Differential effects of temperature on fruit development and bean quality of contrasting genotypes of cacao (Theobroma cacao)

The effects of temperature and light integral on fruit growth and development of five cacao genotypes (Amelonado, AMAZ 15/15, SCA 6, SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) were studied in semi‐controlled environment glasshouses in which the thermal regimes of cacao‐growing regions of Brazil, Ghana and Malaysia were simulated. Fruit losses because of physiological wilt (cherelle wilt) were greater at higher temperatures and also differed significantly between genotypes, reflecting genetic differences in competition for assimilates between vegetative and reproductive components. Short‐term measurements of fruit growth indicated faster growth rates at higher temperatures. In addition, a significant negative linear relationship between temperature and development time was observed. There was an effect of genotype on this relationship, such that time to fruit maturation at a given temperature was greatest for the clone UF 676 and least for AMAZ 15/15. Analysis of base temperatures, derived from these relationships indicated genetic variability in sensitivity of cacao fruit growth to temperature (base temperatures ranged from 7.5°C for Amelonado and AMAZ 15/15 to 12.9 for SPEC 54/1). Final fruit size was a positive function of bean number for all genotypes and a positive function of light integral for Amelonado in the Malaysia simulated environment (where the temperature was almost constant). In simulated environments where temperature was the main variable (Brazil and Ghana) increases in temperature resulted in a significant decrease in final pod size for one genotype (Amelonado) in Brazil and for two genotypes (SPEC 54/1 and UF 676) in Ghana. It was hypothesised that pod growth duration (mediated by temperature), assimilation and bean number are all determinants of final pod size but that under specific conditions one of these factors may override the others. There was variability between genotypes in the response of bean size and bean lipid content to temperature. Negative relationships between temperature and bean size were found for Amelonado and UF 676. Lipid concentration was a curvilinear function of temperature for Amelonado and UF 676, with optimal temperatures of 23°C and 24°C, respectively. The variability observed here of different cacao genotypes to temperature highlights the need and opportunities for appropriate matching of planting material with local environments.     

Temperature Effects on the Parasitic Phase of Romanomermis culicivorax in Culex pipiens

The developmental period for the parasitic stage of Romanomermis culicivorax in Culex pipiens was determined at constant and fluctuating temperatures. The median developmental times at 15, 18, 20, 27, and 32 C were 27.6, 17.2, 11.5, 7.1, and 5.8 days, respectively. The optimum temperature range for development of the parasitic stage in C. pipiens was 20 to 32 C. The threshold for development was calculated as 10.4 C, and the heat units required for development were 122.2 ± 3.6 day-degrees. Development at fluctuating temperatures conformed to that predicted by the constant temperature data.     

温度对安婀珍蝶生长发育的影响

在10,14,17,20,23,26,29,32和35℃恒温下,安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday&Hewitson)的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快,而幼虫的龄期数则随温度升高而增多。试验结果表明,14~26℃为该虫生长发育的适温区。用Logistic模型安婀珍蝶各虫态发育速率与温度的关系进行了模拟,结果较好,判定系数R2在0.8604~0.9972。     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

温度对西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)生长发育和存活率的影响

在15、20、25℃和30℃,RH75％的条件下,分析了温度与西花蓟马发育速率的关系,并测定了西花蓟马的发育起点温度、有效积温和存活率。结果表明：在15～30℃范围内,西花蓟马各虫期的发育速率随温度的升高而加快;用直接最优法对发育起点温度和有效积温进行估算,求得西花蓟马的卵、若虫、预蛹和伪蛹及世代发育起点温度分别为5．70、7．04、4．49、6．84℃和6．23℃;世代的有效积温为219．73d·℃。西花蓟马的世代存活率在25℃时最高,为40．12％;30℃时西花蓟马的存活率最低,为17．80％。     

温度对蜘蛛个体发育的影响

从我国农田常见20种蜘蛛的温度实验材料和中找出，温度对蜘蛛胚胎期、幼蛛历期、幼蛛存活率、产卵前期、世代历期、成蛛寿命、幼蛛蜕皮次数和蜘蛛抗逆能力影响的一般规律和种间的差异。进而把蜘蛛分为不抗高温、中抗高温和高抗高温三种类型。为保护利用和人工大量饲养蜘蛛提供依据。     

温度对海蜇横裂生殖的影响

横裂生殖(strobilafion)是大多数钵水母(Scyphomedusac)特有的一种无性繁殖方式,指螅状幼体经分节(segmentation)和变态(metamorphosis)两个紧密联系的发育阶段产生碟状幼体的全过程(Spangenberg,1965)。海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye)生活史多次变态过程中,横裂生殖是一个重要环节(丁耕芜、陈介康,1981);就经济意义而言,人类食用的是海蜇水母型成体,只有通过横裂生殖才能产生实质为幼水母的碟状幼体。因此,阐明海蜇横裂生殖的诱导和抑制条件,无论对发育生物学研究,或以人工手段培育出大量海蜇幼水母用于水产增殖实践都具有重要意义。     

红棕象甲发育起点温度及有效积温的测定

在室内恒温条件下,观察了不同温度对棕榈红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fabricius生长发育的影响,并用直线回归法测得产卵前期、卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为(16.11±1.44)、(14.10±0.56)、(15.28±0.21)、(14.89±0.24)和(14.15±0.54)℃;有效积温分别为(31.86±1.65)、(748.60±15.79)、(417.94±20.80)和(1215.50±28.56)日·度。红棕象甲的各虫态和全世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在测定的温度范围内,全世代发育历期与温度的关系符合指数函数:y=3343e-0.1279x。     

苹褐卷蛾发生期的预测预报研究

苹褐卷蛾严重危害多种园林花木的嫩芽和叶片 ,影响其观赏价值和绿化成果 ,准确预报出各虫态的发生期 ,是防治该虫成败的关键 .经室内多代变温饲养测定结果是 :卵期C =1 4.83± 1 .38(℃ ) ,K =64.1 1± 6.68(DD) ;幼虫C =1 5.2 4± 1 .41 (℃ ) ,K =2 52 .58±2 1 .40 (DD) ;蛹期C =1 5.0 6± 1 .0 1 (℃ ) ,K =68.94± 5.48(DD) ;全世代C =1 5.2 8± 3.31(℃ ) ,K =382 .47± 2 6.92 (DD) .其结果符合实际发生情况 .     

The effect of temperature on the growth,development and survival of Macropetasma africanus (Balss) (Penaeoidea:Penaeidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Macropetasma africanus (Balss) has been successfully spawned and its larvae reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The relationship between egg number (E) and female total length (L) was E = 18.59 L^2.11. An experiment was designed to test the effect of temperature on larval development, survival and growth. Temperature effected larval development time, from 13–15 days at 25°C, to 25 days at 15°C (nauplius 1 to post-larva). Mortality was low for the naupliar stages at 25, 22 and 18°C, while at 15°C only 52% of the larvae reached nauplius 6. Mortality was highest from nauplius 6 to protozoea 1 (17, 21, and 18% at 25, 22, and 18°C, respectively), but decreased considerably for all temperatures once the mysis stage was reached. Overall survival rates from nauplius 1 to post-larva decreased with decreasing temperature (65, 54, 48, and 39% at 25, 22, 18, and 15°C respectively). Temperature also significantly affected larval growth. At 25°C mean total length was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than at 15°C (protozoea 2 to post-larva), while from protozoea 3 to post-larva total length differences were significantly different (P < 0.05) between 18 and 25°C. M. africanus has a major spawning peak in summer, suggesting that there may be a selective advantage to reproducing during the warmer months.     

The regulation of development during diapause in Ephestia elutella (Hübner) by temperature and photoperiod

Diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella reared at 20°C in short photoperiods (LD 11:13), and then maintained 12 weeks or longer at 5–15°C before transfer to 20 or 25°C, pupated sooner than unchilled controls. At 25°C, all samples kept in long photoperiods (LD 15:9) survived better and pupated faster than similarly treated samples held in short photoperiods (LD 9:15). Samples kept at 20°C after chilling pupated much slower than those at 25°C, and, except after exposure at 5°C, pupated at similar rates at LD 11:13 or 15:9, although mortality was higher at the shorter photoperiod. After exposure at 5°C, larvae required increased day-length as well as increased temperature to hasten pupation whereas after exposure at 10°C most responded to increased temperature only.For samples maintained in slightly heated or unheated outbuildings, the summer emergence was poorly synchronized and males on average emerged ahead of females. Samples moved from the unheated outbuilding to 25°C and long days in the laboratory in early spring, however, pupated quickly and males and females emerged together. A late phase of diapause development thus exists requiring both high temperature and long photoperiods to ensure a prompt resumption of morphogenesis. Spring temperatures in the United Kingdom are seldom high enough to synchronize the completion of diapause.     

Influence of temperature and salinity on embryonic development ofParacentrotus lividus (Lmk, 1816)

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on early development of the sea urchinParacentrotus lividus (Lmk, 1816) are reported. The optimal temperature-salinity combinations for development are 18 °–20 °C and 34–35‰; there is a significant temperature-salinity interaction. The optimal conditions found in the experiments are above the mean yearly values for the sampled population's environment (North Adriatic Sea), being more similar to those of the Tyrrhenian Sea. These results suggest that embryonic tolerances to temperature and salinity are under genetic and not environmental control.     

温度对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫生长发育的影响

研究了恒温对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫Nephusryuguus(Kamiya)发育速率的影响。结果表明 :在 1 7～3 2℃范围内 ,各虫期的发育速率都随温度的升高而加快 ,当温度为 3 2℃以上时 ,发育速率有所平缓或回落 ;采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、各龄幼虫期和蛹期的发育速率进行模拟分析 ,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫期发育的进度 ;用直接最优法对发育起点温度和有效积温进行估算 ,求得圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫世代发育起点温度为 1 3 7℃ ,有效积温为 3 71 .6日·度。     

Laboratory studies on the direct effect of temperature on the freshwater vector snail,Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshyes)

The present study includes the effect of temperature on the survival of young and adult snails, embryonic development, embryonic growth and egg laying of Indoplanorbis exustus. In Indoplanorbis exustus the bottom lethal temperature was 7.0°C and 7.5°C for young and adults respectively. while the upper lethal temperature was 34.0°C and 32.0°C for young and adult snails respectively. Between the temperatures 12.5°C and 36.5°C the embryonic development was accelerated and the incubation period was shortened. The growth of embryos was found to be faster at 25.0°C. The optimum temperature for egg laying was observed at 25.0°C.     

不同温度对三叶虫萤卵孵化和初孵幼虫发育的影响

本文研究了三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri在不同恒温设置和室内变温条件下卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,并通过直接最优法和直线回归法计算出了三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:12~30℃恒温条件下,卵的孵化率随着温度升高显著下降(P<0.05),且均低于室内变温条件(P<0.05)下的孵化率;初孵幼虫在恒温15℃下的存活率最高,为73.13%;低于12℃和高于30℃恒温中初孵幼虫均无法存活;在恒温条件12~30℃下,卵的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中恒温12℃下最长,发育历期为42.96 d(n=3),恒温30℃下最短,发育历期仅12.75 d(n=3)。通过直接最优法计算出三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度为3.52℃,有效积温分别为382.20 d·℃。上述结果为三叶虫萤的人工繁育提供了参考。     

Effect of photoperiod and temperature on diapause in a Florida strain of the tropical warehouse moth Ephestia cautella

A photoperiodically-controlled diapause of the long-day, short-day type was identified in a brown-winged, yellow-eyed strain of Ephestia cautella (Walker). The proportion of larvae diapausing in very long photoperiods was less than in short photoperiods. The mean critical photoperiod, here defined as that photoperiod giving half the maximum percentage of insects that diapause in response to photoperiod at a given temperature, was between 12 and 13 hr for the long-day reaction at both 20 and 25°C. The principal sensitive phase occurred near the time of the last larval moult. The mean duration of diapause was 2–3 months at 20°C and slightly longer at 25°C. The optimum temperature for diapause development was near 15°C, all larvae pupating within 24 days after a 45-day exposure at this temperature. Diapause could be terminated whenever larvae diapausing at 20°C were exposed to as few as five long (15 hr) photoperiods at 25°C. Long photoperiods at 20°C, or short photoperiods (9 hr) at 25°C were less effective in terminating diapause.     

温度对双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是近几年在中国大陆新发现的农业害虫,与二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)形态相似,危害特点相同。明确温度对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期16L∶8D,RH 70%±10%的实验室条件下,设置17,21,25,29和33℃5个恒定温度,饲喂人工饲料,研究温度对双委夜蛾发育历期、死亡率及繁殖的影响,并计算各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】在17~33℃范围内,双委夜蛾均可以完成整个世代,各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;17和21℃下,双委夜蛾幼虫有7个龄期,而25℃以上时幼虫只有6个龄期。25℃下双委夜蛾死亡率最低(21.00%),单雌产卵量最高(763.95粒)。整个世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.38℃和1 015.36日·度。雌雄虫寿命和产卵期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,且各温度下雌虫寿命均较雄虫长,性比(雄雌比)均在1.18~1.20之间。【结论】25℃是双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

Ovotestes suggest cryptic genetic influence in a reptile model for temperature-dependent sex determination

Sex determination and differentiation in reptiles is complex. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), genetic sex determination (GSD) and the interaction of both environmental and genetic cues (sex reversal) can drive the development of sexual phenotypes. The jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) is an attractive model species for the study of gene–environment interactions because it displays a form of Type II TSD, where female-biased sex ratios are observed at extreme incubation temperatures and approximately 50 : 50 sex ratios occur at intermediate temperatures. This response to temperature has been proposed to occur due to underlying sex determining loci, the influence of which is overridden at extreme temperatures. Thus, sex reversal at extreme temperatures is predicted to produce the female-biased sex ratios observed in A. muricatus. The occurrence of ovotestes during development is a cellular marker of temperature sex reversal in a closely related species Pogona vitticeps. Here, we present the first developmental data for A. muricatus, and show that ovotestes occur at frequencies consistent with a mode of sex determination that is intermediate between GSD and TSD. This is the first evidence suggestive of underlying unidentified sex determining loci in a species that has long been used as a model for TSD.     

温度对传粉甲虫——棉露尾甲生长发育、存活及繁殖的影响

在光照周期为 12 L:12 D、土壤含水量为 15 %的 5种恒温条件下 (15℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、30℃和 35℃ ) ,以丝瓜花为饲料研究了棉露尾甲未成熟期 (卵期、幼虫期和蛹期 )的生长发育和存活情况 ;同时 ,在同样的光照和温度、棉球保湿的条件下 ,研究了温度对成虫寿命及繁殖的影响情况。结果表明 ,未成熟期各虫态发育速率随温度呈抛物线变化 ,30℃时发育速率最大 ;15℃时卵孵化率最高 ,2 0～ 30℃时 ,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率显著高于低温 (15℃ )和高温 (30℃ ) ,平均分别可达 96 .3%和 93.2 % ,低温和高温对其有明显的抑制作用 ;成虫寿命同温度之间呈负的线性关系 ,雌虫寿命普遍长于雄虫 ,30℃时雌虫的产卵期最长 ,繁殖力最大 ,最高可达 14 6粒 /雌 ,产卵期和产卵量与温度之间呈抛物线关系     

Induction of developmental abnormalities in larval goldfish, Carassius auratus L., under cool incubation conditions

Compared with incubation at a constant 22° C, exposure of goldfish embryos and larvae to 13° C, under a variety of thermal protocols, caused increased frequencies of abnormal development and, in some cases, reduced survival to hatching. The low-temperature incubation conditions were particularly deleterious when eggs were incubated at 13° C from the outset, regardless of the temperature at which the donor female ovulated and the eggs were fertilized. Significantly higher frequencies of developmental abnormalities were also noted when embryos were transferred from 22°C to 13°C at 6, 24, 128 and, in one case, 175 h after fertilization. In three of five experiments, subjecting embryos and larvae to diel fluctuations between 22 and 13° C, with a 5-h hold at the lower temperature, caused an increase in development abnormalities. These results demonstrate that the thermal requirements of goldfish embryos and larvae necessitate a delay in ovulation and spawning until water is sufficiently warm. Developmental abnormalities can be induced by exposure to cool (13° C) conditions, at least up to the time that swimbladder inflation occurs.