不同产区厚朴nrDNA ITS序列分析及亲缘关系鉴定

以陕西、四川、浙江、重庆、福建、广西主产区的11个种源厚朴为材料,采用PCR直接测序法,测定不同产区厚朴的核糖体DNA ITS区序列,并结合GeneBank中相关植物的ITS序列（以同属近缘物种辛夷为外类群）,应用Kimura 2遗传距离与NJ系统树分析法对不同产区厚朴的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明：11个产区厚朴的ITS全序列长度介于593～600 bp,其中,ITS1长度为214～217 bp,G+C含量为54.42%～5535%,ITS2长度为215～219 bp,G+C含量为59.82%～60.95%;ITS序列共有36个变异位点,均出现在ITS1（7个）和ITS2（29个）序列中,虽然位点变异与部分叶形变化出现吻合,但无必然联系;序列间遗传分化距离为0.000～0.02792,11个产区厚朴构成3个分支,显示出产区间厚朴的亲缘关系,其中陕西洋县（SXYX）、陕西西乡（SXXX）、福建武夷山（FJWYS）及四川彭州（SCPZ）四个产区ITS序列完全一致。nrDNA ITS序列分析可作为厚朴不同产区亲缘关系鉴定的手段。     

秦巴山区漆树nrDNAITS和cpDNA序列分子进化特点的分析

应用PCR产物直接测序法分析漆树种群nrDNA （核糖体DNA） ITS序列和cpDNA序列（matK、rbcL、psbA-trnH）的碱基差异,初步研究两套植物基因组的变异速率。结果表明：nrDNA ITS序列共有518 bp,有变异位点15处,变异位点百分率为2.9%,（G+C）含量为61.8%。cpDNA序列合并后长度1 907 bp,有变异位点20处,变异位点百分率为1.05%,（G+C）含量为36.1%。通过对ITS序列核糖型（Ribotype）和叶绿体序列单倍型（Haploype）进行分析发现,秦巴山区漆树区域性分布明显,不同区域拥有自己独特的单倍型,漆树居群历史近期没有扩张。nrDNA ITS序列较叶绿体序列进化较快,变异速率较快。nrDNA ITS序列及叶绿体matK、psbA-trnH适合漆树的亲缘地理学研究。     

栽培种甘薯及其近缘野生种nrDNA ITS序列分析

采用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(nrDNA ITS)序列比较分析了甘薯及其近缘野生种的遗传多样性及系统进化关系,首次报道了栽培种甘薯‘徐薯18’(Ipomoea batatas‘Xushu18’)及其近缘野生种I.triloba(DOM),I.cordatotriloba(MEX),I.nil(PER),I.nil(JPN),I.hederacea Jacq.(USA),I.hederacea Jacq.(HK)和种间杂交种67-1(I.batatas‘Xushu18’×I.hederacea Jacq.)及回交种(67-1×I.batatas‘Xushu18’)的nrDNA ITS序列。序列分析表明,栽培种甘薯及其近缘野生种nrDNA ITS序列长度为570~600bp。其中,ITS1序列为185~209 bp,GC含量为53.11%~61.83%;ITS2序列为214~226 bp,GC含量为61.21%~72.89%;5.8S序列均为165 bp,GC含量为54.55%~55.76%。此外,栽培种甘薯及其近缘野生种ITS序列信息位点均集中在ITS1和ITS2区;与其他甘薯属植物相比,I.wrightii ITS2的末端缺失了6~8个碱基。系统进化分析表明,栽培种甘薯‘徐薯18’(I.batatas‘Xushu18’)和野生种I.triloba、I.cordatotriloba、I.lacunosa、I.trifida的亲缘关系较近,与I.wrightii、I.pes-tigridis、I.grandifolia、I.nil、I.hederacea Jacq.、I.purpurea的亲缘关系较远;杂交后代与栽培种甘薯‘徐薯18’(I.batatas‘Xushu18’)亲缘关系较近,与野生种父本I.hederacea Jacq.的亲缘关系较远。     

节瓜及近缘葫芦科作物种质资源rDNA-ITS序列分析与系统进化研究

通过PCR扩增获得了56份节瓜种质资源及7份相关瓜类种质资源的rDNA-ITS序列,测序后结合GenBank中34份葫芦科作物的ITS序列,利用生物信息学软件分析序列长度、变异位点、G+C含量、遗传分歧、同源性百分比差异、系统进化关系。节瓜种质资源ITS基本序列全长612~617 bp,G+C含量59.97%~61.07%,供试材料间共96个变异位点,其中一些变异位点有明显的种性特征,可作为特异DNA指纹鉴别位点。基于ITS序列差异,56份节瓜材料聚为5大类,其中12-2-3材料为单独一个分支,黑毛节瓜H2251为第二分支,H5FA为第三分支,剩余节瓜材料聚为第四、五分支。节瓜材料12-2-3与其他材料遗传分歧最大,农艺性状与抗性也差异较大,可用作节瓜杂交育种的亲本以扩大选择范围。节瓜的系统位置排列在Indomelothria blumei(GU799496)与Dactyliandra welwitschii(HQ201973)之间,与Indomelothria blumei亲缘关系最近;Mrbayes软件分析表明,葫芦科作物Zehneria thwaitesii(AM981145)、Ctenolepis cerasiformis(AM981142)、Cucumis melo(AM36377)、Dactyliandra welwitschii(HQ201973)、Trochomeria macrocarpa(AM981141)最原始,系统进化顺序为甜瓜→南瓜、栝楼、苦瓜、丝瓜、西瓜、蒲瓜→冬瓜、节瓜→黄瓜。本研究通过分析节瓜及近缘葫芦科作物种质资源的ITS序列,为其系统进化、DNA指纹鉴别、育种亲本选择及比较组学分析等提供了分子生物学依据。     

不同产地瓠瓜品种ITS序列的遗传多样性分析

对国产29个瓠瓜也Lagenariasiceraria（Molina）Standl.页品种的ITS序列进行了扩增及测序,并结合引自GenBank的国产9个瓠瓜品种以及国外6个瓠瓜品种和3个同属种类的ITS序列,对它们的ITS序列长度和GC含量以及变异位点进行比较,在此基础上构建系统发育树并对47个样本间的遗传关系进行研究。结果显示：供试47个样本的ITS序列均由ITS1、5.8SrDNA及ITS2组成,各样本间的ITS序列长度、GC含量以及变异位点差异明显。国产38个瓠瓜品种的ITS序列（包括ITS1、5.8SrDNA及ITS2）长度为619-627bp、GC含量为58.00%-63.32%;国外9个样本的ITS序列长度为591-626bp,GC含量为54.17%-63.26%。序列比对结果显示：国产38个瓠瓜品种的ITS序列同源率为84.6%-100.0%,包含221个变异位点;其中,来源于山东的品种‘砧木2’（‘ZhenmuNo.2’）的ITS序列包含的变异位点最多,与其他品种间的同源率也最低。在系统发育树上,国产38个瓠瓜品种可分为3个分支,来源于山东的品种‘砧木2’和来源于河南的品种‘西瓜砧木1’（‘XiguazhenmuNo.1’）各自聚为第1和第2分支;其余36个品种聚为第3分支。而供试的47个样本则可分为2个分支和5个亚组,第1分支可分为2个亚组,包括国产品种‘砧木2’和产自日本的2个品种;第2分支包含的44个样本则进一步分为3个亚组,国产品种‘西瓜砧木1’和产自法国的品种‘白花瓠瓜’（‘White-floweredgourd’）各自聚为第1和第2亚组,其余的42个样本聚为第3亚组。研究结果表明：供试的不同产地瓠瓜品种间存在丰富的遗传变异和地理分化现象,其ITS序列差异与地理分布有一定关系。     

水稻籼粳亚种间rDNA的ITS(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列分析

为探讨水稻亚种间的遗传背景及亲缘关系,运用PCR技术扩增并测序了水稻籼亚种的南京11号,9311、广陆矮4号三个品种和粳亚种的秋光、日本晴、爪哇稻三个品种的完整ITS区（包括5.8S区）。供试材料的5.8S rDNA的长度和G/C含量完全一致。ITSI的长度为193-195bp、G/C含量为72.31%-74.38;ITS2的长度为224-232bp,G/C含量为74.46%-76.86%。序列的相似性为94.4%-99.3%。CLUSTAL.W软件排序及分析表明;1）存在4个信息位点把6个品种分为籼粳两大类群;2）籼稻之间的ITS序列的同源性小于粳稻之间的同源性,由此可见,水稻核糖体DNA的ITS序列的变化规律与其传统的分类具有高度的一致性。     

青藏高原东南部山丹nrDNA ITS和cpDNA petB/petD 序列的分子进化特点

采用改良CTAB法提取青藏高原东南部山丹25个居群所有个体的基因组DNA,选取核基因ITS和叶绿体petB/petD区域进行PCR扩增、纯化和测序。对所有序列对位排列,其中ITS序列总长696bp,变异位点有4处,共产生7种单倍型,变异位点百分率为0.72%,（G+C）含量60.4%;petB/petD序列总长616bp,仅1处变异位点和2种单倍型,变异位点百分率为0.16%,（G+C）含量34.6%。表明山丹中,petB/petD区域较ITS序列保守,变异速率较慢。对ITS序列单倍型进行失配分布和中性检验分析发现,山丹现有分布范围可能经历了近期居群小范围扩张,AMOVA分析发现山丹居群的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,N_ST >G_ST（P>0.01）,表明山丹的遗传变异有着不显著的谱系地理结构。因此,山丹ITS序列适合该种的谱系地理学研究。     

DNA条形码技术在金银花和山银花鉴定中的应用

为准确区分名称相近、形态相似的中草药,以核基因ITS2序列作为DNA条形码,对样本材料(金银花和山银花)进行DNA提取、PCR扩增和双向测序,并用软件MEGA6.0.1进行序列分析和种间、种内差异比较,计算遗传距离,并构建树状图,以剖析这2种药材在分子水平的差异。样本所用金银花与山银花的ITS2序列长度均为228 bp,金银花的G+C的含量为75.4%,华南忍冬G+C的含量为73.7%,菰腺忍冬为71.9%,金银花和山银花种内均无变异位点。核基因ITS2作为DNA条形码序列能够鉴别中药材金银花与山银花,并发现不同种类的山银花也有一定差异。     

美国西部不同地区Grayia spinosa核DNA ITS序列分析

藜科植物Grayia spinosa是美国西部地区的特有种,多生长在干旱盐碱地,具有重要的生态价值。该研究测定了采自美国西部犹他州G.spinosa的nrDNA ITS序列,与Gen Bank中已提交的G.spinosa的所有ITS序列以及G.spinosa的四个近缘种作为外类群进行比较,分析了美国西部不同地区G.spinosa ITS序列的一级结构与其RNA二级结构的变异规律。结果表明:所有G.spinosa样品的nrDNA ITS序列长度在611~623 bp之间,GC含量在60.35%~61.0%之间,序列间共存在22个变异位点,5个为简约信息位点。各样品间的遗传距离在0.001 8~0.008 9之间,不同样品间的遗传距离与地理距离的相关性不显著。邻接法构建的系统发育树显示所有G.spinosa聚为一大支,与外类群形成明显分支。此外,利用RNAfold在线软件预测了G.spinosa ITS序列的RNA二级结构,将8个G.spinosa样品的RNA二级结构根据构型差异大体上分为四类,分别记为type A,B,C和D四类,主要变异出现在ITS1和ITS2区。所不同的是在G.spinosa ITS的一级结构分析中GSNE1与GSWA8体现出更近的亲缘关系,但二者的RNA二级结构差异明显,同时GSNE2、GSUT3、GSUT4、GSCA5、GSCA6、GSCO7在ITS序列一级结构分析中也体现出较近的亲缘关系,但是他们的RNA二级结构差异明显。这可能与ITS序列的RNA二级结构在进化中体现出更大的保守性有关。     

基于ITS和trnL-F序列碱基差异的繁缕及其近缘种的亲缘关系分析

应用PCR产物直接测序法分析了繁缕[Stellaria media(L.)Villars]及其近缘种和鹅肠菜[Myosoton aquaticum (L.)Moench]的ITS和trnL-F序列的碱基差异,并以孩儿参[Pseudostellaria heterophylla(Miq.)Pax]为外类群构建N-J系统树,分析了这些种类的种间亲缘关系.结果表明,供试的繁缕属(Stellaria L.)种类及鹅肠菜的ITS和trnL-F序列长度分别为521～784和788～951 bp,各有变异位点77和59个,其中信息位点分别为18和11个,种间碱基差异百分率分别为6.5%和3.1%.ITS的碱基组成为A 22.1%、T20.9%、G 28.5%和C 28.5%,G+C含量57.0%;trnL-F的碱基组成为A 35.9%、T 33.7%、G 15.7%和C 14.8%,G+C含量30.5%.繁缕、雀舌草(S.alsine Grimm)和箐姑草(S.vestita Kurz)的ITS和trnL-F序列一致;鹅肠菜的ITS序列中有4个位点与前述种类不同,但trnL-F序列则相同;中国繁缕(S.chinensis Regel)的ITS和trnL-F序列与孩儿参较相似.在N-J系统树中,鹅肠菜与繁缕、雀舌草和箐姑草聚为一支,表明它们的亲缘关系相对较近,支持将鹅肠菜重新归入繁缕属的分类处理.研究结果显示,ITS和trnL-F序列分析均可用于繁缕及其近缘种的鉴别,且ITS是更为适宜的分子标记.     

The use and limits of ITS data in the analysis of intraspecific variation in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae)

The discovery and characterization of informative intraspecific genetic markers is fundamental for evolutionary and conservation genetics studies. Here, we used nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences to access intraspecific genetic diversity in 23 species of the genus Passiflora L. Some degree of variation was detected in 21 of these. The Passiflora and Decaloba (DC.) Rchb. subgenera showed significant differences in the sizes of the two ITS regions and in GC content, which can be related to reproductive characteristics of species in these subgenera. Furthermore, clear geographical patterns in the spatial distribution of sequence types were identified in six species. The results indicate that ITS may be a useful tool for the evaluation of intraspecific genetic variation in Passiflora.     

Genetic relationships of the Japanese persimmon Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) and related species revealed by SSR analysis

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers based on 18 primers were employed to study the genetic relationship of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki) specimens. Two hundred and sixty-two bands were detected in 30 Japanese persimmon samples, including 14 Japanese and 10 Chinese genotypes of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and six related species, D. lotus, D. glaucifolia, D. oleifera, D. rhombifolia, D. virginiana, and Jinzaoshi (unclassified - previously indicated to be D. kaki). All SSR primers developed from D. kaki were successfully employed to reveal the polymorphism in other species of Diospyros. Most of the primers were highly polymorphic, with a degree of polymorphism equal to or higher than 0.66. The results from the neighbor-joining dendrogram and the principal coordinate analysis diagram were the same; i.e., the Chinese and Japanese genotypes and related species were separated and the relationships revealed were consistent with the known pedigrees. We also concluded that 'Xiangxitianshi' from Xiangxi municipality, Hunan Province, China, is actually a sport or somaclonal variant of 'Maekawa-Jirou', and that 'Jinzaoshi' should be classified as a distinct species of Diospyros. We found that SSR markers are a valuable tool for the estimation of genetic diversity and divergence in Diospyros.     

Molecular variation of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in different fish host species based on ITS rDNA sequences

The molecular variation in Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 from 11 species of freshwater fish collected in Australia, China, the Czech Republic, England and Hawaii was investigated by determining the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. The length of the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of multiple individuals ranged from 553 to 571 bp and 553 to 615 bp, and the G + C content from 53.1 to 53.5%. The percentage sequence divergence varied between 0 and 0.9% in the ITS1 and 0 and 6.6% in the ITS2, respectively, indicating the occurrence of intraspecific variation. It is demonstrated that the fragment length variation resulted primarily from microsatellite polymorphisms present in the ITS region, especially in the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. acheilognathi examined in this study consisted of three closely related genotypes with certain degrees of host-specificity, and the genotype representing isolates from Cyprinus carpio L. was the most common and diverse form within the species B. acheilognathi.     

Ribosomal DNA variation within and between species of rodents, with emphasis on the genus Onychomys

Patterns of restriction-endonuclease site and length variation at the nuclear rDNA locus (18S + 28S rRNA gene complex) were examined in rodents. Of the 164 restriction sites mapped for seven species, 22 were conserved (mapping to the 18S, 28S, and 5.8S genes and ITS1) in all three Onychomys species as well as in Mus musculus and in three closely related peromyscine rodents, Peromyscus boylii, P. eremicus, and Reithrodontomys megalotis. The nontranscribed spacer (NTS) region revealed most of the variation among these taxa, with the patterns of variation grouping into the following categories, (1) intraindividual variation revealing as many as four site-specific repeat types within an individual, (2) intraspecific and interspecific site variation confined to the NTS, and (3) length variation in both the transcribed and NTS regions. Length variation in the 28S rRNA gene was also examined in 17 additional rodent species, and most size differences mapped to the divergent domain, D8, found in sequence comparisons between Mus and Rattus. The systematic implications of rDNA variation are discussed using the perspective gained from these rodent comparisons.     

枇杷属内栽培种和部分野生种ITS序列分析

对不同栽培区的25种普通枇杷品种以及7种枇杷属野生种的ITS序列进行扩增并测序,采用邻接法和最大简约法进行系统发育树的构建并对枇杷属内不同种间的遗传关系进行了分析。结果表明:枇杷属植物ITS序列ITS1+5.8S rDNA+ITS2总长度为592 bp或594 bp,长度变化发生在ITS2。所有样本的ITS1和5.8S rDNA长度一样,都是223 bp和168 bp;而ITS2为201 bp或203 bp。5种枇杷属野生种的ITS序列长度为594 bp,包括栎叶枇杷、大渡河枇杷、南亚枇杷、南亚枇杷窄叶变种和大瑶山枇杷;其余2种枇杷属野生种(麻栗坡枇杷、小叶枇杷)和普通枇杷栽培种的ITS序列长度都为592 bp。所有样本ITS序列的GC含量为64.2%~64.5%,其中ITS1为64.1%~65.5%,ITS2为68.1%~72.6%。对所有样本的ITS序列比对产生44个可变位点,其中38个为简约信息位点,其中11个位于ITS1,5个位于5.8S rDNA,22个位于ITS2。最大的种间序列差异为7.7%,最小的种间差异发生在麻栗坡枇杷和小叶枇杷之间,仅为0.2%。普通枇杷种内的ITS序列差异很低,25种普通枇杷栽培种之间的序列差异为0~1.5%。所研究的枇杷属植物可分为3个分支。分支Ⅰ包括所有普通枇杷品种,分支Ⅱ包含5种野生枇杷种,包括栎叶枇杷、大渡河枇杷、南亚枇杷、南亚枇杷窄叶变种和大瑶山枇杷;分支Ⅲ由2个野生枇杷种(麻栗坡枇杷、小叶枇杷)组成。该研究结果表明ITS序列对枇杷种间鉴定和系统发育分析具有一定意义,但对普通枇杷栽培种间的鉴定作用不大。     

帘蛤科贝类rDNA内转录间隔区序列的研究

根据18SrDNA、5．8SrDNA和28SrDNA保守序列设计引物,应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增了文蛤（Meretrix meretrix L．）、青蛤（Cyclina sinensis G）、硬壳蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria L．）和江户布目蛤（Protothaca jedoensis L．）4种帘蛤科贝类的第一内转录间隔区（ITS1）和第二内转录间隔区（ITS2）序列,并进行了测序。结果表明,文蛤、青蛤、硬壳蛤和江户布目蛤的ITS1扩增产物大小分别为978bp、663bp、757bp和942bp,GC含量分别为61．55％、60．78％、62．48％和64．86％～64．97％,其中ITS1序列长度分别为900bp、585bp、679bp和864bp,是迄今已报道双壳贝类中变化范围最大的,GC含量分别为61．67％、61．03％、63．03％和65．51％～65．62％,江户布目蛤种内ITS1序列有个体差异;ITS2扩增产物大小分别为644bp、618～620bp、593bp和513～514bp,GC含量分别为61．18％、61．29％～61．81％、62．73％和61．48％61．60％,其中ITS2序列长度分别为412bp、386～388bp、361bp和281～282bp,GC含量分别为65．29％、65．21％～66．06％、67．87％和67．38％～67．62％,青蛤和江户布目蛤种内ITS2序列有个体差异。4种蛤ITS1和ITS2序列种间差异很大,有明显的长度多态性,ITS2种间序列相似度73．0％～89．1％,与ITS1的种间序列相似度48．7％～81．5％相比略高。此外,在4种蛤ITS1和ITS2序列中各发现2个与rRNA加工有关的保守区。通过对ITS1和ITS2序列的组装获得了4种蛤5．8SrRNA基因完整序列,序列长度都是157bp,GC含量57．96％～58．60％,4种蛤5．8SrRNA基因相对保守,种间序列差异度0-6．0％,共有10个变异位点,其中转换4处,颠换6处,硬壳蛤和江户布目蛤5．8SrRNA基因序列完全相同。以ITS2序列（包含5．8SrRNA和28SrRNA基因部分序列）为标记,调用北极蛤科的Arctica islandica相应序列数据作外群,构建了帘蛤科贝类的系统发育树,其拓扑结构显示江户布目蛤与硬壳蛤亲缘关系最近,青蛤与其他3物种的亲缘关系最远。     

18S‐Based Taxonomy and Intraspecific Its Sequence Variation in the Marine Fungal Endosymbiont Haloguignardia Irritans Infecting Cystoseira Osmundacea Along the Californian Coast

The marine ascomycete genus Haloguignardia occurs endophytically in members of the marine brown algal family Sargassaceae globally. This example of endosymbiosis has been morphologically described: the fungal component internally infects the algal host resulting in prolific cell growth, forming galls composed chiefly of host algal cells but containing fungal reproductive structures and vegetative hyphae. H. irritans induces the formation of galls in the brown algae Cystoseira osmundacea and Halidrys dioica along the Pacific coast from Oregon to Baja California, Mexico. Using culture‐independent molecular techniques, I sequenced the 18S rDNA gene region for H. irritans and generated a 18S‐based taxonomy consistent with the current taxonomy for this morphological species. In order to study intraspecific genetic variation in H. irritans, I have sequenced the ITS rDNA (ITS 1, 2 and the 5.8 s) regions for five separate gall‐tissue samples from Santa Rosa Island in southern California and for five samples from Monterey and Carmel in central California. Intraspecific DNA sequence variation in the ITS regions of H. irritans reveals consistent sequence divergence between sites sampled. The fungal ITS regions for H. irritans total 613 bp in length and contain 40 synapomorphic characters for a total of 6.5% variation in informative loci between southern and central Californian sites. This value is similar to those found for the ITS and other gene regions previously used by researchers investigating species boundaries at the intraspecific level in symbiotic, terrestrial fungi. In addition to ITS 1, 2 and the 5.8 s gene regions, I am currently using the 5’ end of the EF1a coding region to construct intraspecific genealogies for H. irritans. By comparing these genealogies to each other and to the geographic distribution of samples, I aim to determine if more than one genetic species is present within the morphological species H. irritans.     

Ribosomal DNA difference between species A and D of the Anopheles dims complex of mosquitoes from China

Abstract. Species A and D of the Anopheles dints complex were found in China. Ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacers (ITS2) of both species A and D were sequenced and found to be 716 and 710 base-pairs in length, respectively, with 699c GC content. No evidence of intraspecific variation was detected in the ITS2 sequence of species A, whereas the sequence of species D showed variation at one position in the ITS2. A large number of simple repeat motifs were dispersed throughout the ITS2 sequences. The level of interspecific difference was 5.4% of the nucleotide sequences. Some of the interspecific differences were located in regions with subrepeat structure.     

Molecular systematics of the Philippine malaria vector Anopheles flavirostris

Allozyme and molecular sequence data from the malaria vector Anopheles flavirostris (Ludlow) (Diptera: Culicidae) were analysed from 34 sites throughout the Philippines, including the type locality, to test the hypothesis that this taxon is a single panmictic species. A finer-scaled allozyme study, of mainly Luzon samples, revealed no fixed genetic differences in sympatric sites and only low levels of variation. We obtained data from partial sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) (483 bp), the third domain (D3) (330 bp) of the 28S ribosomal DNA subunit and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial DNA (261 bp). No sequence variation was observed for ITS2, only a one base pair difference was observed between Philippine and Indonesian D3 sequences and An. flavirostris sequences were unique, confirming their diagnostic value for this taxon. Sixteen COI haplotypes were identified, giving 25 parsimony informative sites. Neighbour-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences for An. flavirostris and outgroup taxa revealed strong branch support for the monophyly of An. flavirostris, thus confirming that Philippine populations of this taxon comprise a single separate species within the Minimus Subgroup of the Funestus Group. Variation in the behaviour of An. flavirostris is likely to be intraspecific rather than interspecific in origin.