黑龙江省三江自然保护区狍对冬季卧息地的选择

研究黑龙江三江自然保护区狍冬季卧息地的选择性结果表明,狍昼间偏好选择位于岛状林和芦苇丛、覆盖度＞10%、当年生枝条数＞30枝、隐蔽级90%-99%、距水源距离＜400 m、距农田距离＜500 m、保温性＞0.2℃、雪深＞31 cm、人为干扰距离＞1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地;狍夜间偏好选择位于岛状林、覆盖度＞10%、当年生枝条数＞30枝、隐蔽级为＜90%、距水源距离＜700 m、距农田距离＞500 m、保温性＞0.2℃、雪深＞31 cm、人为干扰距离＞1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地.狍昼间与夜间卧息地在是否刨走积雪等松软物质、距农田距离、雪深、人为干扰距离和卧息地宽度上差异显著(P＜0.05).与夜间卧息地相比,狍昼间偏爱的卧息地具有接近农田、雪覆盖深和卧息地宽度较小等特征.狍对昼间卧息地资源选择函数为:logit(P)=-13.999-0.446×植被类型-0.003×距水源距离-0.003×距农田距离+0.915×保温性+0.487×雪深+0.001×人为干扰距离,选择概率为P=elogit(P)/1+elogit(P),模型的正确预测率为90.9%;狍对夜间卧息地资源选择函数为:logit(P)=-0.009-1.863×植被类型-0.004×距水源距离+0.946×保温性+0.002×人为干扰距离,选择概率为P=elogit(P)/1+elogit(P),模型的正确预测率为91.8%.     

黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季卧息地选择

2009年12月到2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季卧息地选择进行研究.在研究中共设置了47条样线,调查了72个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,评价了15类生态因子对狍冬季卧息地选择的影响.研究结果表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍在卧息时喜欢选择平均海拔在591 m,位于阳坡中坡位上雪被较浅、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、郁闭度和隐蔽水平都较高的针阔混交林生境,尤其喜欢在针阔混交林中的针叶树下卧息,避开选择阴坡、针叶林和裸岩.逻辑斯蒂回归分析结果表明:食物丰富度、针叶树、雪深、裸岩和海拔是影响黄泥河自然保护区冬季狍卧息地选择的主导因子,林型、坡向和隐蔽水平是次要因子.由这7个变量组成的回归模型为:Z=32.628+11.675×坡向(1) +9.741×坡向(2)-5.486×林型(1)-7.933×林型(2)-7.496×裸岩(1)-9.906×针叶树(1)-0.043×海拔+0.170×隐蔽水平+0.220×食物丰富度-0.429×雪深.模型选择利用概率为P(z)=ez/1+ez,整体正确预测率为96.1％.     

黑龙江省三江自然保护区狍对冬季卧息地的选择

研究黑龙江三江自然保护区狍冬季卧息地的选择性结果表明，狍昼间偏好选择位于岛状林和芦苇丛、覆盖度>10%、当年生枝条数>30枝、隐蔽级90%—99%、距水源距离<400 m、距农田距离<500 m、保温性>0.2 ℃、雪深>31 cm、人为干扰距离>1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地；狍夜间偏好选择位于岛状林、覆盖度>10%、当年生枝条数>30枝、隐蔽级为<90%、距水源距离<700 m、距农田距离>500 m、保温性>0.2 ℃、雪深>31 cm、人为干扰距离>1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地。狍昼间与夜间卧息地在是否刨走积雪等松软物质、距农田距离、雪深、人为干扰距离和卧息地宽度上差异显著(P<0.05)。与夜间卧息地相比，狍昼间偏爱的卧息地具有接近农田、雪覆盖深和卧息地宽度较小等特征。狍对昼间卧息地资源选择函数为：log it(P)=-13.999-0.446×植被类型-0.003×距水源距离-0.003×距农田距离+0.915×保温性+0.487×雪深+0.001×人为干扰距离，选择概率为P=e ^logit(P)／1+e ^{log it(P)} ，模型的正确预测率为90.9%；狍对夜间卧息地资源选择函数为：logit(P)=-0.009-1.863×植被类型-0.004×距水源距离+0.946×保温性+0.002×人为干扰距离，选择概率为P=e^logit(P)／1+e ^logit(P) ，模型的正确预测率为91.8%。     

天津八仙山自然保护区狍春季的卧息地利用

2007年春季,在天津八仙山自然保护区对狍卧息地利用进行了研究。共发现52个狍的卧息地,同时设置93个对照地。资源选择指数结果表明,狍偏好阔叶林,利用中上坡位,喜欢阳坡和半阴半阳坡,选择水源距离适中,偏爱远离人为干扰的卧息地。逐步判别分析结果显示,灌木盖度、隐蔽度、灌木高度、郁闭度、灌木距离和坡度是判别卧息地和对照地的关键因子,即为影响其卧息地利用的主要因子,判别正确率为98．1％。作为生性胆怯易惊的偶蹄类,具有隐蔽条件较好[灌木盖度适中（转换后为16．77&#177;1．07。）、隐蔽度高（29．54&#177;1．47m）、灌木高度稍高（1．22&#177;0．05m）]的地点是狍适宜的卧息地,以逃避捕食者;与此同时,卧息地较舒适[郁闭度低（转换后为5．48&#177;0．31&#176;）、灌木距离较远（2．99&#177;0．13m）、坡度小（2．11&#177;0．09&#176;）],以利于怀孕母狍呼吸与活动,反映其繁殖期生理需求。     

贺兰山岩羊（Pseudois nayaur）夏季取食和卧息生境选择

采用直接观察法和痕迹检验法对贺兰山岩羊夏季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究.结果表明,夏季岩羊偏好的取食地位于海拔高度1 600～2 000 m的山地疏林草原带,地形为平滑起伏的坡、明显断裂的坡和悬崖,以灰榆和山杨为优势乔木或无树,乔木矮小稀疏且距离远,接近低矮但密度较大的灌木,食物较多,位于<30°和>35°半阴半阳坡的下坡位,接近水源,人为干扰距离500～1 000 m,距裸岩2～5 m,隐蔽级25%～75%;夏季岩羊偏好的卧息地具有位于海拔高度1 600～2 000 m和>3 000 m的山地疏林草原带及亚高山灌丛和草甸带,地形为明显断裂的坡和悬崖,以灰榆和山杨为优势乔木或无树,乔木和灌木均矮小稀疏且距离较远,食物较少,位于>35°阴坡的上坡位,接近水源,人为干扰距离远,接近裸岩,隐蔽程度低.岩羊的取食和卧息生境在乔木高度和距水源距离上差异不显著(P > 0.05),而其余生态因子均有显著差异(P < 0.05).与取食生境相比,岩羊选择的卧息生境具有乔木稀疏且距离较远、灌木较少、低矮且距离较远、食物丰富度低、坡度大、远离人为干扰、接近裸岩和隐蔽程度低的特征.逐步判别分析表明,食物丰富度、灌木高度、距水源距离、隐蔽级、灌木密度、灌木距离、乔木高度和乔木距离8个生态因子可以区分取食样方与任意样方,正确判别率为85.8%;而区分卧息样方与任意样方时,距水源距离、灌木高度、距裸岩距离、人为干扰距离、食物丰富度、灌木密度和灌木距离共7个生态因子发挥作用,正确判别率为89.1%.     

贺兰山岩羊冬季对卧息地的选择

2003 年11～12月, 在贺兰山采用样带法对岩羊冬季卧息地的选择性进行了研究。共观察到94 个岩羊的卧息地, 结果表明岩羊对优势乔木的利用有选择性( x² = 17.01 , df = 5 , P < 0.05) , 偏好利用灰榆占优势的卧息地, 避免选择油松和青海云杉占优势的卧息地; 对坡向选择性利用( x²= 30.69, df =2, P < 0.05) , 偏好位于阳坡的卧息地, 避免利用阴坡; 对植被类型、坡位和风向的利用无选择性。对卧息地样方与在样带中随机设置的样方进行比较, 发现卧息地具有乔木密度低、食物丰富度低、隐蔽程度高、接近水源、接近裸岩、风速低和雪覆盖浅等特征。贺兰山的岩羊经常选择岩洞作为卧息地, 占总卧息地的62.77 %。对59 个岩洞和35 个非岩洞卧息地进行比较, 表明岩洞卧息地的坡度大、隐蔽程度高、风速低、保温性好、食物丰富度低和无雪覆盖。岩羊通常选择较宽的、深度和高度适中的岩洞作为卧息地。对各种生境因子的主成分分析表明前7 个特征值的累积贡献率已经达到了80.09%, 可以较好地反映岩羊卧息地的生境特征, 第1 主成分中隐蔽级、风向、风速、距裸岩距离和雪深具有重要作用, 其余6 个主成分中优势乔木、坡向、坡位和坡度也很重要。     

西藏慈巴沟自然保护区羚牛栖息地选择

2001 年12 月至2002 年8 月,笔者在西藏慈巴沟自然保护区对羚牛栖息地选择性及其季节变化进行了调查研究。调查中,沿慈巴沟河谷随机选择起始点,系统地设置了187个10 m×10 m 的固定样方,记录了样方所在位置的植被类型、海拔、坡度、坡向、距水源距离、乔木密度、灌木密度、箭竹密度、郁闭度和隐蔽度等,并分别在冬、春、夏三季检查样方是否被羚牛利用。本文通过计算Vanderloeg 选择系数和Scavia 选择指数来研究羚牛对植被的选择性,结果发现羚牛冬季对杜鹃针叶林、箭竹针叶林和针阔混交林具有正选择性,春季则对箭竹针叶林和针阔混交林、夏季对高山灌丛草甸和杜鹃针叶林具有正选择性。对9 个数量化因子进行分组处理,利用Vanderloeg 选择系数和Scavia 选择指数,计算了这些因子在各个季节不同的选择性,进一步分析了羚牛对栖息地的选择性。对9 个数量化因子的判别分析表明,冬、夏及春、夏之间有极显著差异,海拔对判别函数的贡献最大,其它因子如箭竹密度、隐蔽度、郁闭度和乔木密度等贡献也较大,说明这些因子的季节分离明显。而羚牛的冬、春之间判别分析不显著,季节分离的程度较小。在结合其它分布区羚牛栖息地研究的基础上,本文探讨了食物和盐源在羚牛栖息地选择季节变化中的作用。     

河南伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境特征

通过对伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境选择的研究,以海拔、植被类型、坡度、坡向、坡位、巢穴隐蔽程度、水源距离、干扰距离、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木距离、灌木密度12个指标进行评估。分析结果表明,果子狸夏季巢穴生境的选择特征是:(1)地理分布因子:海拔900-1200m地带,以阔叶林为主,杂有少量针阔混交林。(2)干扰因子:距离人类活动较近的地方。(3)隐蔽因子:郁闭度高、灌木密度高、隐蔽程度好的巢穴。(4)地形因子:巢穴位于斜坡或陡坡的上坡位或中坡位的阳坡或半阳坡。(5)食物丰富度因子:巢穴选择在乔木个体发育较好的阔叶林中,有丰富的食物来源。(6)水源因子:水源距离在100m以内。     

贺兰山马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择

2007 年12 月至2008 年1 月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15 条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72 个取食利用样方,59 个卧息利用样方和131 个对照样方的18 种生态因子。结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高。马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著。相对于卧息生境,马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些。马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155 - 0.149 × 乔木高度- 0.066 × 草本盖度+ 0.190 × 坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8% ;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为- 30.936
+ 0.494 × 乔木高度+ 0.257 × 坡度-0.002 × 海拔高度+ 0.387 × 隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8% 。食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素。     

甘肃兴隆山保护区野生马麝的冬季卧息地生境特征

生境是野生动物的栖息基底,卧息地是野生动物重要的功能性生境。为深入了解野生马麝（Moschus chrysogaster）冬季卧息地生境的特征及选择利用,于2021年12月至2022年1月对甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝的功能性生境开展了基于生境取样的研究。通过样线调查法获取马麝卧息痕迹位点,采用主成分分析和资源选择函数法进行其卧息生境选择的研究。结果表明,野生马麝冬季卧息地生境的海拔较低[（2 488.5±26.6）m]、灌木较高[（1.3±0.3）m]、灌木盖度（31.08%±3.14%）和地表植被盖度（38.36%±3.27%）较大、倒木较多[（0.5±0.1）个]且积雪较浅[（1.0±0.3）cm];马麝冬季卧息地多选择位于南坡的下坡位灌丛生境,而且距水源较近、隐蔽度较好。主成分分析表明,乔木因子、食物因子、安全因子和地形因子的累计贡献率达67%;马麝的卧息生境资源选择函数为：Logit(x)=﹣4.967+0.001×海拔﹣0.02×坡度+0.03×乔木郁闭度+0.104×乔木高度+0.17×灌木盖度﹣0.466×雪被深度﹣1.015×坡向,模型预测正确率为91.1%。...     

The interpretation of selection coefficients

Evolutionary biologists have an array of powerful theoretical techniques that can accurately predict changes in the genetic composition of populations. Changes in gene frequencies and genetic associations between loci can be tracked as they respond to a wide variety of evolutionary forces. However, it is often less clear how to decompose these various forces into components that accurately reflect the underlying biology. Here, we present several issues that arise in the definition and interpretation of selection and selection coefficients, focusing on insights gained through the examination of selection coefficients in multilocus notation. Using this notation, we discuss how its flexibility—which allows different biological units to be identified as targets of selection—is reflected in the interpretation of the coefficients that the notation generates. In many situations, it can be difficult to agree on whether loci can be considered to be under “direct” versus “indirect” selection, or to quantify this selection. We present arguments for what the terms direct and indirect selection might best encompass, considering a range of issues, from viability and sexual selection to kin selection. We show how multilocus notation can discriminate between direct and indirect selection, and describe when it can do so.     

动物的性选择

有性生殖为个体之间设置了一个冲突和竞争的环境,因为雌雄个体都希望最大限度地把自己的基因传递给后代。性选择保证了动物的繁殖成功。性选择可以分为性别内选择和性别间选择。性别内选择促使动物格斗器官或其他有利于在格斗中获胜的一些特征得到发展;性别间选择促使用来吸引异性的一些特征得到发展。雌性动物的配偶选择或与所选择的特征协同进化,或可以从选择中得到直接的利益。     

Alternative formulations of multilevel selection

Hierarchical expansions of the theory of natural selection exist in two distinct bodies of thought in evolutionary biology, the group selection and the species selection traditions. Both traditions share the point of view that the principles of natural selection apply at levels of biological organization above the level of the individual organism. This leads them both to considermultilevel selection situations, where selection is occurring simultaneously at more than one level. Impeding unification of the theoretical approaches of the multilevel selection traditions are the different goals of investigators in the different subdisciplines and the different types of data potentially available for analysis. We identify two alternative approaches to multilevel situations, which we termmultilevel selection [1] andmultilevel selection [2]. Of interest in the former case are the effects of group membership onindividual fitnesses, and in the latter the tendencies for the groups themselves to go extinct or to found new groups (i.e., group fitnesses). We argue that: neither represents the entire multilevel selection process; both are aspects of any multilevel selection situation; and both are legitimate approaches, suitable for answering different questions. Using this formalism, we show that: multilevel selection [2] does not require emergent group properties in order to provide an explanatory mechanism of evolutionary change; multilevel selection [1] is usually more appropriate for neontological group selection studies; and species selection is most fruitfully considered from the point of view of multilevel selection [2]. Finally we argue that the effect hypothesis of macroevolution, requiring, in selection among species, both the absence of group effects on organismic fitness (multilevel selection [1]), and the direct determination of species fitnesses by those of organisms, is untestable with paleontological data. Furthermore, the conditions for the effect hypothesis to hold are extremely restrictive and unlikely to apply to the vast majority of situations encountered in nature.     

The Coalescent Time in the Presence of Background Fertility Selection

Selection ultimately entails differential reproductive success over several generations. This can be measured as a correlation of the number of progeny an individual has with the number of progeny its parent had. This correlation could have a genetic or a cultural basis. The effect of such a correlation is to multiply the single generation sampling variance (Vdeltap) in the diffusion approximation for fixation time by (1-b)+bx(1+r)/(1-r), where bxrn is the correlation between the number of progeny of an individual and its ancestor n generations ago (e.g., b is the heritability and br is the resultant parent-offspring progeny number correlation if the progeny number is genetically determined). This results in a reduction of the fixation or coalescent time by division by this factor. Sex differences in this correlation have been observed, and this provides an explanation for the difference of coalescent times of y-chromosomes and mitochondria.     

Repeatability of size and fluctuating asymmetry of antler characteristics in red deer (Cervus elaphus) during ontogeny

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has been suggested as a measure of the sensitivity of development to a wide array of genetic and environmental stresses. It has been also suggested that antlers in red deer could be important during social and rutting displays. We used antler measurements of 51 males that were measured over subsequent seasons, from 3–8 years of age, and analysed three antler traits: antler weight, length, and the number of antler tines (antler size). We calculated absolute and relative FA. All three size traits were highly significantly intercorrelated. By contrast to this, the FA of the three traits, did not show such relationships. With increasing age, antler size and FA also increased. When testing the repeatability of FA and antler size, there was a principal difference in the pattern between FA and antler size, with the latter being much more consistent than the former. This suggests that antler size, not FA, may be a good predictor of the bearer's quality in mate selection. This fits well with the good-genes hypothesis that the development of extravagant secondary sexual characters can be an honest advertisement of heritable male quality.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 215–226.     

Interspecific patterns of phenotypic selection do not predict intraspecific patterns

We estimated linear (β) and nonlinear (γ) selection gradients to quantify host plant‐mediated selection on the trait gall size in each of 22 unequally sampled subpopulations of the cynipid gall wasp Belonocnema treatae. We characterized the relationship between variation in subpopulation sample size and the magnitude of and the variance among selection gradients. We then tested the hypothesis that the intraspecific patterns we observed would follow two patterns that have emerged from published estimates of linear and nonlinear selection gradients compiled across species, namely that the average magnitude of β and γ and the variance among estimated β and γ decrease with increasing sample size. For both β and γ, intraspecific patterns of phenotypic selection in relation to sample size were not predicted by interspecific patterns. Thus, our results suggest that when selection is heterogeneous among subpopulations, variation in the biological basis for selection is more important in influencing estimates of selection than is variation in study size. Our study highlights the value of inspecting selection in relation to sampling effort at the level at which understanding the sources of variation in selection is most important, among populations within species.     

Fast movement of densely aggregated prey increases the strength of anti-apostatic selection by wild birds

'Anti-apostatic' selection occurs when predators preferentially remove rare forms of prey, and has been demonstrated in both static (artificial) prey and moving (natural) prey. We performed 24 experiments at separate sites to test the effect of prey mobility on the strength of anti-apostatic selection by wild passerine birds. The prey were yellow and red Calliphora maggots and were presented in 9: 1 and 1: 9 ratios on a specially designed bird table. The temperature of the maggots, and hence their speed of movement, was adjusted by a combination of the ambient temperature and a candle under the bird table. Selection was anti-apostatic at all three classes of temperature and was strongest at the highest. We conclude that anti-apostatic selection on static prey is enhanced when they are made to move–possibly because the 'confusion effect' caused by the moving prey makes the birds concentrate more strongly on the rarer colours.     

Selection by humans searching for computer- generated prey images: the effect of prey density

We investigated the effect of 'prey' density on frequency-dependent selection by human 'predators'. Eighty subjects were presented with computer-generated populations of two cryptically coloured characters on the screen of a colour monitor. Each subject was given the prey at a single combination of one of two frequencies and one of five densities, and was instructed to delete the prey as fast as possible with a light-pen. The results suggested that the degree of selection was inversely proportional to prey density, but there was no evidence that any frequency-dependent component of selection was affected.     

Antler size and fluctuating asymmetry in red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags and probability of becoming a harem holder in rut

Red deer hinds play a significant role in selecting stags for mating. We tested the hypotheses that in red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) the probability of becoming a harem holder (and hence achieving reproductive success) occurs in stags bearing larger, branched antlers and showing low fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Eleven antler characteristics were measured; absolute and relative FA were calculated on 51 cast antler sets from 19 individually recognized stags. Probability of becoming a harem holder (PBHH) was originally analysed separately, i.e. for antler size and FA of each antler characteristic and calculated factors for both antler size and FA. If analysed separately, large antler size and low relative but high absolute FA increased PBHH. When we combined antler size and FA of antler characteristics in one model using antler size and FA factors, however, PBHH and achieving reproductive success were mainly dependent on increasing antler size and enhanced antler branching rather than on FA. We conclude that in contrast to antler size, FA is unlikely to play any significant role in sexual selection as an indicator of individual quality.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 87 , 59–68.