Control of development and valepotriate production by auxins in micropropagated Valeriana glechomifolia

Valeriana glechomifolia is a plant species endemic to southern Brazil that accumulates valepotriates, which are terpene derivatives, in all of its organs. Valepotriates are the presumed sedative generic components of the pharmaceutically used species of Valeriana. The influence of various concentrations of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and -naphthaleneacetic acid on the growth of micropropagated V. glechomifolia was investigated under conditions of transient and continuous exposure. Changes in the development of roots and shoots as well as the production of the valepotriates acevaltrate, valtrate and didrovaltrate (analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography) were evaluated. The best performance in valepotriate production, growth and survival under ex vitro conditions following plant acclimatization was achieved in the continuous presence of 5.71 M IAA. When cultured in medium containing IAA plants produced stable levels of valepotriates throughout the entire cultivation period.Abbreviations ACE Acevaltrate - IAA Indole-3-acetic acid - IBA Indole-3-butyric acid - DW Dry weight - DID Didrovaltrate - NAA -Naphthaleneacetic acid - PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone - VAL Valtrate     

Valepotriates accumulation in callus, suspended cells and untransformed root cultures of Valeriana glechomifolia

Summary Valeriana glechomifolia is an endemic species of southern Brazil, capable of accumulating, in all of its organs, the terpene derivatives known as valepotriates, the presumed sedative components of the roots of pharmaceutically used species of Valeriana. In vitro cultures of the plant were established and the accumulation of acevaltrate, didrovaltrate, and valtrate in callus, cell suspension, and untransformed root cultures was studied. Leaves of in natura plants and roots of micropropagated plantlets were used as the explants for callus induction and root culture establishment, respectively, on Gamborg B5 basal medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or with kinetin (KIN). Culture growth and secondary metabolite yields were enhanced with 2,4-D (4.52μM) and KIN (0.93μM). Maximum valepotriate contents, quantified by HPLC, of acevaltrate (ACE) 2.6mg g⁻¹ DW, valtrate (VAL) 10.2mgg⁻¹ DW, and didrovaltrate (DID) 2.9mg g⁻¹ DW were observed in root cultures after 7–8wk of culture.     

Improved nutrient medium for biomass and valepotriate production in extended period stock cultures of Valeriana glechomifolia

Valeriana glechomifolia, a southern Brazilian endemic species commonly known as Valerian, accumulates the bioactive terpene derivatives valepotriates in all of its organs. In vitro growth of V. glechomifolia on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) without phytohormones at full, 75% (MS 75), or on a modified formulation (M Δ) was compared in stock cultures kept for up to 9 mo. without subculture. Changes in biomass accumulation, development of roots and shoots, and the production of the valepotriates acevaltrate, didrovaltrate, and valtrate were monthly evaluated. The highest biomass accumulation and root development was observed in plants grown on M Δ, whereas better leaf development was detected in M-Δ- and MS-medium-grown plants after 8 and 9 mo. of culture, respectively. Maximal didrovaltrate and valtrate yields were observed in M-Δ-grown plants harvested after 5 and 6 mo. of culture, respectively, whereas acevaltrate concentration was highest on M-Δ- and MS-75-grown plants after 7 mo. of culture. Plants grown for 6 mo. without subculture in M Δ were successfully propagated, showing stable growth and valepotriate yields three- to sixfold higher that those observed in field-grown plants. The results showed a positive effect of combined moderate reduction in salt concentration and increases in selected micronutrients and myo-inositol amounts on both growth and valepotriate yields of extended period stock cultures of V. glechomifolia.     

Role of Light and Medium Composition on Growth and Valepotriate Contents in Valeriana glechomifolia Whole Plant Liquid Cultures

A system for growing in liquid medium whole plants of Valeriana glechomifolia, endemic to southern Brazil and capable of accumulating bioactive valepotriates, is described. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg B5 (B5) media (1.0×, 0.3× and 0.1× strength) without phytohormones were evaluated after four weeks of culture in relation to growth and valepotriate yield. Plants grown in 1.0× MS displayed greatest growth and valepotriate yields and the study of the light condition showed that plants grown under light and dark had similar weight increase and maximum valepotriate yield, 27.2 mg/g DW and 25.0 mg/g DW, respectively. Valtrate was the most abundant valepotriate, followed by acevaltrate and didrovaltrate.     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Saponins of the Stems and Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

From the stems and leaves of panax ginseng C. A. Meyer cultivatedin Liaoning, China, eleven saponins (L1–L11) were isolaed. Eight of them L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10, L11 were proved to be identical with ginsenosides-Rh1, -Rg3, -Rg2, Rg1, -Re, -Re, -Rb2, -Rb, respectively. The two of saponins L5 and L6 were obtained for the first from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. The structures of these saponins were determined on the basis of the FD-MS, 13C-NMR, and chemical evidences.     

Hans Horst Meyer

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 1 Titelbild.     

Chemical constituents from Valeriana jatamansi

Phytochemical study of Valeriana jatamansi Jones afforded 45 compounds, including twenty-three iridoids (1–23), five sesquiterpenes (24–28), three steroids (29–31) and fourteen lignins (32–45). The structures of these compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and comparisons with the published data. This is the first report of isolation of compounds (1–6, 10, 21, 25, 41, 43, 44, 45) from Valerianaceae, compounds (13, 27, 39) within the genus Valeriana and compound 30 from V. jatamans. The chemotaxonomic data can support the genus Valeriana being accepted as a member of transitional taxa between the family Valerianaceae and Caprifoliaceae.     

In vitro propagation of Valeriana jatamansi

Valeriana jatamansi Jones is an important medicinal plant. This wild herb is being exploited for its roots and rhizomes which contain valepotriates, which are highly effective against leprosy. The aim of this study was to establish a practical method for rapid and large-scale multiplication of V. jatamansi by induction of shoot proliferation from shoot buds. The sterilized explants were established on solid medium supplemented with benzyl adenine alone or in combination with indole-acetic acid or naphthalene acetic acid. The buds cultured on nutrient medium supplemented with BA and IAA or NAA formed shoots, which after 3-4 weeks produced roots on the same medium. One hundred per cent survival was obtained on hardening and field establishment of well rooted shoots. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Essential oil constituents of Valeriana italica and Valeriana tuberosa. Stereochemical and conformational study of 15-acetoxyvaleranone

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of roots, stems with leaves and inflorescences of Valeriana italica Lam. and Valeriana tuberosa L. were studied by GC/MS. Seventy-three and forty-one constituents were identified from each plant, respectively. The major constituent of the oil obtained from the roots of V. italica was isolated and identified as 15-acetoxyvaleranone. Its stereochemistry and conformation has been studied using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The oils obtained from V. tuberosa completely lacked the characteristic valerane or kessane sesquiterpenes.     

蜘蛛香的研究进展

本文介绍了国内外对中药蜘蛛香的生药学、化学成分、药理活性、组织培养、活性成分含量测定等的研究概况。蜘蛛香的化学成分有挥发油成分、环烯醚萜成分 (包括其酯和甙 )及其他一些成分。药理活性包括镇静催眠、抗菌、抗病毒、细胞毒、抗肿瘤和对循环系统的作用。活性成分含量测定包括挥发油 ,缬草素类成分 ,β -谷甾醇及总酸的测定。     

Characterization of chlorinated valepotriates from Valeriana jatamansi

HPLC–PDA–MS and TLC analysis were used to look for minor cytotoxic chlorinated valepotriates from whole plants of Valeriana jatamansi (syn. Valeriana wallichii DC.). This resulted in isolation of 15 chlorinated valepotriates, designated as chlorovaltrates A-O, together with six known analogues, (1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1,5-dihydroxyvalechlorine, volvaltrate B, chlorovaltrate, rupesin B, (1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine, and (1R,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR experiments. Chlorovaltrates K-N, chlorovaltrate and rupesin B showed moderate cytotoxicity against lung adenocarcinoma (A 549), metastatic prostate cancer (PC-3M), colon cancer (HCT-8) and hepatoma (Bel 7402) cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 0.89–9.76 μM.     

缬草与蜘蛛香挥发油的抗菌抗氧化活性研究

通过对缬草和蜘蛛香挥发油抗菌抗氧化活性的研究,为开发天然高效的抗菌抗氧化药物提供新的选择。采用纸片扩散法和试管稀释法对缬草和蜘蛛香挥发油进行抑菌圈大小及最小抑菌浓度的测定;用DPPH法对其抗氧化能力进行研究。结果表明:缬草和蜘蛛香挥发油均具有一定的抗菌作用,细菌试验中对金黄色葡萄球菌的作用最强,二者对其最小抑菌浓度分别为3.125 mg/mL和6.25 mg/mL;对真菌的抑制作用相对较弱,其中蜘蛛香挥发油作用强于缬草挥发油。两者挥发油不同浓度对DPPH自由基有较好的清除能力,实验浓度范围内,最高清除率分别达65.35%和71.75%,均强于阳性对照品BHT。     

缬草的开发利用价值与栽培技术

本文对缬草的形态特征、分布区域、生物及生态学特性、化学成分 ,特别是对其开发利用价值及栽培技术等方面进行了初步探究     

Chemical constituents isolated from Valeriana officinalis L

Phytochemical investigations on the leaves of Valeriana officinalis L. led to the isolation of 18 compounds, including eight lignans (1–8), three sesquiterpenoids (9–11), five iridoids (12–16), and two aldehydes (17–18) The structure elucidation of isolated compounds was achieved on the basis of NMR and mass spectral data. Among them, three compounds (9–16, 18) are reported from V. officinalis for the first time and one compound (5) was isolated from the genus Valeriana for the first time. In addition, six compounds (2, 4, 6–8, 17) are isolated for the first time from Valerianaceae family. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds has also been discussed.     

Isodidrovaltratum,ein neues valepotriat aus Valeriana vaginata

The isolation and structural elucidation of a new valepotriate, isodidrovaltrate, from Valeriana vaginata is reported.