云南李仙江流域水电开发中的鱼类资源保护

水电工程的开发对江河道鱼类资源产生了诸多不利影响,在保护和恢复日益增多的濒危鱼类种群的实践中,孕育和逐渐形成了保护水产学.该文对李仙江流域水电开发与流域内珍稀鱼类异鱲、越鳠、软鳍新光唇鱼和暗色唇鱼人工增殖保护实践中的实施效果和存在问题进行了分析.李仙江水电开发与鱼类增殖保护为河流鱼类的增殖保护提供了一个参考模式.但是增殖放流不是简单地一项任务,要保证整个过程得以顺利进行,需要提前进行繁育规划,提前委托,监测和增殖技术研究先行,资源保护与当地经济发展相结合.     

提高摄食-反捕食能力导向的鱼类野化训练方法述评

鱼类的人工增殖放流未达到预期效果,原因之一是人工放流的鱼在放流后死亡率很高.鱼类在放流前的野化训练可能对提高其成活率有积极作用.本文分析了国内外增殖鱼类放流后成活率低的原因,指出摄食-反捕食能力是影响鱼类放流后成活率的关键要素之一;探讨了影响摄食-反捕食能力的重要因素,包括认知食物和捕食者信息、社会学习经验、环境的复杂程度和鱼类的游泳能力等;展望了鱼类野化训练技术的发展方向.     

中华鲟行为学研究进展

为保护中华鲟繁衍生息,研究人员在中华鲟繁殖、洄游等行为学方面进行了大量研究,为中华鲟的人工增殖放流提供了科学依据。2013年和2014年,连续2年未监测到中华鲟野生群体的自然繁殖行为,中华鲟野生资源的延续已经亮起红灯,而全人工繁殖的中华鲟放流后对野生种群的影响仍无法判断,通过全人工繁殖放流减缓中华鲟鱼物种资源衰退还有很多研究工作需要开展,例如对全人工繁殖中华鲟行为生态学方面的研究、中华鲟放流追踪、放流后中华鲟生活史研究等。以这些研究为基础,合理评价人工增殖放流对野生中华鲟资源的补充效果,提出合理的人工增殖放流方案将是新阶段中华鲟保护的重点和方向。     

秀丽高原鳅种群生存力分析及最小可存活种群数估算

秀丽高原鳅(Triplophysa venusta)系金沙江的土著种, 是云南省重要保护鱼类; 由于其栖息水域建设水电站, 加之云南连年干旱, 导致其种群数量锐减。采用漩涡模型对不同生境下的秀丽高原鳅种群生存力进行了模拟分析, 并估算了其最小可存活种群数。结果表明: 灾害是影响种群长期存活的关键因子, 种群繁殖率和性未成熟个体死亡率对种群生存力影响较大, 而种群的环境容纳量大小则无显著影响; 若连续进行40年的成鱼捕获(2000尾/年), 可使种群在100年内的灭绝概率增至100%, 而若连续进行20年的人工增殖放流(1000尾1龄鱼/年), 可使100年内的灭绝概率降至35.8%。通过模拟计算, 使种群在当前生境下以95%的概率存活100年所需的最小种群数为16000尾。由此可见, 减少灾害发生频率、降低性未成熟个体死亡率、增加繁殖率以及进行人工增殖放流是秀丽高原鳅种群保护与恢复的有效措施。研究为秀丽高原鳅种群保护、渔政管理与人工增殖放流提供了理论依据。     

张家界大鲵人工放流效果及其影响因素分析

大鲵(Andrias davidianus)是我国特有的两栖动物, 由于栖息地破坏和人类过度捕杀等, 种群数量急剧下降, 被列为我国II类保护野生动物。为探索大鲵人工放流的有效方法, 实现野生大鲵资源增殖, 作者对2002–2008年间在湖南张家界大鲵国家级自然保护区内进行的大鲵人工放流活动与放流效果进行了评估, 并通过对放流点的隐蔽物、水质及饵料生物等生境特点的分析, 探讨影响放流成败的因素。该保护区内共在9处大鲵原栖息地进行了11次人工放流活动, 共放流各种规格大鲵995尾, 其中4次成功。成功放流的大鲵为1–4.5 kg的性成熟个体, 雌雄比在1:1和1:1.5之间, 成功放流点均有良好的后期管理措施, 如建立保护站, 补充饵料等。虽然所选择的多数放流点生境基本能满足大鲵生长和繁殖的要求, 但由于受水质、饵料或安全某一因素的制约, 野生大鲵资源增殖效果不明显, 导致放流失败。因此我们认为依据野生大鲵繁殖的生境特征标准, 科学选择放流地点, 选择性成熟的大鲵在春季放流, 并进行完善的后期跟踪保护, 可能是大鲵人工放流成功和实现资源增殖的有效途径。     

基于稳定同位素技术的增殖放流牙鲆群体鉴别

牙鲆是我国黄渤海重要的增殖放流鱼类,野生群体和放流群体的鉴别是评估牙鲆增殖效果的前提.为了研究稳定同位素技术在增殖放流牙鲆群体鉴别中的应用,本研究以秦皇岛近海增殖放流区捕捞牙鲆幼鱼为对象,先使用项目组前期开发的形态学和分子标记相结合的方法区分野生群体和放流群体,再分别测定肌肉碳、氮稳定同位素值和耳石(全耳石和耳石核心区...     

水生生物增殖放流生态风险评价研究进展

增殖放流已成为恢复和保护水生生物资源的重要措施, 水生生物增殖放流生态风险评价是指对水生生物增殖放流引发的正在发生或可能发生的不利生态过程的评估, 目前相关研究处于发展阶段。文章综述了国内外生态风险评价研究进展, 结合水生生物的生物学属性、生态学特征和增殖放流特点, 探讨评价水生生物增殖放流对环境、环境生物、遗传和病害等的风险, 并提出了生态风险防控措施, 以期为今后水生生物增殖放流的实施、管理和研究提供参考依据。     

澜沧江中下游鱼类现状及保护

据记载,分布于澜沧江中下游的鱼类达165种,而近几年的调查结果显示,能采集到的仅71种,鱼类资源呈下降趋势。目前,澜沧江中下游的鱼类种类和数量减少(尤以大、中型及珍稀特有鱼类为甚),而外来种种类和数量增加。据此,该文提出了严防外来种逃逸、限制捕捞强度及开展增殖放流等建议。     

新疆阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河和乌伦古河流域鱼类多样性演变和流域健康评价

为了解阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河和乌伦古河流域的鱼类多样性现状和历史演变, 本研究于2013-2016年间在该流域的鱼类多样性进行了连续调查, 并结合历史资料和标本, 以Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数分析评估了流域内鱼类的多样性水平和时空变化。该流域历史上分布有土著鱼类23种, 当前记录到19种, 流域内还有外来鱼类15种。阿勒泰鱼类的区系组成以鲤科种类为主, 其中特有和珍稀濒危物种占比高, 具有重要的保护价值。多样性指数计算结果显示, 2013-2016年鱼类多样性情况整体稳定, 额尔齐斯河鱼类物种数多于乌伦古河。研究还基于鱼类生物完整性指数(Fish Index of Biological Integrity, F-IBI)对34个采集点的河流健康状况进行了评价, 结果显示额尔齐斯河流域大多数调查点的健康状况处于“亚健康”或“一般”水平, 乌伦古河流域多数调查点的健康状况处于“健康”水平。水利工程、外来物种、过度捕捞是影响阿勒泰地区鱼类多样性的重要因素。未来应通过水利工程的联合调度、下泄合理生态流量、布设鱼类通道、规范养殖渔业、严控外来物种、本地土著鱼类的人工增殖放流, 以及合理的就地保护措施对阿勒泰地区的鱼类多样性加以保护, 提升水体健康程度。     

人工饲养条件下娃娃鱼的生物学及繁殖研究初探

娃娃鱼(大鲵的俗称)是3亿年前古生代泥盆纪时期由鱼类演变而成的古老两栖动物,是我国特有珍稀动物。它在地质学、仿生学、动物学、古生物学和动物进化上具有重要的科研价值,也有很高的食用和药用等经济价值。在港台市场上被视为珍稀补品。近年来,国内娃娃鱼产区人工滥捕成风,资源遭到严重破坏。因而,开展对娃娃鱼人工絮养的研究有利于资料保护和增殖。本研究是针对娃娃鱼不能在南方和花岗岩地区养殖的理论禁区进行初步实验,目的在于探讨娃娃鱼人工养殖的生物学特性,从而在理论和技术上进一步提高娃娃鱼研究水平,为今后开展大规模人工养殖提供资料。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Identification of the site of glycation of human insulin

This study evaluates the nature of glycated human insulin formed following exposure to hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. Glycated insulin was purified by RP-HPLC and its molecular mass (5971.3 Da) determined by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (MS). The difference in mass (163.7 Da) from nonglycated insulin (5807.6 Da) corresponds to a single reduced glucose (glucitol) residue. Following reduction of insulin disulfide bridges, MS confirmed that the B-chain was glycated. Enzymatic digestions with trypsin, endoproteinase Glu-C, and thermolysin, followed by RP-HPLC and identification of fragments by MS, localized glycation to the B-chain (1–5) region. Electrospray tandem MS identified the site of glycation as the B-chain NH₂-terminal Phe¹ residue. This was confirmed by automated Edman degradation with glycated human insulin.