黑衣壮族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

为探讨我国黑衣壮族成人的体型特征,本文采用Heath Carter人体测量法对广西壮族自治区百色市那坡县城厢乡331例(男165,女166)20—60岁的黑衣壮族成人进行了体型评定。结果表明:(1)黑衣壮族成人男女的平均体型值分别为1 58-5 19-2 69和2 99-4 43-1 79,黑衣壮族成人男女分别属偏外胚层的中胚层体型和偏内胚层的中胚层体型;(2)黑衣壮族成人男女间SAD值为1 85,T为16 04,男女间的体型有显著性差异(P<0 001);(3)与国内八个少数民族群体相比,黑衣壮族男性内因子值最小,中因子值最高,男、女性其它因子值居中。     

柯尔克孜族成人的体型

探讨新疆柯尔克孜族成人体型特点及其规律,并分析该族群在不同地区(南、北疆)体型的差异性。应用人体测量法,在知情同意原则的基础上,2017年7月至2018年8月,随机抽取新疆南疆和北疆地区柯尔克孜族成人作为调查对象,共计1270名(男551名,女719名)。按年龄、性别、地区分组,对所有调查对象的身高、体质量等10项指标进行了测量,并应用Heath-Carter体型评价法进行体型判定。研究发现,南疆地区柯尔克孜族成人体型具有性别间的差异;南、北疆柯尔克孜族成人体型存在地区间的差异;从体型上看柯尔克孜族与汉族较相似。     

运用体型方法研究中国学生 (山西) 的体格发育

采用体型方法研究人体体格特征,并与遗传、生理、运动、健康状况、营养方式等相结合,具有一定的意义。本文运用Heath-Carter人体测量体型方法研究中国学生的体型,通过对山西地区485名普通大中专男女学生及130名体育系男女学生的10个人体测量项目的体型分析,结果表明：男女学生的体型存在显著性差异;16—22岁体型发生一定的变化,且男女变化规律不同;坚持体育锻炼的体育系学生的体型与普通系学生的体型存在显著性差异,体育锻炼对体型的影响有性别之分;中国学生与国外学生比较,体型存在差异,男性表现比较明显。     

江西赣州城市成年客家人体型及其年龄变化

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对江西城市客家人304例(男154例,女150例)进行了体型评定。结果显示:1)江西城市客家人男性平均体型值为4.0-4.6-2.0,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性平均体型值为5.0-4.2-1.9,属于偏中胚层的内胚层体型。2)男女均以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。3)60岁前男女体型存在显著性差异。60岁后男女体型没有差异。4)与国内其他城市汉族比较,城市客家人男性平均体型点与内蒙古汉族最近,女性与云南汉族最为接近。客家人男女体型较其他城市汉族纤瘦,身体的线性度较高。     

侗族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

为探讨我国侗族成人的体型特征,本文采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对广西壮族自治区三江侗族自治县林溪乡515例（男254,女261）20—60岁的土著侗族成人进行了体型评定。结果表明：1）侗族成人男女的平均体型值分别为2.2—4.5—2.4和4.3—4.2—1.5,侗族成人男女分别属均衡的中胚层体型和内胚层—中胚层均衡体型;2）侗族成人男女间SAD值为2.33,T为11.9,男女间的体型有非常显著性差异（P<0.001) ;3) 与国内 、外资料相比, 侗族男女的内、中因子值和男性外因子值居中, 女性外因子值最低。     

贵州革家人的体型

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对家人成人311例(男159例,女152例)进行了体型研究。研究发现,家人男性的体型平均数为3.4-4.8-2.1,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性体型均数为4.9-4.7-1.3,属于内胚层-中胚层均衡型。家人性别间5个年龄组体型差异均具有统计学意义。随年龄增长,男性内因子值趋于变小,而且年龄组间内因子值具有明显差异。男性中因子、外因子与年龄均不相关,年龄组间中因子、外因子值的差异亦无统计学意义。女性内因子与年龄呈负相关,中因子、外因子与年龄均不具有相关(P>0.05)。内因子、中因子、外因子值在不同年龄组间的的差异具有统计学意义。家人男性与云南汉族、布依族、客家人、僜人、广西汉族体型接近,家人女性与客家人、怒族、僜人、侗族体型最为接近。在中国南方族群中,家人身体脂肪含量较多,骨骼、肌肉含量中等,身体相对粗壮些。家人与生活在南方的汉族族群体型相对接近。     

山东汉族成人的Heath-Carter法体型研究

应用HeathCarter人体测量法对1001名（男502名,女499名）年龄在20—88岁间的山东省青州和临朐两县市的城乡汉族（以下简称山东汉族）进行了体型评定。结果是：（1）山东汉族男性的平均体型值为44—48—17（城4.6—4.7—1.5,乡4.2—4.8—1.8）,属内胚层-中胚层均衡型体型;各年龄组中以内胚层-中胚层均衡体型、偏内胚层的中胚层体型及偏中胚层的内胚层体型为主。女性的平均体型值为5.7—4.2—1.4（城5.8—4.2—1.3,乡5.6—4.2—1.4）,属偏中胚层的内胚层体型;各年龄组中以偏中胚层的内胚层体型及内胚层-中胚层均衡体型为主。（2）随着年龄的增长,男（20—44岁）女（20—54岁）性内、中因子值上升,外因子值下降。城乡男女以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。（3）汉族成年人体型存在显著性性别差异,但无城乡差异。（4）山东汉族男性与蒙古族及加拿大样本人群的平均体型相类似;女性平均体型介于鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、达斡尔族和蒙古族样本人群的平均体型之间。     

Similarity of Anthropometric Coefficients of Variation in Both Genders

Data on 455 female and 464 male subjects from the World Aquatic Sports Championships in Perth, Australia, in 1991, were used to demonstrate the similarity of variability of 35 anthropometric items and support the use non-gender-biased proportionality models. This paper is a preliminary report on a study of allometry, dimensionality and human proportionality inspired by Professor Otto Eiben.     

Somatotype of the individuals with lower extremity amputation and its association with cardiovascular risk

Anthropometric somatotyping is one of the methods to describe the shape of the human body, which shows some associations with an individual's health and disease condition, especially with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Individuals with lower extremity amputation (LEA) are known to be more vulnerable to the cardiovascular risk. The objectives of the present study are to report the somatotype of the individuals having lower extremity amputation, to study the possible variation in somatotype between two groups of amputated individuals, and to study the association between cardiovascular disease risk factor and somatotype components among individuals with locomotor disability. 102 adult male individuals with unilateral lower-extremity amputation residing in Calcutta and adjoining areas were investigated. The anthropometric data for somatotyping and data on cardiovascular risk traits (such as body mass index, blood pressure measurements, blood lipids) have been collected. The somatotyping technique of Carter & Heath (1990) has been followed. The result shows high mean values of endomorphy and mesomorphy components and a low mean value of the ectomorphy component among the amputated individuals having cardiovascular risks. The results of both discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis show a significant relationship between somatotype components and CVD risk among the individuals with LEA. The findings of the present study support the findings of similar studies conducted on the normal population. Diagnosis of CVD risk condition through somatotyping can be utilized in prevention/treatment management for the individuals with LEA.     

乌孜别克族成人的体型特点

目的：了解乌孜别克族成人的体型特点。方法：运用HeathCarter体型法对201名（男110,女91）乌孜别克族成人体型进行分析。结果：乌孜别克族男性为偏内胚层的中胚层型体型（3.7—5.1—2.0）,女性为偏中胚层的内胚层型体型（5.9—4.9—1.4）。60岁之前随年龄增长,男女性均呈内、中因子值上升而外因子值下降的趋势,二者体型的性别差异极显著。与其他群体相比,乌孜别克族女性的中因子成分明显占优,男性平均体型则与加拿大人最相似。结论：乌孜别克族成年男女的体格都比较健壮。     

Evidence for higher heritability of somatotype compared to body mass index in female twins

The influence of genetics on human physique and obesity has been addressed by the literature. Evidence for heritability of anthropometric characteristics has been previously described, mainly for the body mass index (BMI). However, few studies have investigated the influence of genetics on the Heath-Carter somatotype. The aim of the present study was to assess the heritability of BMI and somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy) in a group of female monozygotic and dizygotic twins from childhood to early adulthood. A total of 28 females aged from 7 to 19 years old were studied. The group included 5 monozygotic and 9 dizygotic pairs of twins. The heritability was assessed by the twin method (h(2)). The anthropometric measures and somatotype were assessed using standard validated procedures. Significant differences between monozygotic and dizygotic pairs of twins were found for height, endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy, and the heritability for these measures was high (h(2) between 0.88 and 0.97). No significant differences were found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins for weight, and the BMI and the heritability indexes were lower for these measures (respectively 0.42 and 0.52). The results of the present study have indicated that the somatotype may be more sensible to genetic influences than the BMI in females.     

Father's physique influences mate preferences but not the actual choice of male somatotype in heterosexual women and homosexual men

Body constitution plays an important role in human mate choice. Cross-cultural research reports that women on average prefer men with muscular physique. It is still unclear, however, what mechanisms influence the inter-individual variation in mate preferences and choices of partner's physique. In this study, we tested the mechanisms of an imprinting-like effect (similarity between father and an ideal and actual partner) and of homogamy (similarity between self and an ideal and actual partner) for male physique in heterosexual women and homosexual men. To assess the variation in male physique, we employed somatotype paradigm which characterizes body constitution using three components: endomorphic (heavy-set), mesomorphic (muscular), and ectomorphic (lean). In total, 149 homosexual men and 769 heterosexual women from the Czech Republic indicated the somatotype of their father, ideal and actual partner, and in homosexual men also their own somatotype. In line with previous research, the somatotype most preferred by both men and women was the mesomorphic, followed by the ectomorphic and the endomorphic one. Women's preferences for an ideal partner somatotype weakly correlated with their fathers' somatotype, especially in women who reported a positive relationship with their fathers during childhood. Among homosexual men, we found imprinting-like preferences only for the ectomorphic somatotype component and no significant association with the quality of their relationships with their fathers. We also found no significant relationship between the fathers' and actual partners' somatotype in either heterosexual women or homosexual men. Our research indicates that fathers have a rather weak influence on mate preference for somatotypes and no influence on actual mate choice.     

Constant Proportionality in the Female Segment of a Roosevelt Elk Population

Abstract: Incomplete population counts indicate change in population sizes when constant proportionality holds, a condition that is rarely met. However, researchers have not explored whether constant proportionality holds for a segment of a population. I examined whether the female segment (juv, subadult M, subadult and ad F) of a Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) population displayed constant proportionality. When most food is in particular habitats, females of polygynous species should use that habitat frequently, even when food is limited, because they are more familiar with food distribution and abundance than males. I obtained counts of elk and tallies of naturally marked animals from vehicle surveys of a population inhabiting a landscape where forage was in meadows that were interspersed in closed-canopied forest. I conducted population surveys in January or February and estimated population size with Bowden's mark-resight estimator. Population size estimates declined from 130 in 1997 to 37 in 2006. The proportion of the population counted during surveys was inversely related to population size estimates. Estimated population sizes were inversely related to male (r² = 0.56) but not female sighting probabilities (r² = 0.004), which were ≥0.9. Constant proportionality in counts held for only the female segment of the population. Counts of the female segment of the population can inform managers about changes in this segment of the population over time.     

A comparison of somatotype methods

In order to compare Parnell's and Heath's somatotype methods, the authors independently somatotyped a series of 59 adult male and 61 adult female subjects, (1) using the criteria of Heath's method, (2) using the criteria of Parnell's method, and (3) taking into consideration tentatively adapted Parnell criteria in addition to Heath's criteria. The authors conclude that when use similar rating criteria their mean differences are smaller, their overall correlations are similar, and their percentage agreements to a half-unit are higher (96%) than for comparisons reported by other investigators. The study considers the potentially important relationships of measurements of subcutaneous fat to ratings of the first component. The similarity of distributions of subcutaneous fat measurements and of first component ratings in selected samples suggest important interrelationships among ratings of the first component, height/ weight ratios and subcutaneous fat measurements. The authors feel: (1) that Parnell's method fails to modify the basic weaknesses in Sheldon's somatotype method; and (2) that analyses of the anthropometric data basic to Parnell's method, if guided by the criteria of Heath's method, will further objectify and simplify Heath's method, will improve agreement among independent raters, and will increase the usefulness of somatotyping as a research instrument.     

西藏藏族青少年体型

为了探讨藏族青少年体型发育特征及其规律, 本文应用Heath-Carter体型法对2530名藏族青少年体型进行评价。结果发现, 藏族青少年的平均体型男性为偏中胚层的外胚层型(2.40—3.29—3.72),女性为中间型(3.65—2.87—3.32); 男性的体型以外胚层系体型为主(58.52%), 女性体型以内胚层系(32.62%)和外胚层系为主(35.40%); 随着年龄的增长, 藏族青少年的体型发展有一定的规律, 男性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经偏中胚层的外胚层型又发展回中胚层-外胚层均衡型, 女性由中胚层-外胚层均衡型经历均衡的外胚层型发展为均衡的内胚层型。因此, 本文认为,藏族男性青少年身体的线性程度高、外形上比较瘦削、肌肉较发达; 藏族女性青少年较男性身体的脂肪含量多、线性程度相对较高。     

蒙古族体型的Heath—Carter人体测量法研究

本文运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｌｅｒ人体测量体型法,研究了内蒙古科左后旗４８０例蒙古族人的体型。研究结果表明：（１）蒙古族平均体型男性为内胚－中胚均衡型,女性为偏中胚型的内胚型;（２）男女间体型存在差极显著性差异;（３）随着年龄的增长,蒙古族男女体型均呈内胚型值增大,外胚型值减小的变化。女性３５岁以后体型变化显著;（４）与其它群体相比,蒙古族人内胚型值较高,男性中胚型值偏低、女性外胚型值偏低。     

Characterization of a new human diploid cell line—IMR-91

Summary A human diploid fibroblast cell line has been established from the lung tissue of a male fetus. This has been characterized and frozen away in large quantity. A smaller quantity of fibroblastlike cells from skin has also been established, partially characterized, and placed in frozen storage from the same fetus. This project is in support of the National Institute on Aging research in general cell biology. The present lines designated IMR-91 lung and IMR-91 skin complement the previous human diploid fibroblast culture (IMR-90) established from a female fetus. The lack of random inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in the present male line reduces the genetic heterogeneity inherent in the female line.     

中国蒙古族体型特征

采用Heath-Carter体型法研究了中国蒙古族14个族群4810例（男性2117例,女性2693例）的体型。蒙古族内因子、中因子与年龄呈显著正相关,外因子与年龄呈显著负相关,即随年龄增长,身体线性度变小,体型趋于圆粗。蒙古族男性、女性体型都集中于偏内胚层的中胚层体型、内胚层-中胚层均衡体型、偏中胚层的内胚层体型。随着年龄增长,这3种体型的出现率均与年龄呈显著正相关,即蒙古族体型有向这3种体型集中的趋势。和汉族人相比,蒙古族身体更粗壮。主成分分析结果显示,东北三省蒙古族身体线性度小,体脂发达,骨骼和肌肉量较少。在体型图上北方蒙古族的点分布密集,说明北方蒙古族彼此体型比较接近,而南方的云南蒙古族由于内因子值小、外因子大,位点与北方蒙古族相距较远。在已经开展Heath-Carter体型法研究的中国族群中,蒙古族是体脂最为发达、身体线性度很小的民族。     

An attempted within-group infanticide in wild chimpanzees

Two high-ranking adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of M group in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, tried to get a newborn female infant of an adult female who was born in M group. The mother was not seen to mate with these adult males during the probable conception cycle of the infant, but she disappeared from the group during the later cycle, when she may have been inseminated by a male of one of the neighboring unit groups. The adult males failed to get the infant because the grandmother of the newborn and her female friend cooperated to protect the mother and infant from attacks by the males. The sexual selection hypothesis for infanticide by adult male chimpanzees holds for this observed case. The sudden disappearance of another infant, a healthy female, strongly suggests the killing of female infants too. Therefore, the asserted male-biased infanticide in chimpanzees appears to be less tenable.