乌金猪FTO基因的克隆和表达分析

目的:克隆乌金猪脂肪和肥胖相关基因(FTO)编码区序列(CDS),分析其序列组成特征及在乌金猪不同组织中的表达情况。方法:采用反转录PCR方法从乌金猪脂肪组织中克隆FTO基因CDS,利用生物信息学方法分析其序列组成特征;采用实时PCR方法分析乌金猪FTO基因mRNA在不同组织中的表达情况。结果:克隆的FTO基因全长1518 bp(已提交至GenBank数据库,登录号为JQ031263),编码由505个氨基酸残基构成的蛋白,推测的相对分子质量为58.16×103,等电点为5.18;乌金猪与牛、羊、人和大鼠的FTO蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性分别为91%、90%、89%和83%;进化树分析显示,推测的乌金猪FTO蛋白的氨基酸组成与牛、羊的亲缘性较近,其次是人、大鼠;推测的氨基酸组成中无跨膜区,无信号肽,为亲水蛋白;分析发现该蛋白有22个磷酸化修饰位点,包括10个丝氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、7个苏氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、5个酪氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,200、246、302位氨基酸残基有糖基化位点;二级结构预测发现该蛋白共有201个螺旋、33个伸展链和271个卷曲结构;实时PCR检测的组织表达谱表明,FTO基因mRNA在乌金猪肝脏组织中的表达量最高,在脂肪、肾、脾中也有大量表达,在心脏、肌肉中的表达量最少。结论:为深入探讨乌金猪FTO基因的生物学功能奠定了重要基础。     

Phasic Contractions in Urinary Bladder from Juvenile versus Adult Pigs

Aims

Alterations in properties of the bladder with maturation are relevant physiologically and pathophysiologically. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in bladder properties with maturation in juvenile vs. adult pig, focussing on differences between layers of the bladder wall (mucosa vs. detrusor) and the presence and functional contribution of interstitial cells (ICs).

Methods

Basal and cholinergic-induced phasic contractions (PCs) in mucosal and denuded-detrusor strips from juvenile and adult pigs were assessed. Expression of c-kit, a marker of ICs, was investigated in the mucosa and the detrusor layers of the pig bladder. The functional role of ICs in mediating PCs was examined using imatinib.

Results

Mucosal strips from juvenile and adult pig bladders demonstrated basal PCs whilst denuded-detrusor strips did not. PCs of mucosal strips from juvenile pigs were significantly greater than those from adult bladders. Immunoreactivity for c-kit was detected in mucosa and detrusor layers of pig bladder. Histological studies demonstrated a distinct layer of smooth muscle between the urothelium and bladder detrusor, termed the muscularis mucosa. Imatinib was only effective in inhibiting PCs in mucosal strips from juvenile pigs. Imatinib inhibited the carbachol-induced PCs of both juvenile and adult denuded-detrusor strips, although strips from juvenile bladders demonstrated a trend towards being more sensitive to this inhibition.

Conclusions

We confirm the presence of c-kit positive ICs in pig urinary bladder. The enhanced PCs of mucosal strips from juvenile animals could be due to altered properties of ICs or the muscularis mucosa in the bladders of these animals.     

两种家猪心脏组织基因表达谱的分析

选取丹麦成年长白母猪的心脏、肌肉、主动脉、左心室和中国成年二花脸母猪心脏共5种组织,建立相应的cDNA文库,在此基础上测定了35180条表达序列标签。通过比较分析长白猪4种组织的基因表达,找出了长白猪心脏组织中3个显著高表达的功能群和47个显著高表达的基因。长白猪心脏组织在分子伴侣活动、马达活动和生理过程中表达的基因较多,47个显著高表达的基因都是和运动、运动调节、能量及保护有关的基因。两种家猪心脏组织表达差异显著的基因有74个,并且绝大部分是在长白猪心脏中表达更高,显示出长白猪心脏组织生理活动的高效与旺盛。     

藏猪和大约克猪MYL1基因多态性及差异表达分析

为研究猪不同品种的MYL1基因的多态性及mRNA表达差异.本试验以藏猪和大约克猪作为实验动物,采用一代测序技术对藏猪(59头)和大约克猪(58头)MYL1基因起始密码子上游3 kb区域进行多态性检测;利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MYL1基因在背最长肌、背脂、肝脏组织差异表达情况.结果表明:藏猪和大约克猪在起始密码子上...     

Gene Expression in Adult Metafemales of Drosophila Melanogaster

The expression of selected X-linked and autosomal genes was examined in metafemales (3X:2A) compared to diploid sisters. Three enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase) encoded by X-linked genes are not significantly different in the two classes of flies. In contrast, three autosomally encoded enzyme activities (alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase) are reduced in metafemales. Protein and DNA comparisons between metafemales and diploid sisters show a lowered level of total protein whereas the total DNA measurements are similar. Thus, the total cell number in metafemales is basically unchanged but gene expression is reduced. Phenotypic analysis of three autosomal loci, glass (gl), purple (pr) and pink-peach (pp), show that all three have lowered expression in metafemales while the X-linked loci, white-apricot (wa) and Bar (B), are dosage compensated. Quantitative dot blot analysis of messenger RNA levels of the second chromosomal locus, alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and the X chromosomal locus, rudimentary (r), show that Adh has reduced expression and r is partially compensated per total RNA in metafemales. It is proposed that the increased dosage of the X chromosome inversely affects both the X and autosomal gene expression but the simultaneous increased dosage of the structural genes on the X results in dosage compensation. The reduced levels of expression of autosomal genes could contribute to the great inviability of metafemales.     

家蚕保幼激素结合蛋白Bmtol基因的克隆及表达分析

目的:克隆获得家蚕(Bombyx mori)Bmtol基因序列,并对其蛋白结构进行预测,分析其在组织和JHA处理后头部的表达差异,为该基因的功能研究提供参考。方法:以家蚕的全组织c DNA为模板利用RT-PCR技术扩增和克隆获得Bmtol基因c DNA全长序列,并提交至Gen Bank数据库;利用多种生物信息学软件预测分析其编码蛋白的理化特性和结构特征;采用MREGA5.0软件中的邻接法(neighbor-joining,NJ)构建Bm TOL及其它昆虫同源TO的进化树;通过q PCR技术分析Bmtol基因在5龄3天家蚕不同组织的表达情况,及JHA处理5龄蚕后在0 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h家蚕头部的表达情况。结果:克隆获得了家蚕Bmtol基因的c DNA序列(Gen Bank登录号KY681053),Bmtol基因的开放阅读框(ORF)长度为759 bp,编码252个氨基酸,预测其蛋白分子量为27.72k Da,理论等电点为6.16,有信号肽,无跨膜结构,且第25~251位氨基酸之间存在一个保幼激素结合蛋白家族JHBP保守结构域;N端为疏水区域,可能与保幼激素结合蛋白的核心部位有关。亚细胞定位分析表明,Bm TOL属于分泌型蛋白,主要集中在内质网-高尔基体-质膜分泌途径上。Bm TOL蛋白具有3个α螺旋,第34位的Cys和第44位Cys形成一个二硫键链接在α1螺旋和N末端,构成Bm TOL蛋白与配体结合的核心部位。序列比对结果显示,家蚕Bm TOL序列与其他昆虫TO的氨基酸序列一致性差别较大。家蚕Bm TOL与果蝇Dm TO的相似性为25.10%,与烟草天蛾的相似性为19.69%,与冈比亚按蚊的相似性为25.78%,与埃及伊蚊的相似性为23.53%,与黑花蝇的相似性为28.17%,与意大利蜜蜂的相似性为23.05%,与苹浅褐卷蛾的相似性为21.18%。系统进化树分析表明,所有选用昆虫TO形成两个大的分支:苹浅褐卷蛾Ep TO1、烟草天蛾Ms TO、意大利蜜蜂Am TOL、果蝇Dm TO和黑花蝇Pr TOL聚为一个分支,埃及伊蚊Aa TO、冈比亚按蚊Ag TOL-2和家蚕Bm TOL聚为另一大分支。q PCR结果显示,Bmtol基因在家蚕头部、表皮和精巢有较高表达,其他组织表达量很低或没有。在JHA处理的5龄家蚕的头部,Bmtol基因在处理后0 h、24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的表达量差异不明显。结论:Bm TOL蛋白属于JHBP家族,具有JHBP家族的典型结构;组织表达谱和JHA处理结果暗示,Bm TOL属保幼激素结合蛋白(JHBP),在家蚕中除保幼激素结合之外还参与其他多种生理功能。     

The Release Rate of Environmental DNA from Juvenile and Adult Fish

The environmental DNA (eDNA) technique is expected to become a powerful, non-invasive tool for estimating the distribution and biomass of organisms. This technique was recently shown to be applicable to aquatic vertebrates by collecting extraorganismal DNA floating in the water or absorbed onto suspended particles. However, basic information on eDNA release rate is lacking, despite it being essential for practical applications. In this series of experiments with bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), we examined the effect of fish developmental stage on eDNA release rate. eDNA concentration reached equilibrium 3 days after the individual fish were introduced into the separate containers, enabling calculation of the eDNA release rate (copies h⁻¹) from individual fish on the assumption that the number of eDNA released from the fish per unit time equals total degradation in the container (copies h⁻¹). The eDNA release rate was 3–4 times higher in the adult (body weight: 30–75 g) than in the juvenile group (0.5–2.0 g). Such positive relationship between fish size and eDNA release rate support the possibility of biomass rather than density estimation using eDNA techniques. However, the eDNA release rate per fish body weight (copies h⁻¹ g⁻¹) was slightly higher in the juvenile than the adult group, which is likely because of the ontogenetic reduction in metabolic activity. Therefore, quantitative eDNA data should be carefully interpreted to avoid overestimating biomass when the population is dominated by juveniles, because the age structure of the focal population is often variable and unseen in the field. eDNA degradation rates (copies l⁻¹ h⁻¹), calculated by curve fitting of time-dependent changes in eDNA concentrations after fish removal, were 5.1–15.9% per hour (half-life: 6.3 h). This suggests that quantitative eDNA data should be corrected using a degradation curve attained in the target field.     

蛋白核小球藻Fesod基因的克隆及表达分析

利用RACE技术克隆了蛋白核小球藻Fesod全基因序列,得到1 215 bp序列,其5'非翻译区长52 bp,3'非翻译区长452 bp,共编码236个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,该Fesod基因编码蛋白的分子量为26.42 k D,等电点为6.98;位于线粒体中的概率是73.9%;该蛋白没有信号肽序列;蛋白质二级结构预测结果表明Fe SOD中α-螺旋和无规卷曲分别占53.39%和39.41%。再利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了不同盐度和水杨酸浓度对蛋白核小球藻Fesod基因表达的影响,结果表明Fesod表达量随着盐度升高而增加,45‰盐度表达量为15‰盐度的3.61倍;而植物激素水杨酸的添加一定程度抑制了45‰盐度培养藻Fesod基因的表达,并且随其浓度增加呈现先升后降的趋势。表明蛋白核小球藻Fesod受盐度诱导,而水杨酸对其影响不明显。     

Gene Expression Analysis

The response of cells to extracellular signals usually requires altered expression of many genes, possibly including several distinct metabolic pathways. In some cases, only a subset of genes involved in such responses are known, which requires techniques to analyze changes in the expression of multiple genes, both known and unknown. Three techniques, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, differential display, and gene discovery arrays, provide opportunities for measuring changes in gene expression levels, as well as for identifying novel gene products.     

丹参SmGGPPS3基因的克隆及表达分析

香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase,GGPPS)是植物细胞二萜类物质合成的重要调节靶点。本研究从药用植物丹参中克隆了一条新的GGPPS基因(SmGGPPS3),基因全长2908 bp,包含一个931 bp的内含子和一个960 bp的编码序列。推测的氨基酸序列与蓖麻、橡胶、拟南芥等植物GGPPS一致性达到67%以上。实时定量PCR结果显示,SmGGPPS3基因在丹参不同发育时期不同器官中表达差异显著,同时受茉莉酸甲酯和病原菌的诱导。遗传互补实验也表明,SmGGPPS3编码蛋白具有GGPP合酶的活性。     

橡胶草HMGR基因的克隆及表达分析

通过比较9种植物的9条甲羟戊酸途径关键酶3-羟基-3甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGR）氨基酸同源区域,设计简并引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术首次从橡胶草（Taraxacum kok-saghyz）中克隆了一个HMGR基因,命名为TKHMGR。通过氨基酸序列同源性比对与系统进化分析表明,TKHMGR属于HMGR基因家族的新成员。同时,利用荧光定量方法分析了该基因在不同组织的表达情况。     

梨实生树不同发育区的叶片细胞学研究

采用显微分光光度计和显微图像分析仪比较研究了8年生梨实生树(Pyrus pyrifliaNakai)童区和成年区叶片细胞核 DNA含量、RNA含量和细胞、细胞核面积大小的差异。梨实生树从童区向成年区转变后,叶片内细胞核DNA含量上升,细胞内RNA合成加强,细胞和细胞核面积增大;同时,叶肉组织结构分化程度提高,叶面积增大,叶片加厚。     

Analysis of Dip2B Expression in Adult Mouse Tissues Using the LacZ Reporter Gene

Disconnected (disco)-interacting protein 2 homolog B (Dip2B) is a member of the Dip2 superfamily and plays an essential role in axonal outgrowth during embryogenesis. In adults, Dip2B is highly expressed in different brain regions, as shown by in situ analysis, and may have a role in axon guidance. However, the expression and biological role of Dip2B in other somatic tissues remain unknown. To better visualize Dip2B expression and to provide insight into the roles of Dip2B during postnatal development, we used a Dip2b^{tm1a(wtsi)komp} knock-in mouse model, in which a LacZ-Neo fusion protein is expressed under Dip2b promoter and allowed Dip2B expression to be analyzed by X-gal staining. qPCR analyses showed that Dip2b mRNA was expressed in a variety of somatic tissues, including lung and kidney, in addition to brain. LacZ staining indicated that Dip2B is broadly expressed in neuronal, reproductive, and vascular tissues as well as in the kidneys, heart, liver, and lungs. Moreover, neurons and epithelial cells showed rich staining. The broad and intense patterns of Dip2B expression in adult mice provide evidence of the distribution of Dip2B in multiple locations and, thereby, its implication in numerous physiological roles.     

青花菜雄性不育相关基因BoDHAR的克隆与表达分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段的序列为信息探针,通过在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR、PCR克隆与序列分析,获得了青花菜脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶DHARdehydroascorbatereductase基因的cDNA与DNA全长序列,命名为BoDHAR。并利用双链接头介导PCR的染色体步行技术(genomewalking)克隆了其上游644bp的5′端序列。所获的BoDHAR基因全长1486bp,存在两个内含子,DNA编码区序列633bp,编码210个氨基酸;序列分析表明BoDHAR与同源基因AT1G19570.1cDNA序列有82.3%的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列有79.6%的一致性;编码的水溶性蛋白存在多个磷酸化位点;5′端上游区存在明显的转录调控序列。半定量RT-PCR结果表明BoDHAR在可育系花蕾中的表达量明显高于不育系花蕾,在花药中的表达明显高于其它部位。