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1.
《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(9):1838-1841
The glucosylceramide components were characterized in the 33 species of the grass family (Poaceae). Pooideae contained 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenines [i.e., t18:1(8Z) plus t18:1(8E)] as major components, the relative levels of t18:1(8Z) being higher than those of the 8-E isomers. 2-Hydroxy arachidic acid was a major component in all species other than Pooideae, whereas Pooideae had a high content of 2-hydroxytetracosenoic acid. 相似文献
2.
The complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of snow leopard Panthera uncia was obtained by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique based on the PCR fragments of 30 primers we designed.
The entire mtDNA sequence was 16 773 base pairs (bp) in length, and the base composition was: A—5,357 bp (31.9%); C—4,444 bp
(26.5%); G—2,428 bp (14.5%); T—4,544 bp (27.1%). The structural characteristics [0] of the P. uncia mitochondrial genome were highly similar to these of Felis catus, Acinonyx jubatus, Neofelis nebulosa and other mammals. However, we found several distinctive features of the mitochondrial genome of Panthera unica. First, the termination codon of COIII was TAA, which differed from those of F. catus, A. jubatus and N. nebulosa. Second, tRNASer
(AGY), which lacked the ‘‘DHU’’ arm, could not be folded into the typical cloverleaf-shaped structure. Third, in the control region,
a long repetitive sequence in RS-2 (32 bp) region was found with 2 repeats while one short repetitive segment (9 bp) was found
with 15 repeats in the RS-3 region. We performed phylogenetic analysis based on a 3 816 bp concatenated sequence of 12S rRNA,
16S rRNA, ND2, ND4, ND5, Cyt b and ATP8 for P. uncia and other related species, the result indicated that P. uncia and P. leo were the sister species, which was different from the previous findings. 相似文献
3.
Shihua Zhu Yingchun Yang Wenjuan Zheng Xiquan Shen Jixing Zou 《Frontiers of Biology in China》2008,3(2):207-212
The mtDNA Cyt b gene was sequenced partially for Variola louti of Serranidae, Epinephelinae and seven endemic species of groupers—Epinephelus awoara, E. brunneus, E. coioides, E. longispinis, E. sexfasciatus, E. spilotoceps and E. tauvina in China. The seven endemic species and other seven foreign species of groupers—E. aeneus, E. caninus, E. drummondhayi, E. haifensis, E. labriformis, E. marginatus and E. multinotatus from the GenBank were combined and analysed as ingroup, while Variola louti was used as outgroup. We compared the 420 bp sequences of Cyt b among the 15 species and constructed two types of molecular phylogenetic trees with maximum parsimony method (MP) and neighbor-joining
method (NJ) respectively. The results were as follows: (1) As to the base composition of mtDNA Cyt b sequence (402 bp) of 14 species of Epinephelus, the content of (A + T) was 53.6%, higher than that of (G + C) (46.4%). The transition/transversion ratio was 4.78 with no
mutation saturation. (2) The cluster relationships between E. awoara and E. sexfasciatus, E. coioides and E. tauvina, E. longispinis and E. spilotoceps were consistent with phenotypes in taxonomy. (3) In the phylogenetic tree, the species in the Atlantic Ocean were associated
closely with those in the Pacific Ocean, which suggested that the Cyt b sequences of Epinephelus were highly conserved. This may be attributed to the coordinate evolution. (4) In wel1-bred mating or heredity management,
mating Epinephelus of the same branch should be avoided. It is likely to be an effective way to mate the species of the Atlantic Ocean with
those of the Pacific Ocean to improve the inheritance species.
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Translated from Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2006, 30(4): 432–438 [译自: 水生生物学报] 相似文献
4.
The glucosylceramide components were characterized in the 33 species of the grass family (Poaceae). Pooideae contained 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenines [i.e., t18:1(8Z) plus t18:1(8E)] as major components, the relative levels of t18:1(8Z) being higher than those of the 8-E isomers. 2-Hydroxy arachidic acid was a major component in all species other than Pooideae, whereas Pooideae had a high content of 2-hydroxytetracosenoic acid. 相似文献
5.
Food limitation was tested in the laboratory by individual growth and reproduction of two cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia richardi and Daphnia gessneri, from the shallow tropical Brazilian Lake Monte Alegre. The cladocerans were fed cultivated green alga Scenedesmus spinosus in concentrations of 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.025 mg C l−1. Higher biomass and growth rates occurred in the two highest-food concentrations; the two lowest ones negatively affected
clutch size and first reproduction. The threshold food concentration is lower than 0.025 mg C l−1 and the incipient limiting level is a value between 0.10 and 0.20 mg C l−1. The largest species, D. gessneri, was more sensitive to low food concentrations. The effects of low and high temperatures (19 and 27°C) were evaluated by
life table experiments with three cladocerans from the lake—Daphnia ambigua, D. gessneri, and Moina micrura—with no food limitation (1 mg C l−1 of S. spinosus). Higher population growth rates for the three species were found at 27°C; better performance in most life table parameters
was observed for the former two species at the highest temperature, D. gessneri being the most sensitive to the lowest temperature. There are indications that temperature is an important abiotic factor
that constrains populations of cladocerans for a short period in winter in the lake, when temperature decreases to 18–19°C.
However, its influence cannot be separated from a biotic factor such as food, whose effect is stronger in the cool season,
when concentrations are lower and contribution of inedible algae is relatively higher. 相似文献
6.
Investigations of coevolutionary relationships between plants and the animals that disperse their seeds suggest that disperser-plant
interactions are likely shaped by diffuse, rather than species-to-species, coevolution. We studied the role of dietary plasticity
in shaping the potential for diffuse coevolution by comparing dietary fruit preferences and seed dispersal by 3 species of
spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) in 4 moist forests in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Surinam. In all forests, spider monkeys were highly frugivorous
and preyed upon seeds of few species. We estimated dietary use of fruiting taxa based on absolute consumption and preference,
which accounts for resource availability. Of the 59 genera that comprised the 20 most frequently consumed genera summed in
each forest, only 3—Brosimum (Moraceae), Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) and Virola (Myristicaceae)—ranked within the top 20 at every forest. Most genera were within the 20 most frequently consumed at only
1 or 2 forests. Based on preferences, only 4 genera ranked in the 20 most-preferred in all 4 forests: Brosimum, Cecropia, Ficus (Moracae), and Virola. Patterns in fruit consumption and preference at the familial level were similar in that only 2 families—Myristicaceae and
Moraceae—were in the 10 most-consumed or most-preferred in all 4 forests. Interforest variation in plant specific composition
and abundances and supra-annual fruiting phenologies, combined with dietary flexibility of Ateles spp., may partly explain these patterns. Our results suggest that variation in plant community structure strongly influences
dietary preferences, and hence, seed dispersal by spider monkeys. Thus, diffuse coevolution in spider monkey-plant relationships
may be limited to few taxa at the generic and familial levels. 相似文献
7.
K. Martha M. Jones 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2007,80(1):35-49
Synopsis This study investigated the distribution of behaviours and species interactions within home range contours in five Caribbean
labrid species: Halichoeres bivittatus, H. garnoti, H. maculipinna, H. poeyi, and Thalassoma bifasciatum. For this study, contours were defined as: (a) 30%—the core use area, (b) 30–75%—the intermediate activity area, and (c)
75–95%—the peripheral activity area. Behaviours analyzed for this study included: (i) feeding (=biting the substrate or chewing),
(ii) chased by pomacentrids, (iii) swimming alone, (iv) swimming with other fishes, and (v) all activities with other fishes.
Fifty-nine percent of Halichoeres bivittatus observed showed a higher frequency than expected being chased by pomacentrids in the peripheral region of their home ranges.
Halichoeres garnoti showed a lower frequency than expected swimming with other individuals in their core use area, and 64% of the individuals
observed showed a higher frequency than expected being chased by pomacentrids in the peripheral region. In general, H. maculipinna exhibited a random distribution of behaviours throughout their home range areas, with a non-significant trend for more agonistic
interactions with pomacentrids in peripheral regions. Halichoeres poeyi and T. bifasciatum showed higher frequencies than expected being chased by pomacentrids in the peripheral regions. Overall, the non-random distribution
of agonistic interactions with pomacentrids throughout home range areas suggests that the presence or prior residence of territorial
pomacentrids on coral reefs may modify the post-settlement selection of home range areas by these labrid species. 相似文献
8.
Keratinophilic fungi include true fungi that vigorously degrade keratin as well as a number of important human pathogenic
dermatophytes. We identified 41 species and one variety belonging to 19 genera in 50 floor dust samples following culture
on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar medium at 28°C. Dermatophytes and closely related fungi were represented by six species—Aphanoascus fulvescens, Aphanoascus sp., Arthroderma cuniculi, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Gymnoascus uncinatus and Trichophyton rubrum. There were 35 species and one variety of other fungal species, with members of Aspergillus and Penicllium being the most prevalent. Twenty-seven species and 1 variety belonging to 14 genera were identified from 24 dust samples
gathered at 2-week intervals from male student housing at El-Kenose during January–December 2005 that had been cultured on
Sabauraud’s dextrose agar at 28°C. The monthly counts of keratinophilic fungi showed irregular fluctuations, with a peak in
April and the lowest point in November. Dermatophytes and closely related fungi were represented by Aphanoascus fulvescens, Aphanoascus sp., Chrysosporium lucknowense, Gymnoascus uncinatus, and Trichophyton rubrum. In conclusion, the study reports the incidences of some dermatophytes found in the floor dust of student houses of South
Valley University, Egypt. 相似文献
9.
An alga known as “Nannochloropsis”, isolated from a prawn farm in Hainan, China, has been critically investigated and identified as Chlorella, a member of the Chlorophyceae based on fatty acid composition, ultrastructure, and 18S rDNA. Cells of this alga were spherical,
measured by 1–6 μm in diameter and were enclosed in thin walls of approximately 0.04 μm thickness. They contained several
small mitochondria, two to three thylakoids and had no vacuoles. There were many pyrenoids in the algal cells and their thylakoid
lamellae were sparse and not translucent. Many lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm. The total lipid content of this
alga was 3% per gram dry weight and its major fatty acids were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:0. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA) was not detected. The length of its 18S rDNA sequence was 1,712 bp. 18S rDNA sequence analyses indicated that this
alga was a species of Chlorella. 相似文献
10.
Three species ofBactris are recognized in the Greater Antilles:B. cubensis (from Cuba),B. plumeriana (from Hispaniola), andB. jamaicana (from Jamaica). A cladistic analysis of the non-ocreate clade—i.e.,Bactris cubensis, B. plumeriana, B. jamaicana, B. macana, andB. gasipaes—confirmed that the Greater Antillean species ofBactris form a monophyletic group, i.e., the Antillean clade. Synapomorphies supporting the Antillean clade are mesocarp and endocarp
fibers numerous, parallel, predominantly narrow, few broad, extending the entire length of the endocarp; and leaf segments
45–80 per side of rachis. The presence of fiber-sclereids in the leaf lamina, and petals of the staminate flowers ovate to
ovatetrullate, with sparsely branched fibers, may represent additional synapomorphies.Bactris plumeriana andB. jamaicana are hypothesized to be sister species, a grouping weakly supported by their short anthers. Each species has at least one
autapomorphy; therefore, all are considered to be a cladospecies. Noteworthy interpopulational variation occurs withinBactris plumeriana andB. cubensis. 相似文献
11.
The leiognathid genus Nuchequula can be defined by the following combination of characters: mouth protruding downward; a narrow band of small, slender, villiform
teeth in both jaws; teeth on upper jaw strongly recurved; the lateral line almost complete; a dark blotch on the nape. Although
the genus was first established as a subgenus of Eubleekeria, it is here raised to generic level on the basis of the aforementioned morphological characters and recent molecular biological
evidence. The genus comprises six valid species: N. blochii (Valenciennes 1835), distributed in India and Thailand; N. flavaxilla sp. nov., occurring only at Panay I., Philippines; N. gerreoides (Bleeker 1851), widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, from the Persian Gulf to Cape York, Australia, and north to
Taiwan; N. glenysae sp. nov., from northern Australia and Ambon, Indonesia; N. longicornis sp. nov., from the Gulf of Thailand and Indonesia; and N. nuchalis (Temminck and Schlegel 1845), occurring in southern China including Taiwan, and southern Japan. Diagnostic characters of
the species belonging to the genus are as follows: N. blochii—breast scaled, cheek naked, and a conspicuous black blotch distally on spinous dorsal fin; N. flavaxilla sp. nov.—breast naked, dorsolateral body surface fully scaled, preorbital spine bicuspid and not expanded distally, and second
dorsal and anal fin spines conspicuously elongated; N. gerreoides—breast naked, anterior part of dorsolateral surface of body almost completely scaled, and second dorsal and anal fin spines
not conspicuously elongated; N. glenysae sp. nov.—breast completely scaled, cheek scaled, and unique complicated sensory canals present on the suborbital area, extending
to the nape; N. longicornis sp. nov.—breast naked, dorsolateral body surface fully scaled, preorbital spine bicuspid or tricuspid and extended distally,
and second dorsal fin spines only conspicuously elongated; N. nuchalis—breast naked, anterior part of dorsolateral surface of body widely naked, and a conspicuous dark blotch distally on spinous
dorsal fin. 相似文献
12.
Tribe Fabeae consists of five genera, Lathyrus (160 spp.), Lens (4–6 spp.), Pisum (2–3 spp.), Vavilovia (monotypic), and Vicia (160 spp.), and shows a diversity in stylar features. At least six different stylar types are known in the tribe. In order to reclassify the tribe at the rank of genus, we tried to discover apomorphies in stylar features using a molecular phylogenetic study. We surveyed internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA of representative species, selected from each group having different types of styles in the tribe. We paid particular attention in sampling to members of Vicia section Vicilla, as stylar features are heterogeneous within this section. Consequently, our sample set included 15 species of section Vicilla, 23 species of other Fabeae, and two species of Trifolieae, which were used as a sister group of Fabeae. Based on our analysis, we found that a laterally compressed style and an abaxially tufted hairy style would be advanced against a dorsiventrally compressed style and an evenly hairy style, respectively, in genus Vicia. The species group, which shares the latter apomorphy, is composed of 56 species and was dispersed into 11 sections of two subgenera in the recent system of genus Vicia. We consider future revision of Fabeae should treat this species group as a single higher taxon. 相似文献
13.
Zhe-Xue?Quail Dan-Ning?Zeng Yi-Ping?Xiao Seong?Woon?Roh Young-Do?Nam Ho-Won?Chang Jung-Hoon?Yoon Hee-Mock?Oh Jin-Woo?Bae
A bacterial strain, designated Iso4T, was isolated from the East Sea of Korea and was subjected to a poly-phasic taxonomy study including phenotypic and chemotaxonomic
characteristics as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, motile, non-budding, non-stalked,
and strictly aerobic. Strain Iso4T grew optimally at 20°C in the presence of 1∼2% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 6.9∼7.6. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the
major cellular fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c (53.5%), C17:1 ω5c (11.7%), C17:1 ω6c (8.1%), C16:0 (7.8%), C17:0 (4.8%), C15:0 (2.9%), and C16:1 ω5c (2.2%). The DNA G+C content of strain Iso4T was 56.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Iso4T formed a monophyletic clade in the family Hyphomonadaceae, supported by high bootstrap value and was most closely related to the genus Hyphomonas (92∼94%), a member of marine bacteria in the family. The phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidences also suggest
strain Iso4T represents a novel genus and species in the family Hyphomonadaceae, for which the name Henriciella gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Iso4T (=KCTC 12513T =DSM 19595T =JCM 15116T). 相似文献
14.
The cyanobacterial species composition of nine Greek waterbodies of different type and trophic status was examined during
the warm period of the year (May–October). Cyanobacterial water blooms were observed in all waterbodies. Forty-six cyanobacterial
taxa were identified, 11 of which are known to be toxic. Eighteen species are reported for the first time in these waterbodies,
8 of which are known to produce toxins. Toxin producing species were found in all of the waterbodies and were primarily dominant
in bloom formations (e.g., Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii). Cosmopolitan species (e.g., M. aeruginosa), pantropic (e.g., Anabaenopsis tanganyikae) and holarctic species (e.g., Anabaena flos-aquae) were encountered. Shallow, eutrophic waterbodies had blooms dominated by Microcystis species and were characterized by phytoplankton association M. Anabaena and Aphanizomenon species of association H were dominant in waterbodies with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen and thermal stratification in
the summer. Total cyanobacterial biovolumes (CBV) ranged from 7 to 9,507 cm3 m−3 and were higher than Alert Level 2 and Guidance Level 2 (10 cm3 m−3; World Health Organization; WHO) in seven of the waterbodies. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 6 to 90,000 mg m−3 and were higher than Alert Level 2 and Guidance Level 2 (50 mg m−3; WHO) in eight of the waterbodies. There is also an elevated risk of acute toxicosis (Guidance Level 3; WHO) in five waterbodies.
Water of an undesirable quality, hazardous to humans and animals occurs in several Greek waterbodies. 相似文献
15.
Four Paraeuchaeta species and three aetideids were frequently encountered along 51°30′S in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Paraeuchaeta antarctica was most abundant close to the Antarctic Polar Front. Within the genera Paraeuchaeta and Gaetanus, congeners usually partitioned the water column. Euchaetidae had high lipid (≤37% dry mass, DM in adult females) and wax
ester contents (≤22% DM). Fatty acid composition of Paraeuchaeta spp. was dominated by monounsaturated moieties, especially 16:1(n-7) and 18:1(n-9), while fatty alcohols were mainly saturated.
Surprisingly, only the bathypelagic P. barbata contained moderate amounts of 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11) fatty acids (≤14%) and high levels of the respective fatty alcohols
(≤50%), generally considered trophic biomarkers for calanid copepods as prey. Thus, herbivorous calanid copepods seem to be
a readily available prey source at bathypelagic depths, indicating that their seasonal vertical migration provides a “trophic
shortcut” from primary production at the surface to the interior of the ocean. Aetideidae also contained substantial levels
of total lipid (14–36% DM), but wax esters contributed only up to 12% DM in copepodite stages C5 of Gaetanus spp., whereas other stages of Gaetanus and Aetideopsis minor only contained ≤6% DM of wax esters. The fatty acid compositions of Aetideidae were more balanced with 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 20:5(n-3),
and 22:6(n-3) as important components, indicating a generally omnivorous feeding behaviour. 相似文献
16.
P. C. Siao G. C. Li H. L. Engle L. V. Ilao L. C. Trinidad 《Journal of applied phycology》2007,19(6):733-743
The use of three freshwater microalgal cultures—Chlorella sorokiniana, Anabaena laxa, and Hapalosiphon welwitschii—for sorption of copper(II) from synthetic Cu(II) solutions and Marinduque, Philippines, wastewater was studied. The optimum
amount of biomass for the three species was 0.025 g dry weight. The optimum contact time for both C. sorokiniana and A. laxa was 1 h, whereas that of H. welwitschii was 30 min. All three species exhibited maximum Cu(II) sorption at pH 4.0–6.0. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was the best
fit model for the three species. The three cultures were found to be effective biosorbents when used in synthetic wastewaters
of low concentration (10–30 ppm). Maximum Cu(II) reductions obtained were 88.2, 88.6, and 91.7% for the C. sorokiniana, A. laxa, and H. welwitschii cultures, respectively. C. sorokiniana, A. laxa, and H. welwitschii removed 5.70, 11.16, and 7.15% of Cu(II), respectively, when applied to wastewater taken from Consolidated Mines Inc. (CMI)
containing around 150 ppm Cu(II). C. sorokiniana and A. laxa, in combination, exhibited 14.05% Cu(II) removal from CMI wastewater. Desorption with 0.11 M HCl effected 73.20, 64.54, and
70.85% removal of Cu(II) from the surfaces of C. sorokiniana, A. laxa, and H. welwitschii, respectively. SEM-EDS spectra of the three species confirmed the presence of Cu(II) on their surfaces.
Presented at the 6th Meeting of the Asia Pacific Society of Applied Phycology, Manila, Philippines. 相似文献
17.
Julio A. Vásquez 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):457-467
Chile is an important producer of brown seaweeds representing 10% of world supply. Landings of Chilean kelp fluctuated between
40,000 t.year−1 in the early ‘80s to 250,000 t.year−1 more recently. Commercialized algae come from natural populations and no mass-cultures of involved species have been established.
Four species of brown algae are commercially collected in the country: Lessonia trabeculata, L. nigrescens, Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifolia. Since 2000, the demand of alginate sources and food for cultivated abalones dramatically raised the harvesting of these
species. Direct evaluations of Lessonia spp. and Macrocystis standing-stocks were made along 700 km of coast in northern Chile. Lessonia spp. estimated populations exceed 900,000 t, whereas M. integrifolia does not exceed 300 t. The insights provided indicate that sustainability of Chilean kelp subjected to intense harvesting
would require management programs including the following bio-ecological recommendations: (1) to harvest the entire plant
including the holdfast; (2) to harvest plants larger than 20 cm in diameter; (3) to harvest plants sparsely, selecting mayor
specimens; (4) rotation of harvesting areas; and (5) for Macrocystis, to cut the canopy 1–2 m from the surface. They must be implemented in a National Program of Kelp Management, elaborated
by government, scientists, fisherman, and industry. 相似文献
18.
Mochammad Amin Alamsjah Shotaro Hirao Fumito Ishibashi Tatsuya Oda Yuji Fujita 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):713-720
Isolation of algicidal compounds from Ulva fasciata revealed that the algicidal substances were the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as hexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid
(HDTA) C16:4 n-3, octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoic acid (ODTA) C18:4 n-3, α-linolenic acid (ALA) C18:3 n-3 and linoleic acid
(LA) C18:2 n-6. The fatty acid composition of four species of Ulvaceae (U. fasciata, U. pertusa, U. arasakii and U. conglobota) was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography to investigate the relationship with the algicidal activity. The results indicate
that highly algicidal species, U. fasciata and U. pertusa, showed higher contents of C16:4 n-3, C18:3 n-3, and C18:4 n-3. Concentrations of these PUFAs released from the seaweed in
the culture medium were also analyzed. These PUFAs were found to be significantly active against Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, Fibrocapsa japonica, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimotoi, moderately effective against Heterocapsa circularisquama, Prorocentrum minimum, P. sigmoides, Scrippsiella trochoidea, whereas low effective against Alexandrium catenella and Cochlodinium polykrikoides. It is suggested that the PUFAs are useful mitigation agents to remove several harmful effects without causing detrimental
effects on surrounding marine living organisms. 相似文献
19.
Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe Osamu Takenaka Bambang Suryobroto Yoshi Kawamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):65-80
The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence
models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on
the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have
been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences
deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators. 相似文献
20.
The indriid genus Propithecus comprises the sifakas, medium-sized lemurs endemic to the forests of Madagascar. Traditionally, scientists divided the genus
into only 2 or 3 species —Propithecus diadema, P. verreauxi, and, since 1988, P. tattersalli— with 4 or 5 subspecies in each of the first 2 taxa, but recent authors have suggested that many more distinct species should
be recognized. We draw from quantitative and qualitative studies of craniodental traits to evaluate further the phenetic distinctiveness
and taxonomic status of each named form of Propithecus. We recognize 9–10 species in the genus. The 4 or 5 species of the Propithecus diadema group —P. diadema, P. candidus, P. perrieri, P. edwardsi, and perhaps P. holomelas, if distinct— share several derived features, including large average body size and a mandible specialized for rotational
chewing, and clearly comprise a closely related complex. The 5 species of the Propithecus verreauxi group —P. verreauxi, P. coquereli, P. deckenii, P. coronatus, P. tattersalli— are each highly distinctive morphologically and likely do not comprise a monophyletic group. In particular, we point out
the highly distinctive cranial features of Propithecus coronatus, which researchers have traditionally largely overlooked. 相似文献