转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米中Bt蛋白的时空表达及抗性评价

【目的】探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和G10evo-epsps基因玉米双抗505-12-5中外源Bt蛋白时空表达规律,对3种主要鳞翅目害虫亚洲玉米螟、黏虫和棉铃虫的抗性进行鉴定,为转基因玉米双抗505-12-5的商业化推广提供科学的数据支撑。【方法】Bt蛋白时空表达规律采用酶联免疫法(ELISA),田间抗虫性和室内抗虫性鉴定分别采用田间人工接虫和离体组织生测方法。【结果】在玉米6~8叶期,Bt含量表现为根心叶茎,分别为517.3、453.8和312.8 ng·g~(-1);大喇叭口期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为353.3、281.3和232.9 ng·g~(-1);吐丝期,Bt含量表现为心叶根茎,分别为188.9、114.1和53.6 ng·g~(-1);乳熟期,根、茎和心叶含量相当,分别为178.0、160.3和185.4 ng·g~(-1);繁殖器官中Bt蛋白含量表现为籽粒花丝花粉雄穗,分别为181.3、100.1、95.0和79.8 ng·g~(-1)。室内抗虫性鉴定表明,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5心叶饲喂黏虫24 h,幼虫死亡率低,但48 h后达98.21%;双抗505-12-5心叶、花丝和籽粒饲喂玉米螟,24 h幼虫死亡率分别为87.37%、100%、100%;双抗505-12-5花丝饲喂棉铃虫,24 h幼虫死亡率达80.18%,48 h死亡率为92.45%。田间鉴定结果显示,转基因玉米双抗505-12-5在心叶期和雌穗期对玉米螟、心叶期对黏虫、雌穗期对棉铃虫的抗性均达高抗水平。【结论】转基因玉米双抗505-12-5各器官在不同生育期中均能表达Bt蛋白,尤其在鳞翅目害虫为害的主要时期6~8叶期和吐丝期及乳熟期,易受害器官中Bt蛋白表达量较高。转基因玉米双抗505-12-5田间及室内对3种鳞翅目害虫均表现了显著的抗性效果,具有推广应用的潜力。     

Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓生长发育和生殖的影响

Bt蛋白能通过转Bt基因作物的秸秆还田进入土壤,进而可能会对土壤动物如蚯蚓的生长发育和生殖造成影响.为评估Bt水稻对赤子爱胜蚓的影响,本文模拟秸秆还田,在土壤中添加2.5%、5%、7.5%和10% Bt水稻(b2B138)及其同源水稻(安丰A)秸秆,分别在饲养赤子爱胜蚓7、15、30、45、60、75和90 d后观测蚯蚓的存活率、相对生长率和生殖情况,以及秸秆土壤混合物和蚯蚓体内的Cry1Ab蛋白含量.结果表明:较高还田量(7.5%和10%)Bt水稻秸秆处理对赤子爱胜蚓存活率有抑制作用;Bt水稻秸秆还田对赤子爱胜蚓的相对生长率没有不利影响;还田量为5%、7.5%和10%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田能促进蚯蚓的生殖.酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结果表明: 在Bt水稻土壤混合物中,蚯蚓体内均能检测到Cry1Ab蛋白,且前者随着时间延长而显著减少.因此,还田量为2.5%和5%时,Bt水稻秸秆还田释放的Cry1Ab蛋白对赤子爱胜蚓的生长发育和生殖没有不利影响.     

常见水稻病虫害胁迫对转cry1C基因抗虫水稻Bt蛋白表达量的影响

【目的】明确转Bt基因抗虫水稻在病虫害胁迫下对Bt蛋白表达量的影响。【方法】以Bt水稻T1C-19(表达Cry1C蛋白)为研究对象,探究褐飞虱、白叶枯病等6种水稻常见病虫害胁迫下其体内Bt蛋白的表达量变化。【结果】褐飞虱取食引起T1C-19水稻叶片中Bt蛋白含量降低,而黑尾叶蝉取食显著降低了T1C-19水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量,白叶枯病侵染导致Bt水稻叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量显著上升。二化螟、水稻普通矮缩病、稻瘟病的胁迫对转基因水稻T1C-19叶片和叶鞘中的Bt蛋白含量均无显著影响。【结论】病虫害胁迫因种类不同对Bt水稻中Bt蛋白表达量的影响有所不同。这将为Bt水稻的抗虫效果评价提供数据基础,同时为Bt水稻病虫害综合治理提供科学依据。     

Adjuvant effects of crystal proteins from a Mexican strain of Bacillus thuringiensis on the mouse humoral response

In this study, we determined the adjuvant effects of the crystal (Cry) proteins, p130, p98, and p64-62, on the immune response of mice to both sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and ovalbumin (OVA). The administration of p130, p98, and p64-62 Cry proteins to Balb/c mice induced a significant (p<0.01) increase in the production of anti-SRBC antibody-secreting cells (ASC). The p64-62 Cry proteins demonstrated the best ability to induce the production of IgA and IgG antibodies to SRBC (p<0.05), and IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to OVA (p<0.05). Additionally, Cry proteins did not produce any side effects associated with their administration to Balb/c mice. We suggest the potential use of the p64-62 Cry proteins as adjuvants for the administration of heterologous antigens.     

利用Cre/loxP系统删除转Bt基因水稻中的选择标记基因

来源于噬菌体P1的Cre/loxP位点特异性重组系统是目前在植物遗传转化中应用较多,较成熟的一个标记基因删除系统。在这个系统中,Cre酶可以特异性的识别和切割位于两个lox位点之间的标记基因,整个系统重组仅需Cre和lox识别位点即可完成而无需其它辅因子的参加。利用农杆菌介导法成功地将cre基因导入供试材料"皖粳97",得到转hpt-cre基因水稻植株;将其与先期转基因育成的携带loxp-hpt-loxp-bt基因的"皖粳97"株系进行田间杂交,通过PCR分析,Cre/loxP重组系统定向删除了潮霉素抗性筛选标记基因。     

The toxicity test and hypothetical model ofBacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa helix4

Development of targeted biological agents against agricultural insect pests is of prime importance for the elaboration and implementation of integrated pest management strategies that are environment-friendly, respectful of bio-diversity and safer to human health through reduced use of chemical pesticides. A major goal to understand how Bt toxins work is to elucidate the functions of their three domains. Domains II and III are involved in binding specificity and structural integrity, but the function of Domain I remains poorly understood. Using a Manduca sexta BBMV (brush border membrane vesicles) system, we analyzed its responses to Cry1Aa 15 single-point mutations with altered Domain I helix 4 residues. Light scattering assay showed that toxicity was almost lost in 3 mutants, and we observed significantly reduced toxicity in other 7 mutants. However, 5 mutants retained wild-type toxicity. Using computer software, we simulated the three-dimensional structures of helix 4. Both experimental and bioinformatic analysis showed that residues in Cry1Aa Domain I helix 4 were involved in the formation of ion channels that is critical for its insect toxicity.     

Effect of rice lines transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes on the brown planthopper and its predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis

Five transgenic rice lines, each containing an insecticidal toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) under control of a different promoter, were tested for effects on two non-target insects: the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), and its predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae). Bt toxin was detected by ELISA in the honeydew of N. lugens that fed on rice lines with the CaMV 35S and actin promoters. Nilaparvata lugens produced greater volumes of acidic honeydew (derived from xylem feeding) on all five Bt rice lines than on non-transgenic control lines. The amount of honeydew derived from phloem feeding did not differ between Bt and control lines. There were no differences between N. lugens reared on Bt and control lines in any of the five fitness parameters measured (survival to the adult stage, male and female weight, and male and female developmental time). There were no differences between C. lividipennis reared on N. lugens nymphs from Bt and control lines, in any of the three fitness parameters examined (survival to the adult stage and male and female developmental time). Our results indicate that N. lugens and its natural enemies will be exposed to Bt toxins from rice lines transformed with some Bt gene constructs, but that this exposure might not affect N. lugens and C. lividipennis fitness.     

棉铃虫对Bt生物农药早期抗性及与转Bt基因棉抗虫性的关系

用饲料感染法建立了棉铃虫Helicoverpa rmigera(Hubmer)敏感品系(SUS1)对Bt生物农药的敏感毒力基线和区分剂量,1995年测定了五省六县棉铃虫初孵幼虫对Bt生物农药的敏感性,结果表明：山东阳谷、河北邯郸、河南新乡、安徽萧县及江苏丰县棉铃虫已产生早期抗性,抗性个体百分率为5%～10%,与敏感品系相比,LC₅₀值稍有增加,但斜率b值明显变小;而江苏东台棉铃虫仍属敏感。这是国内外首次诊测到棉铃虫对Bt生物农药抗性。用棉叶喂饲法测定比较了转Bt基因棉花品系对不同种群棉铃虫的抗虫性效果,结果表明：用早期抗性的阳谷和新乡棉铃虫初孵幼虫接虫5d后平均死亡率较敏感品系下降16%～29%,说明棉铃虫对Bt农药与转Bt生物基因棉花品系间存在交互抗性。还讨论了Bt农药的抗性治理对策。     

Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah对玉米蚜的效应评价

[目的] 探讨转基因玉米表达的3种Bt蛋白对非靶标害虫玉米蚜的影响效应,为农田生态系统中转基因玉米的环境安全评价提供依据。[方法] 在玉米蚜全纯人工饲料中分别添加Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah饲养玉米蚜,并以PBS缓冲液或Na₂CO₃溶液为阴性对照,添加酪蛋白（casein,CS）为中性对照,添加印楝素（neem oil）为阳性对照,比较分析Bt蛋白等各处理对玉米蚜存活率、发育历期、有翅蚜率及繁殖力的影响。[结果] 低浓度印楝素（Neem-L）处理后玉米蚜半数个体生存时间（ST₅₀）为3.2~4.0 d,高浓度印楝素（Neem-H）处理后,玉米蚜在第4天全部死亡,这2个处理均没有子代若蚜产生。添加Bt蛋白和CS对玉米蚜的生存时间没有显著影响,ST₅₀在8.3~9.6 d之间。与阴性对照相比,3个Bt蛋白和CS处理的若蚜期显著短1.0~2.9 d,产出的下一代若蚜数显著增多。Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab以及CS处理后,有翅蚜比例显著高于其阴性对照。[结论] 饲料中分别添加3种Bt蛋白Vip3Aa19、Cry1Ab和Cry1Ah对玉米蚜的存活率没有显著影响,但具有与添加CS等同提高饲料营养质量的效果;与阴性对照相比,添加3种Bt蛋白对玉米蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有显著的促进效应。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

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Bt对小地老虎呼吸作用的影响

利用红外CO2分析仪测定小地老虎幼虫呼吸节律的变化结果显示:小地老虎幼虫呼吸节律属于不规则波动型,取食含Bt烟叶的幼虫呼出的CO2量显著低于对照组,且呼吸节律的波动性也明显增大,说明小地老虎幼虫取食Bt后,呼吸代谢受到一定干扰,出现呼吸水平降低及代谢紊乱现象.     

蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt-toxin C肽融合蛋白(BGT)基因的原核表达与蛋白质纯化

从质粒pCAMBIA2301-BGT中获得蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt-toxin C肽融合蛋白(BGT)基因编码区全长,并构建了原核表达载体pET28a-BGT。将此质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,获得有效表达,新蛋白的分子量约为51 kDa,主要以包涵体形式存在。在变性条件下以不同的咪唑和pH值洗脱方式进行比较,确定以咪唑为金属鳌合亲和柱层析的洗脱条件,获得了纯BGT蛋白。     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

光增白剂M2R对草地螟中肠围食膜的影响及对Bt毒力的增效作用

以光增白剂M2R作为影响因子,探讨其对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis幼虫围食膜（peritrophic membrane, PM）的作用机理。通过环境扫描电镜观察和生化测定研究了光增白剂对草地螟幼虫围食膜结构和蛋白质种类的影响,及其对Bt毒力的增效作用。结果表明：围食膜含有多种蛋白质,经SDS-PAGE测定至少有19条带,分子量在94 kD以下,虫取食光增白剂可影响围食膜中几丁质结合蛋白（chitin binding proteins,CBPs）的含量。不同浓度的光增白剂可以对草地螟围食膜的形态结构产生明显的影响,正常的围食膜表面光滑致密、无孔洞和缝隙,增白剂处理的围食膜产生了孔缝。生测实验表明,添加光增白剂后能够显著缩短Bt的杀虫时间 降低Bt的使用浓度。可见,光增白剂可对草地螟围食膜产生损伤,进而提高了Bt的防治效果。     

转基因抗虫棉生物安全评价研究进展

概述了转基因抗虫棉的推广应用现状,并从基因漂移,靶标害虫对转基因抗虫棉的抗性及治理对策、对非靶标昆虫的影响、对土壤生态系统的影响及其产品的食品安全性评价几个方面对近年来国内外对转基因抗虫棉的生物安全性研究做了综述。     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

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昆虫对Bt抗性的适合度代价及其与抗性治理策略的关系

由于昆虫对Bt毒素抗性的发展,不利于Bt制剂和Bl转基因作物的长期有效使用.但是昆虫对Bt抗性的产生常伴有适合度代价,这种代价能够延缓或阻碍抗性等位基因的发展.许多研究已经证明,有分属鳞翅目、鞘翅目以及双翅目的昆虫Bt抗性品系存在适合度代价.适合度代价往往会受生态因素的影响.而且,昆虫适合度代价的产生与其抗性机制密切相关.庇护所策略延缓抗性发展的能力不仅与敏感种群与抗性种群能否自由交配有关,还与适合度代价的大小及抗性基因的显隐性等因素有关.适合度代价的研究对探讨抗性发展规律以及完善抗性治理策略是非常重要的.本文从适合度代价与抗性发展、抗性机制和抗性治理的关系等方面的进行综述,为发展Bt抗性治理策略提供参考依据.