吸引人的葡萄科

葡萄科植物有12属约700种,中国有7属100多种。本科的分类和应用都吸引人。 葡萄的知识面 葡萄(Vitis vinifera)是大家习知的檀物,但主要是由于它的果实为著名水果,而对于它的植物形态能认识深入些的却并不多(对一般人而言)。有的人知道是藤本植物,搭架栽培的,结葡萄串……。如果问葡萄的花怎样,怕是说不清了。从植物分类上说认识葡萄最好先弄清葡萄属的特征。对此,还应与接近的属——     

卫矛科沟瓣属一新名称

印度支那植物志中有一个假卫矛属植物名称Microtropis poilanei。据其模式标本来看,该种显然不是假卫矛属Microtropis Wallich植物,而是沟瓣属Glyptopetalum Thwaites一新成员。由于种名Glyptope-talumpoilanei Tardieu已经合法发表,笔者根据其模式标本叶全缘的特点,提出新名称为全缘叶沟瓣Glypto-petalum integrifolium Q.W.Lin,Z.X.Zhang & Q.R.Liu。此外由于Microtro pispoilanei未合格发表,作者补充了新名称的拉丁描述。     

樟科柔毛润楠正确名称的考订

在确认润楠属（Machilus Nees）应作为一独立属后,根据《国际植物命名法规》,恢复柔毛润楠的正确名称应为Machilus villosa（Roxb．）Hook．f．     

中国广义杯伞属真菌名称（英文）

对广义杯伞属(Clitocybe s.l.)分类研究现状的调查结果表明,我国已报道的广义杯伞属共有110个种及种下分类单元,其中72个名称的报道具有标本引证、51个名称为其他分类单元的异名或已组合至其他属中、2个名称为其他属分类单元的笔误。亚白杯伞(Clitocybe subcandicans Z.S.Bi)为国外先发表的C.subcandicans Murrill.的晚出同名。此外,与国外文献的描述相比,国内报道的一些广义杯伞属种类存在明显的形态差异。     

中国野生葡萄葛lei叶绿体DNA质粒文库的构建

限制性内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ水解中国野生葡萄葛ｌｅｉ的叶绿体ＤＮＡ（ｃｐＤＮＡ）,电泳分离为３４条带,最大为１１．７ｋｂ,最小为０．２３ｋｂ,分别为ｐＵＣ和ｐＢＲ３２２质粒克隆所得片段,转化大肠杆菌,并从转化菌中提取质粒ＤＮＡ,经酶切电泳分析证明含有葛ｌｅｉ ｃｐＤＮＡ经ＢａｍＨＩ水解的不同片段,从而构建了葛ｌｅｉ ｃｐＤＮＡ的ＢａｍＨＩ质粒文库。     

羽叶蛇葡萄中的一个新酚甙

从羽叶蛇葡萄(Ampelopsis chaffanjonii(Levl)Rehd.)茎部乙醇提取物中分得的一化合物,经波谱分析确定其结构为一新酚甙,命名为蛇葡萄素。     

葡萄科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对葡萄科Vitaceae11属37种代表植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现该科植物叶表皮细胞形状为无规则形或多边形,垂周壁一般为平直、弓形或浅波状;气孔器通常仅分布在下表皮（火筒树属Leea偶尔可在上表皮观察到）,除无规则型（地锦属Parthenocissus、俞藤属Yua、葡萄属Vitis、蛇葡萄属Ampelopsis和酸蔹藤属Ampelocissus）最为常见外,不等细胞型（火筒树属）、短平列型（白粉藤属Cissus、乌蔹莓属Cayratia和崖爬藤属Tetrastigma）、     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m 2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L 10M2 8M1。     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m+2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L+10M₂+8M₁。     

Chloroplast phylogenomics of the New World grape species (Vitis,Vitaceae)

Vitis L. (the grape genus) is the economically most important fruit crop, as the source of grapes and wine. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus have been highly controversial. Herein, we employ sequence data from whole plastomes to attempt to enhance Vitis phylogenetic resolution. The results support the New World Vitis subgenus Vitis as monophyletic. Within the clade, V. californica is sister to the remaining New World Vitis subgenus Vitis. Furthermore, within subgenus Vitis, a Eurasian clade is robustly supported and is sister to the New World clade. The clade of Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris is sister to the core Asian clade of Vitis. Several widespread species in North America are found to be non‐monophyletic in the plastome tree, for example, the broadly defined Vitis cinerea and V. aestivalis each needs to be split into several species. The non‐monophyly of some species may also be due to common occurrences of hybridizations in North American Vitis. The classification of North American Vitis by Munson into nine series is discussed based on the phylogenetic results. Analyses of divergence times and lineage diversification support a rapid radiation of Vitis in North America beginning in the Neogene.     

葡萄属一新名和一新种

描述了自甘肃南部发现的葡萄属一新种,文县蘡薁Vitis wenxianensis W.T.Wang。此新种与特产浙江的三出蘡薁V.bryoniifolia Bunge var.ternata(W.T.Wang)C.L.Li有很近的亲缘关系,二者可能是由蘡薁V.bryoniifolia Bunge衍生而出的一对姊妹群。基于上述认识,将三出蘡薁由变种提升至种的等级,但由于存在一个于1871年发表的种名V.ternata Baker,因此,必须为三出蘡薁拟定一新名。     

HPLC法测定小叶山葡萄叶中白藜芦醇含量

建立一种高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定小叶山葡萄Vitis thunbergii var.taiwaniana叶中白藜芦醇含量的检测方法。Waters高效液相色谱仪:Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(72:28);流速:1 mL·min^-1;检测波长306 nm。结果表明,在上述色谱条件下,白藜芦醇含量在10~200μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r为0.9999。精密度、重现性、稳定性的RSD(n=5)分别为0.77%、0.41%、0.21%;平均加标回收率为99.92%,相对标准偏差为0.39%。该方法准确、灵敏、可靠,可用于白藜芦醇的定量和定性分析。     

Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae)

The exotic temperate liana (woody vine) Celastrus orbiculatus has become a weed in Michigan, occurring in many of the same habitats as the native liana Vitis riparia. However, C. orbiculatus frequently develops into extensive monospecific infestations, while V. riparia does not. Freezing-induced embolism may be responsible for limiting liana distribution. Root pressure has been observed in numerous tropical lianas and temperate species of Vitis and has been implicated as vital to the recovery of xylem function in wide vessels following winter freezes. For both of these co-occurring lianas we investigated root pressure and water conductance as possible explanatory factors for their differential spread. According to our hypothesis, C. orbiculatus should have produced greater or more frequent root pressures than V. riparia. However, the reverse proved true, indicating that root pressure is not a prerequisite for weedy proliferation of C. orbiculatus. Additionally, the seasonal patterns of specific conductivity of stem xylem indicate that each species responds differently to environmental constraints. Vitis riparia establishes conductivity early in the growing season, before the leaves emerge, using root pressure to reverse embolism, but loses conductivity with the first freeze in early autumn. Celastrus orbiculatus is slow to establish conductivity, depending on new wood production, but leafs out sooner than V. riparia and maintains green leaves after the first freeze. Vulnerability curves of xylem to cavitation caused by water stress for the two species indicate that they respond similarly to dehydration. These results indicate that root pressures are not responsible for the invasive success of C. orbiculatus and suggest that other factors must be key to its prolific invasion.     

Genetic variation and biogeography of the disjunct Vitis subg. Vitis (Vitaceae)

Aim Vitis subg. Vitis provides an example of a plant disjunction occurring in the Northern Hemisphere. It shows broad morphological variation but is assumed to be a species complex with limited genetic differentiation. Based on a comprehensive sampling of taxa and polymorphism in both chloroplast and nuclear DNA, we assessed genetic variation within this subgenus. Our aims were to clarify the relationships among species and to examine their historical biogeography. Location Asia, Europe, North America. Methods We analysed a total of 30 species and putative hybrids from subgenus Vitis and examined the infra‐specific variation in some species. Polymorphism in chloroplast DNA was assessed in trnL and trnH–psbA–trnK sequences (c. 2170 bp) and in 15 microsatellite loci. We also obtained nuclear data for size variation at 24 microsatellite loci. Phylogenetic inference was performed with Bayesian analyses. A maximum parsimony network was constructed to depict the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes, and microsatellite data were also subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis using the Ward distance. In addition, we assessed size homoplasy by sequencing both chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite loci. Results Chloroplast polymorphisms resolved subgenus Vitis as a monophyletic group with limited genetic variation. The ancestral haplotypes were found in Eurasia. American taxa all harboured derived haplotypes. Most of them formed a monophyletic group that did not include Vitis californica. The four main haplotypes in Vitis vinifera corresponded to two different origins. Nuclear microsatellites indicated that genetic variation was especially large in North America. Asian species exhibited a lower level of nuclear divergence and the European V. vinifera corresponded to a differentiated nuclear lineage. Main conclusions We obtained some evidence that subgenus Vitis has an Asian origin and then dispersed to Europe and North America. Geographic separation was followed by diversification, presumably during the Pleistocene, resulting in phylogeographic patterns similar to other biota. In contrast to chloroplast DNA, nuclear DNA shows a larger than expected genetic variation. Our molecular data also highlight the need to re‐examine certain aspects of the current subgeneric classification.     

硬毛猕猴桃（猕猴桃科）名称后选模式的指定

根据对保存于中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆（PE）合模式标本的研究,对硬毛猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. hispida C. F. Liang)的名称作后选模式指定。     

关于尾尖奇蒿(菊科-春黄菊族)合格发表问题的一条简注（英文）

尾尖奇蒿(Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima)(菊科-春黄菊族)1992年发表时未指定模式,故为不合格发表。该名称2011年得以合格发表,故2016年的再次合格发表纯属多余,是有关作者没有仔细查阅文献的结果。该名称的正确引证应为“Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima Y.R.Ling,Bangladesh J.Plant Taxon.18:203.2011”,而非“Artemisia anomala var.acuminatissima Y.R.Ling,Phytotaxa 273:213.2016”。     

长叶毛花忍冬的正确学名

长叶毛花忍冬的正确学名应是LoniceratrichosanthaBur.&Fr～ch.var.deflmqcdyx(Batal.)Hsu＆H.J.Wang.列出了该变种的异名和常见文献.     

白粉藤的木脂素和三萜成分

从白粉藤（Cissus repens Lank）地上部分分离得到5个木脂素和8个三萜,其中一个木脂素是新化合物,它的结构通过波谱分析和碱水解的方法鉴定为：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-（2-对-香豆酰）-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（1）。其余化合物分别是：（＋）-异落叶松树脂醇-9′-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（2）,（＋）-Lyoniside（3）,（—）-开环异落叶松树脂醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（4）,（7′R,8′S）-4′-hydroxy-3′,5-dimethoxy-7,8′-dihydrobenzofuran-1-propanolneolignan-9′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside（5）,木栓酮（6）,表木栓醇（7）,蒲公英赛醇乙酸酯（8）,熊果酸（9）,2α-羟基乌索酸（10）,积雪草酸（11）,Niga-ichigoside F1（12）,羽扇豆醇（13）。这些化合物都是首次从该植物中分离得到。