The methodology of the theory of self-organization in the development of concepts on the physiological mechanisms of vestibular reactions

Sources of modern vestibulology's crisis status are determined. New methodological questions of object exploration of vestibular function and vestibular reactions are marked. New theoretical views are developed, some results of these theoretical views's practical realization are presented, perspective possibilities of new approach are defined.     

Permanent Stained Agar Preparation of Mycoplasma and of L Forms of Bacteria

A procedure is described that permits the preparation of permanent stained mounts of Mycoplasma and of bacterial L forms grown on the surface of and within agar media. These preparations are especially useful for making representative photographs. The cultures are fixed with Formalin vapor. Thin slices of agar are stained at elevated temperature between 50 and 60 C and at a low pH, are dried rapidly, and are mounted in Canada balsam. The results with this staining procedure are illustrated by photographs of various strains of Mycoplasma and of bacterial L forms.     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

Mode of Operation of Ampullae of Lorenzini of the Skate, Raja

Ampullae of Lorenzini are sensitive electroreceptors. Applied potentials affect receptor cells which transmit synaptically to afferent fibers. Cathodal stimuli in the ampullary lumen sometimes evoke all-or-none "receptor spikes," which are negative-going recorded in the lumen, but more frequently they evoke graded damped oscillations. Cathodal stimuli evoke nerve discharge, usually at stimulus strengths subthreshold for obvious receptor oscillations or spikes. Anodal stimuli decrease any ongoing spontaneous nerve activity. Cathodal stimuli evoke long-lasting depolarizations (generator or postsynaptic potentials) in afferent fibers. Superimposed antidromic spikes are reduced in amplitude, suggesting that the postsynaptic potentials are generated similarly to other excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Anodal stimuli evoke hyperpolarizations of nerves in preparations with tonic activity and in occasional silent preparations; presumably tonic release of excitatory transmitter is decreased. These data are explicable as follows: lumenal faces of receptor cells are tonically (but asynchronously) active generating depolarizing responses. Cathodal stimuli increase this activity, thereby leading to increased depolarization of and increased release of transmitter from serosal faces, which are inexcitable. Anodal stimuli act oppositely. Receptor spikes result from synchronized receptor cell activity. Since cathodal stimuli act directly to hyperpolarize serosal faces, strong cathodal stimuli overcome depolarizing effects of lumenal face activity and are inhibitory. Conversely, strong anodal stimuli depolarize serosal faces, thereby causing release of transmitter, and are excitatory. These properties explain several anomalous features of responses of ampullae of Lorenzini.     

Scaling of Folding Properties in Go Models of Proteins

Insights about scaling of folding properties of proteins are obtained bystudying folding in heteropolymers described by Go-like Hamiltonians. Bothlattice and continuum space models are considered. In the latter case, themonomer-monomer interactions correspond to the Lennard-Jones potential.Several statistical ensembles of the two- and three-dimensional targetnative conformations are considered. Among them are maximally compactconformations which are confined to a lattice and those which are obtainedeither through quenching or annealing of homopolymers to their compactlocal energy minima. Characteristic folding times are found to grow aspower laws with the system size. The corresponding exponents are notuniversal. The size related deterioration of foldability is found to beconsistent with the scaling behavior of the characteristic temperatures:asymptotically, the folding temperature becomes much lower than thetemperature at which glassy kinetics become important. The helicalconformations are found to have the lowest overall scaling exponent andthe best foldability among the classes of conformations studied. Thescaling properties of the Go-like models of the protein conformationsstored in the Protein Data Bank suggest that proteins are not optimizedkinetically.     

Qualitative analysis of oscillations in isolated populations of flies

Populations oscillations in isolated populations of flies are considered. Qualitative methods of analysis are applied to the functional differential equation representing the system and conditions for the occurrence of oscillations are derived. These conditions are readily visualized in terms of parameters which are easily measured and have a straightforward biological interpretation.     

河南大学校园鸟类初步调查

截至2010年12月,为期2年的河南大学校园鸟类调查共记录到鸟类44种,隶属11目、25科;其中雀形目鸟类28种,留鸟20种,夏候鸟18种,冬候鸟和旅鸟各3种,分别占总数的63.6%、45.5%、40.9%、6.8%和6.8%;区系分析表明东洋种9种,古北种16种,广布种19种,分别占总数的20.5%、36.4%和43.2%。整体表现出南北混杂,古北种鸟类较东洋种比例大,广布种鸟类较多的特点。在调查基础上,提出了一些校园鸟类保护的建议。     

Testing Equality of Coefficients of Variation of Two Populations

The test statistics are proposed for testing the equality of the coefficients of variation of two normal populations based on independent samples. The asymptotic distributions of the statistics are approximated by well-known distributions. The empirical sizes and powers of these statistics are computed and compared.     

Symbiotic properties of some auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti and of their prototrophic revertants

Summary 1. Auxotrophic mutants of 2 strains ofRhizobium meliloti have been isolated: among them 4 are purine or pyrimidine-dependent (adenine, cytosine), 4 are sulfur amino acid-dependent (methionine, cysteine) and 3 glycine-dependent. 2. All of these mutants induce nodule formation on lucerne (variety ‘Du Puits’). 3. There are associations between nutritional requirements and effectiveness in nitrogen fixation on this host. All the amino acid-dependent mutants are effective. Glycine-dependent mutants are more effective than the wild-type strain, whereas cyste?ne and methionine-dependent mutants are as effective as the wild-type strain. On the other hand, purine and pyrimidine-dependent mutants are ineffective. 4. All the prototrophic revertants of ineffective auxotrophic strains are effective. Some of them are more effective than wild-type strain.     

Group-theory classification of oscillations of plasma clusters

Normal oscillations of three-dimensional configurations of dust grains trapped in a spherically symmetric potential well are studied. All possible oscillations of a system consisting of 7–13 grains are classified in terms of group theory. For a Coulomb interaction potential, all the oscillation frequencies are calculated. The frequencies and polarizations of some oscillation modes are obtained for an arbitrary interaction potential.     

甘肃崆峒山种子植物区系科的分析

崆峒山位于甘肃省平凉市境内 ,面积约 1 82 .5 2km2 。有野生种子植物 662种 ,隶属于 3 43属 ,88科。其中世界广布科 2 3个 ,占总科数的 2 6.1 4 %;热带科 3 5个 ,占 3 9.77%;温带科 3 0个 ,占 3 4.0 9%,并且单属科和少属科较丰富。虽然热带科的比例较高 ,但分布至该区的属和种大多是温带性质的。崆峒山的优势科是菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科等 ,而表征科则是桦木科、麻黄科、胡颓子科、忍冬科、罂粟科、榆科、金粟兰科、虎耳草科等。该区系的起源有明显的古老性。     

银杏种子的生物学特性及贮藏

银杏种子是典型的生理后熟种子,种子含水量高,种皮通透性大,具有不耐脱水的特性,是非典型性顽拗性种子。银杏种子贮藏的关键是在保持种子活力的前提下,降低种子的呼吸强度,因此贮藏过程中温度、湿度和气体的调节是关键。涂膜处理、化学试剂处理、辐射处理和逆境处理等技术可有效提高银杏种子的贮藏品质。     

An Analysis of Variance of Nominal Data

This paper considers a common problem in analysis of variance where the responses to a set of treatments are nominal (i.e. are recorded in frequencies) with no underlying metric. Reasoning by analogy from standard analysis of variance of a two-way classification we develop chi-square tests for significance of treatments and interactions. Two tests are proposed for interaction and their asymptotic properties are studied.     

Comparative analysis of sensitivity of cholinesterases of different origin to bis-onium reversible inhibitors

Analytical review of the literature data on interaction constant of cholinesterases from different animal (vertebrates and squids) with 45 bis-onium reversible inhibitors forming homologous series with regularly varied structure has been carried out. Values of the competitive, uncompetitive and generalized inhibitor constants are compared. Interspecies and intraspecies differences in sensitivity of ChE are revealed. Results of conformational analysis of the investigated ligand molecules are presented. The data on population of individual conformations are compared with the data on anticholinesterase potency. Conclusions are made on the action mechanism of the investigated compounds and predominant place of their sorption. The presented data are considered from the point of view of comparative biochemistry and in the light of current information about the active center structure of cholinesterases.     

Application of Different Variants of the BEM in Numerical Modeling of Bioheat Transfer Problems

Heat transfer processes proceeding in the living organisms are described by the different mathematical models. In particular, the typical continuous model of bioheat transfer bases on the most popular Pennes equation, but the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation and the dual phase lag equation are also used. It should be pointed out that in parallel are also examined the vascular models, and then for the large blood vessels and tissue domain the energy equations are formulated separately. In the paper the different variants of the boundary element method as a tool of numerical solution of bioheat transfer problems are discussed. For the steady state problems and the vascular models the classical BEM algorithm and also the multiple reciprocity BEM are presented. For the transient problems connected with the heating of tissue, the various tissue models are considered for which the 1st scheme of the BEM, the BEM using discretization in time and the general BEM are applied. Examples of computations illustrate the possibilities of practical applications of boundary element method in the scope of bioheat transfer problems.     

Principles of systematics and the system of bivalves

The systems of the class Bivalvia accepted in recent manuals are discussed. The system proposed by L.A. Nevesskaja, O.A. Skarlato, Ya.I. Starobogatov, and A.G. Eberzin (1971) is substantiated and updated. Morphological characters important for the establishment of taxa of different ranks are listed. Three superorders and 17 orders are established; two orders, which are restricted to the Cambrian and the beginning of the Ordovician, are placed outside the accepted superorders.     

Comparative analysis of sensitivity of cholinesterases of different origin to reversible bis-onium inhibitors

Analytical review of literature data has been carried out about kinetic parameters of cholinesterases (ChE) of various animals (vertebrates and squids) with 45 reversible bis-onium inhibitors forming homologous series with regularly changing structure. Values of competitive, non-competitive, and generalized inhibitory constants are compared. Interspecies and intraspecies differences are revealed in sensitivity of ChE to bis-onium inhibitors. Results of conformational analysis of molecules of the studied ligands are presented. Data on population of individual conformations are compared with values of anticholinesterase efficiency. Conclusions are made about mechanisms of action of the studied compounds and the predominant site of their sorption. The presented data are discussed from the point of view of comparative enzymology and in the light of the current information about structure of active center of cholinesterases.     

Comparison of the crystal structures of chymotrypsinogen-A and alpha-chymotrypsin

The crystal structures of chymotrypsinogen-A and α-chymotrypsin are compared and the parts of the main chain which differ in the two structures are identified. Changes in main-chain torsion angles and hydrogen bonds are tabulated. The residues Asp(102), His(57) and Ser(195) are compared in detail. Possible relationships among those parts of the molecules which change upon activation are discussed.     

Intracellular sites of lipid synthesis and the biogenesis of mitochondria

Experimental data are presented on the intracellular localization in rat liver of three enzymes which are involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol. These enzymes are phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, CDP-diglyceride-l-alpha-glycerophosphate phosphatidyl transferase, and phosphatidylethanolamine-l-serine phosphatidyl transferase. It was found that the first two enzymes are primarily mitochondrial while the latter enzyme is primarily microsomal. The intracellular sites for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylglycerol are discussed, and the implications of their sites of biosynthesis on the assembly processes involved in the biogenesis of mitochondria are considered.