一个新型耐热普鲁兰酶的结构与功能

新型普鲁兰酶的研究对于普鲁兰酶制剂的国产化、打破国外垄断具有非常重要的意义。从我国云南腾冲地区轮马热泉的淤泥中分离获得了一株耐热普鲁兰酶产生菌LM 18-11,经16S rDNA序列系统进化树分析,确定该菌为厌氧芽胞杆菌Anoxybacillus属种,并从中克隆获得了耐热普鲁兰酶的编码基因,该酶在55℃-60℃、pH 5.6-6.4的范围内具有最大的反应活性。此外,该酶具有较好的热稳定性,在60℃下处理48 h,仍可保持50%以上的活力;动力学分析该酶的Vmax和Km分别为750 U/mg和1.47 mg/mL,是目前文献报道中比活力最高的耐热普鲁兰酶。同时还对该酶进行了晶体结构分析,结果显示该酶具有?-淀粉酶家族中典型的结构,在N端具有一个特殊的底物结合域,该结构域的缺失导致比活力和底物结合力都有相应降低,Vmax和Km分别为324 U/mg和1.95 mg/mL。同时,将该普鲁兰酶编码基因导入枯草芽胞杆菌中,在P43启动子的控制下,普鲁兰酶基因获得了高效表达,胞外酶活可达42 U/mL,相比初始菌种,表达活力提高40倍以上。研究表明该普鲁兰酶具有很好的应用前景。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌M5al普鲁兰酶的异源表达及酶学性质研究

普鲁兰酶(EC 3.2.1.41)是一类淀粉脱支酶,能够特异性水解淀粉中的α-1,6-糖苷键,从而提高淀粉的利用率,在以淀粉为原料的食品、纺织、生物燃料和洗涤剂等行业中具有重要的应用价值。本研究以产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca M5al基因组DNA为模板,将PCR扩增得到的普鲁兰酶基因pul A克隆至表达载体p ET28a(+),构建好的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),在培养基中添加0.5 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)的条件下对该酶基因进行诱导表达,经镍柱纯化获得重组普鲁兰酶用于酶学性质研究。SDS-PAGE及Western Blot检测显示普鲁兰酶基因pul A在上述大肠杆菌宿主中成功获得了表达。该重组酶最适反应p H5.5,最适温度60℃。金属离子对酶活性有一定影响。Mn2+对酶活促进作用显著;Fe3+、Mg2+、Fe2+对酶活只有微弱的促进作用,而Cu2+对酶活造成强烈抑制。来源于Klebsiella oxytoca M5al的普鲁兰酶最适催化条件符合工业生产中淀粉糖化工艺的要求,具有应用于淀粉工业的潜力。     

嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacilluskaustophilus)DY115普鲁兰酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质

采用基因工程方法对嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115的普鲁兰酶基因pulA在大肠杆菌中进行了克隆表达。该基因ORF全长为2 157bp,编码718个氨基酸。重组PulA在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中能够有效表达,经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析获得纯化的重组PulA蛋白。PulA最适作用温度为70℃,最适pH为8.0,在65℃和碱性条件下具有良好的热稳定性;K+和Mn2+对PulA活性有明显促进作用,Cu2+和Zn2+则强烈抑制PulA活性;PulA对普鲁兰糖水解能力最强,且其水解支链淀粉和糯米淀粉的能力明显高于直链淀粉;PulA可水解普鲁兰糖的α-(1,6)糖苷键生成麦芽三糖,属于I型普鲁兰酶。这是首次对来源于地芽胞杆菌属(Geobacillus)的高温碱性普鲁兰酶进行报道,由于PulA具有较好的水解淀粉支链的能力,因此其在淀粉加工业以及洗涤业上应用前景良好。     

嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115普鲁兰酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质

采用基因工程方法对嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115的普鲁兰酶基因pulA在大肠杆菌中进行了克隆表达。该基因ORF全长为2 157bp,编码718个氨基酸。重组PulA在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中能够有效表达,经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析获得纯化的重组PulA蛋白。PulA最适作用温度为70℃,最适pH为8.0,在65℃和碱性条件下具有良好的热稳定性;K~+和Mn~(2+)对PulA活性有明显促进作用,Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)则强烈抑制PulA活性;PulA对普鲁兰糖水解能力最强,且其水解支链淀粉和糯米淀粉的能力明显高于直链淀粉;PulA可水解普鲁兰糖的α-(1,6)糖苷键生成麦芽三糖,属于I型普鲁兰酶。这是首次对来源于地芽胞杆菌属(Geobacillus)的高温碱性普鲁兰酶进行报道,由于PulA具有较好的水解淀粉支链的能力,因此其在淀粉加工业以及洗涤业上应用前景良好。     

N端截短对嗜酸普鲁兰芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶酶学特性及功能的影响

采用N端截短方式对嗜酸普鲁兰芽孢杆菌Bacillus acidopullulyticus普鲁兰酶进行分子精简,构建不同形式的N端截短突变体,考察截短突变对表达水平、酶学特性及实用性能的影响。研究结果表明:缺失X45后,目标蛋白几乎全部以不溶形式的包涵体形式存在;缺失CBM41可引起可溶性表达量的大幅提升。缺失CBM41(M1)、X25(M3)、亦或两结构域同时缺失(M5)的变体最适温度(60℃)和最适p H(5.0)与野生型相同。突变体M1和M5的Km值分别提高至野生型的2.4倍和3.1倍,kcat/Km测定结果显示M5催化效率下降明显。突变体M1、M3和M5对分子量较大底物的水解效率略有下降,但对小分子底物的水解效率影响不明显。野生型及突变体M1、M3和M5与糖化酶复配使用时,糖化值(DE)分别为93.6%、94.7%、94.5%和93.1%。上述结果表明,切除CBM41和/或X25结构域的普鲁兰酶变体不影响其在淀粉糖化过程中的应用,且由于分子量减小更易于异源表达,截短突变体可能更适合于工业化生产。     

产普鲁兰酶重组大肠杆菌质粒稳定性的研究

通过对产普鲁兰酶的重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/p ET28a-s-pul菌株在发酵过程中质粒稳定性和普鲁兰酶生成量的考察,发现不同宿主对质粒稳定性及酶活性有重要影响。本文利用E.coli BL21(DE3)p Lys S菌株为宿主,构建重组菌E.coli BL21(DE3)p Lys S/p ET28a-s-pul,通过控制外源蛋白的本底表达,提高了重组菌株的质粒稳定性。优化发酵培养基和发酵条件以后,重组菌产普鲁兰酶能力由480 U/m L提高至627 U/m L,增幅为30.6%。研究结果认为,严格控制外源蛋白的本底表达,是改善重组菌稳定性的重要方法之一。     

耐酸耐热普鲁兰酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件的研究

从土壤中分离出一株产普鲁兰酶的菌株 ,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌 ,通过紫外及 EMS多次诱变及筛选 ,酶活从 1.6 u/ m L提高到 5.4 u/ m L。在此基础上对产酶条件进行了优化 ,酶活有了较大提高 ,最高产酶水平达 8.8u/ m L。初步研究了酶的性质 ,酶反应的最适温度和 p H分别为 75℃和 4 .6 ,在 55℃反应条件下 ,酶在p H4 .0～ 8.0范围内活性稳定。     

长野芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶的同源建模及三维结构分析

普鲁兰酶(Pullulanase)是脱支酶,因其能水解葡聚糖的α-1,6-糖苷键而有不同的工业应用潜力。本研究通过同源建模和分子对接的方法对长野芽孢杆菌(Bacillus naganoensis)普鲁兰酶进行建模及其三维结构分析,表明该酶由CBM41-X45aX25-X45b-CBM48-GH13_14多结构域组成,酶蛋白中心形成其催化区,催化区的Asp619、Glu648和Asp733三个残基构成酶的催化三联体。同时,通过柔性对接研究了酶与底物分子相互作用的关系,并预测构成酶的活性中心相关氨基酸残基,为进一步改良酶的特性提供重要的理论依据。     

普鲁兰酶的异源表达、结构解析及分子改造研究进展

淀粉是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-葡萄糖苷键和α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键连接而成,不仅是食物的主要成分,也是淀粉深加工工业的基本原料来源。普鲁兰酶能够高效水解淀粉分子中的α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键,与其他的淀粉加工酶复合使用,能够有效提高淀粉的利用率,在淀粉深加工工业中具有“提质增效”的重要作用。本文综述了普鲁兰酶产酶菌株的筛选及编码基因的克隆表达,总结了表达元件及发酵条件优化对普鲁兰酶产酶水平的影响,探讨了普鲁兰酶结构解析及分子改造等方面的研究进展。同时分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期为普鲁兰酶的研究及应用提供参考和启示。     

Covalent immobilization of pullulanase on alginate and study of its hydrolysis of pullulan

The immobilization of pullulanase from Klebsiella pneumoniae by grafting was investigated. Pullulanase was linked after activation of alginate via a covalent bond between the amine groups of the enzyme and the carboxylic acid groups of alginate. The immobilization yield was 60%. The activity of free pullulanase and immobilized pullulanase was followed by the quantification of reducing ends by colorimetric assay and the determination of the molar masses of the hydrolyzed pullulan by SEC/MALS/DRI. Compared to free pullulanase, the kinetics is largely slowed. The evolution of the weight average molar mass of pullulan leading to high production of shorter oligosaccharides during hydrolysis is not the same as that obtained with free enzyme. Immobilized pullulanase retained 75% and 30% of its initial activity after 24 h and 14 days of incubation at 60°C, respectively while free pullulanase lost its activity after 5 h of hydrolysis at the same temperature. The kinetic parameters of immobilized pullulanase were also investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The affinity of immobilized enzyme to its substrate was reduced compared to the free pullulanase due to steric hindrance and chemical links. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:883–889, 2015     

碱性普鲁兰酶产生菌选育和发酵条件的研究

从儿童食品中分离筛选到1株产碱性普鲁兰酶活性较高的菌株,编号为SX－12,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.,研究了SX－12原生质体制备与再生最佳条件,其原生质体经紫外线诱变处理,选育出产碱性普鲁兰酶的高产菌株SX－12C67,酶活由出发菌株的2．42U/mL提高到6．87U／mL,提高了约1．8倍,在此基础上对产酶条件进行了优化,优化后的最佳发酵培养基为：可溶性淀粉3％,蛋白胨1．0％,酵母膏0．5％,K2HPO42％,MgSO4.7H2O0.05%MnCl20.0001%,最适p;H9.5,最适温度40℃,初步研究了酶的部分性质,酶反应的最适pH,温度分别为10．0－10．5和55℃,在55摄氏度反应条件下,酶在pH6.0-11.0的范围内都具有一定的活性,Ca^2 ,Mn^2 ,Mg^2 等离子是酶的激活性,Zn^2 ,Hg^2 等离子是抑制剂。     

Purification and properties of the catalytic domain of the thermostable pullulanase type II from Thermococcus hydrothermalis

A pullulanase type II was produced in Escherichia coli using the relevant gene from Thermococcus hydrothermalis. This protein was purified and its pullulanolytic and amylolytic activities were characterised. The optimum temperature and Ca²⁺ concentration for each activity were identical (105 °C and 0.09 mM), whereas the optimum pH (pH_pullulan 5.75, pH_amylose 5) and the influence of Ca²⁺ ions on the kinetic parameters were different. Further analyses revealed that this enzyme exhibits an endo-processive-like action and specifically cleaves -1,6 bonds in pullulan.     

Functional and structural studies of pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. LM18‐11

Pullulanase is a debranching enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the α‐1,6 glycosidic linkage of α‐glucans, and has wide industrial applications. Here, we report structural and functional studies of a new thermostable pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. LM18‐11 (PulA). Based on the hydrolysis products, PulA was classified as a type I pullulanase. It showed maximum activity at 60°C and pH 6.0. Kinetic study showed that the specific activity and K_m for pullulan of PulA are 750 U mg^?1 and 16.4 μmol L^?1, respectively. PulA has a half‐life of 48 h at 60°C. The remarkable thermostability makes PulA valuable for industrial usage. To further investigate the mechanism of the enzyme, we solved the crystal structures of PulA and its complexes with maltotriose and maltotetraose at 1.75–2.22 Å resolution. The PulA structure comprises four domains (N1, N2, A, and C). A is the catalytic domain, in which three conserved catalytic residues were identified (D413, E442, and D526). Two molecules of oligosaccharides were seen in the catalytic A domain in a parallel binding mode. Interestingly, another two oligosaccharides molecules were found between the N1 domain and the loop between the third β‐strand and the third α‐helix in the A domain. Based on sequence alignment and the ligand binding pattern, the N1 domain is identified as a new type of carbohydrate‐binding motif and classified to the CBM68 family. The structure solved here is the first structure of pullulanase which has carbohydrate bound to the N1 domain. Proteins 2014; 82:1685–1693. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.