红花注射液对大鼠在慢性低O2高CO2下肺动脉高压的抑制作用。方法：将SD大鼠分为对照组,慢性低O2高CO2组,慢性低O2高CO2＋红花注射液组。用电镜、放免等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压、颈动脉平均压、肺细小动脉显微结构、血浆和肺匀浆TXB2及6-keto-PGF1a含量的变化。结果：①慢性低O2高CO2组mPAP比对照组显著增高,红花注射液组的mPAP比慢性低O2高CO2组显著降低,3组间mCAP比较差异无显著性。②慢性低O2高CO2组与对照组相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB2浓度、TXB2／6-keto-PGF1a比值显著增高,6-keto-PGF1a浓度显著下降;红花注射液组与慢性低P2高CO2相比血浆和肺匀浆TXB2浓度、TXB2／6-keto-PGF1a显著下降,6-keto-PGF1a显著升高。③光镜下慢性低O2高CO2组与对照组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积（WA／TA）和肺细小动脉中膜厚度（PAMT）均显著增高。红花注射液组WA／TA和PAMT显著降低。④电镜下慢性低O2高CO2组大鼠肺细小动脉内皮细胞吞饮小泡增多,血管壁增厚,中膜平滑肌细胞增生,纤维细胞增多,肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞微绒毛脱落;红花注射液组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生减轻,纤维细胞少,胶原纤维减少,肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞微绒毛丰富、结构清。结论：红花注射液有减轻慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的作用,可能与抑制TXA2的合成,保护血管内皮细胞,使TXA2/PGI2比值降低有关.     

姜黄素对慢性低氧高二氧化碳大鼠肺动脉高压及肺动脉管壁胶原的影响

目的：研究姜黄素对慢性低氧高二氧化碳大鼠肺动脉压力及肺动脉管壁Ⅰ型胶原的影响。方法：36只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC组）,低O2高CO2 4周组（HH组）,低O2高CO2 4周＋姜黄素组（HC组）,采用免疫组化、图像分析等方法观察姜黄素对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉压力、肺细小动脉显微和超微结构及肺动脉管壁Ⅰ型胶原的影响。结果：①血流动力学检测显示HH组mPAP明显高于NC组（P〈0．01）,HC组mPAP明显低于HH组（P〈0．01）,三组间mCAP无明显差异（P〉0．05）;②光镜下,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积比值（WA／TA）、肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞核密度（SMC）、肺细小动脉中膜厚度（PAMT）HH组较NC组明显增高（均P〈0．01）,HC组WA／TA、SMC和PAMT较HH组明显降低（均P〈0．01）;③电镜下,HH组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生,面积增大,染色质增多,外膜胶原纤维密集,HC组大鼠肺细小动脉内皮细胞结构基本正常,胶原少见,中膜平滑肌细胞和外膜胶原纤维增生较HH组明显为轻;④免疫组化法发现肺细小动脉Ⅰ型胶原平均吸光度值HH组明显高于Nc组（P〈0．01）,HC组明显低于HH组（P〈0．01）。结论：姜黄素具有降低慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压、改善肺血管重建及抑制肺动脉管壁Ⅰ型胶原沉积的作用。     

知母宁对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉高压的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究知母宁对慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组,4周低O2高CO2组,4周低O2高CO2^ 知母宁组（知母宁组）。用透射电镜、图像分析、免疫组化、组织原位杂交技术等方法,观察各组大鼠肺动脉平均压（mPAP)、颈动脉平均压（mCAP)、肺细小动脉显微和超微结构、血CO浓度、血红素氧合酶－1（HO－1）及其基因表达的变化。结果：①低O2高CO2组mPAP比正常组显著增高,知母宁组mPAP比低O2高CO2组显著降低;3组间mCAP比较差异无显著性。②全血CO浓度低O2高CO2组比正常组显著增高,知母宁组比低O2高CO2组增高。③光镜下低O2高CO2组与正常组相比,肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积、肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞核密度、肺细小动脉中膜厚度均显著升高,知母宁组与低O2高CO2组相比以上指标显著降低。④电镜下知母宁组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌细胞增生、面积增大、染色质增多、外膜胶原纤维增生均较低O2高CO2组明显减轻。⑤免疫组化、原位杂交发现低O2高CO2组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA与正常组比较均明显增加,知母宁组大鼠肺细小动脉HO－1及mRNA表达均较低O2高CO2组为高。结论：知母宁有抑制慢性低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉高压和肺血管结构重建的作用,上调HO－1及其基因表达、使CO合成增多可能为其重要作用机制。     

低O2高CO2对肺动脉环氧酶-2基因表达的影响

目的：研究慢性低氧高二氧化碳对大鼠肺动脉环氧酶-2（COX-2）基因表达的影响。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组（A组）,4周低O2高CO2组（B组）。采用免疫组化、原位杂交、图像分析等方法,观察两组大鼠肺动脉平均压（mPAP）、颈动脉平均压（mCAP）、右心室／（左心室＋室间隔）重量比[RV／（LV＋S）]、肺细小动脉显微结构及肺细小动脉COX-2活性及基因表达变化。结果：①B组mPAP、Rv／（LV＋S）显著高于A组（P〈0,01）。两组间mCAP比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。②光镜下正常对照组大鼠肺细小动脉内弹力板自然弯曲,平滑肌层未见明显增厚,管壁均匀一致,而低O2高CO2组内弹力板扭曲,中膜平滑肌细胞增生,管腔明显狭窄。③免疫组化、原位杂交发现B组肺细小动脉COX-2及COX-2mRNA平均吸光度值明显高于A组（P〈0．01）且与mPAP呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：环氧酶-2基因表达变化可能在慢性低氧高二氧化碳肺动脉高压形成中起调控作用。     

知母宁对慢性低氧高二氧化碳大鼠肺小动脉胶原代谢的影响

目的:研究知母宁对慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺小动脉Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原代谢的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:将SD大鼠36只随机分为正常对照组,4周低O2高CO2组,4周低O2高CO2+知母宁组。采用图像分析、氯胺T法、免疫组化、组织原位杂交技术等方法,监测各组大鼠肺动脉平均压(mPAP)、颈动脉平均压(mCAP)、肺细小动脉显微和超微结构、血CO浓度,血清及肺组织血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)活性,肺组织羟脯氨酸含量,肺小动脉Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原及其基因表达的变化。结果:低O2高CO2组mPAP升高,肺细小动脉管壁增厚,管腔变小,中膜平滑肌细胞和外膜胶原纤维增生,肺血管重建形成,肺匀浆羟脯氨酸含量升高,肺小动脉Ⅰ型胶原及其mRNA表达增加;知母宁组上述变化均明显减轻(P均0.01)。此外,低O2高CO2组全血CO含量、血浆及肺组织匀浆HO-1活性升高,知母宁组上述指标较低O2高CO2组进一步升高(P均0.01)。三组间mCAP,Ⅲ型胶原及其mRNA表达无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:知母宁降低慢性低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压,减轻肺血管结构重建与其抑制肺动脉Ⅰ型胶原增殖有关,上调内源性CO/HO体系的表达为其可能重要机制。     

内源性硫化氢体系与低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压的相关性研究

目的：研究低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压（HHPH）时大鼠肺组织内硫化氢（H2S）体系变化的改变及相关性,并探讨其机制。方法：20只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（C组）和低O2高CO2组（HH组）（n=10）。监测其血流动力学变化,光镜观察肺细小动脉管壁面积／管总面积比值（WA／TA）,测右心室／左心室＋室间隔（RV／LV＋SP）比值。原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL法）观测肺细小动脉凋亡情况,并计算凋亡指数（AI）,免疫组化检测肺细小动脉Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达。敏感硫电极法测定血浆H2S含量及肺组织匀浆胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（CSE）活性变化。RT-PCR法测定肺组织中CSE基因表达。结果：HH组肺平均动脉压（mPAP）、WA／TA、RV／LV＋SP明显高于C组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与C组相比,HH组AI显著下降（P〈0．01）,Bcl-2表达加强,Bax减弱,Bax／Bcl-2比值上升（均P〈0．01）。血浆H2S含量、肺组织匀浆CSE活性、肺组织CSE基因表达水平HH组明显低于C组（P〈0．01）。血浆H2S、肺组织CSE活性、肺组织CSE mRNA相对含量与mPAP,Bcl-2／Bax比值均呈显著负相关,与AI呈显著正相关。结论：H2S／CSE体系与低O2高CO2性肺动脉高压关系密切,HHPH时H2S／CSE体系的明显受抑,可使Bcl-2／Bax比值升高,肺动脉平滑肌细胞凋亡减少,促进肺血管重建和肺动脉高压的形成。     

慢性低O2高CO2对大鼠脑组织的损伤作用及川芎嗪对其影响的研究

目的：探讨慢性低O2高CO2条件下脑烯醇化酶（NSE）、蛋白S100、超微结构等改变及川芎嗪对其影响。方法：将SD大鼠分为正常对照组（A组）,低O2高CO2组（B组）,低O2高CO2＋川芎嗪组（C组）,采用免疫组织化学、透射电镜方法,观察平均肺动脉压（mPAP）、颈动脉压（mCAP)、血清NO浓度、脑NSE、S100变化及脑超微结构等改变。结果：①B组mPAP明显高于A组,C组低于B组,三组间mCAP无明显差异。②B组血清NO浓度低于A组（P＜0．01）,C组血清NO浓度高于B组（P＜0．01）。③B组比A组NSE、S100吸光度值降低,C组比B组NSE、S100吸光度值增高。④B组神经元、神经胶质细胞水肿,C组神经细胞损害明显减轻。结论：慢性低O2高CO2脑NSE、S100降低,川芎嗪对脑损害有保护作用。     

姜黄素改善慢性肺动脉高压肺血管重塑作用途径的研究

目的：探究姜黄素改善慢性低O2高CO2大鼠肺动脉高压肺血管重塑作用途径的研究。方法：建立慢低O2高CO2肺血管重塑模型,以24只雄性大鼠为受试对象,随机分为四组（n=6）：I组（常氧空白对照组）,Ⅱ（低O2高CO2模型组）,Ⅲ组（色甘酸钠对照组）,Ⅳ组（姜黄素实验组）。将后3组动物放入常压低O2高CO2舱中,吸入O2浓度8％～11％,CO2浓度3％～5％,每天8h,每周6d,连续4周,Ⅲ组给予色甘酸钠以20mg／kg体重腹注射处理,Ⅳ组给予姜黄素混悬液按150mg/kg体重灌胃处理。光镜下、透射电镜下观察肺动脉血管壁及其周围大细胞超微结构形态学改变,甲苯胺蓝染色法和免疫组织化学法对肺动脉周围的肥大细胞及其脱颗粒状态进行性定量测定。结果：①电镜下,Ⅱ组肺细小动脉中膜平滑肌增生,外膜胶原纤维密集,内弹力板扭曲,内皮细胞起,血管外肥大细胞内颗粒减少,胞膜不完整;光镜下,Ⅱ组相比1组肺细小动脉管腔／管总面积（WA／TA）明显升（P〈0．05）、管腔／管总面积（EA／TA）明显降低（P〈0．05）,甲苯胺蓝染色肥大细胞细胞数（NMC）、肥大细胞脱颗率（DR）及免疫组化检测类胰蛋白酶阳性细胞数（TBS）高于I组（P〈0．05）;②干预后,电镜下,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组血管结基本正常,平滑肌增生及胶原增生较Ⅱ组轻,肥大细胞膜完整;光镜下,两干预组相比Ⅱ组WA／TA明显降低（P〈0．05）、ET／TA明显升高（P〈0．05）,甲苯胺蓝染色NMC、DR、TBS阳性细胞数分别低于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论：姜素可通过Mc途径抑制慢性低O2高CO2导致的大鼠肺血管重塑改变。     

慢性低O_2高CO_2大鼠肺肥大细胞对肺小动脉的作用

目的 :探讨慢性低O2 高CO2 大鼠肺肥大细胞 (MC)对肺小动脉的作用。方法 :采用慢性低O2 高CO2 肺动脉高压模型 ,观察大鼠肺MC和肺小动脉形态改变及测定肺动脉压。结果 :观察到大鼠肺动脉压力升高和肺MC脱颗粒及空泡变。结论 :肺MC可能也是肺动脉高压形成的因素之一。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.