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1.
DNA甲基化与克隆动物的发育异常   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
杨荣荣  李相运 《遗传》2007,29(9):1043-1048
通过核移植技术得到的大多数克隆动物在出生前就已经死亡, 只有极少数可以发育至妊娠期末或者存活至成年, 即使是存活下来的克隆动物也伴有不同程度的发育缺陷和表型异常。DNA甲基化是支配基因正常表达的一种重要的表观遗传修饰方式, 是调节基因组功能的重要手段, 在胚胎的正常发育过程中具有显著作用。通过对DNA甲基化模式的研究, 人们发现克隆动物中存在着异常的DNA甲基化状态, 而这些异常的DNA甲基化模式可能就是导致克隆胚早期死亡以及克隆动物发育畸形的主要原因。文章主要论述了DNA甲基化的作用, 克隆动物中异常的DNA甲基化模式, 以及造成克隆胚胎甲基化异常的原因等问题。  相似文献   

2.
动物克隆核再程序化有关机理的研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
近年来,动物克隆技术发展迅速,不断有新的克隆动物面世。面对克隆效率、克隆动物存活率低的客观事实,人们对克隆有关机制做了很多探讨。在移植核的再程序化过程中,某些胞浆因子如核质原等在解除已分化细胞核染色质的抑制中发挥了关键的作用,同时移植核发生印记基因及非印记基因的去甲基化和重新甲基化的现象,这种染色质抑制作用的解除及基因的甲基化现象与移植核的去分化有着密切的联系,但其具体机制还不清楚。核移植技术中,供核与受体胞质的协调和核再程序化的关系得到大量研究,目前普遍认为为了使核再程序化进行得更完全,MⅡ期卵母细胞质是适宜的受体,而处于G0期或G1期的体细胞核是合适的核供体。  相似文献   

3.
核移植(nuelear transplation,NT)是将动物早期胚胎或体细胞的细胞核移植到去核的受精卵或成熟卵母细胞中、重新构建新的胚胎,使重构胚发育为与供核细胞基因型相同后代的技术过程,又称动物克隆技术。广义的胚胎克隆技术还包括胚胎分割和卵裂球培养,通常所指的胚胎克隆技术是指狭义概念,即核移植技术。1938年Spmann在所有胚胎细胞都具有与受精卵完全相同、拥有潜在发育全能性的细胞核基础上提出了细胞核移植的概念[‘1。早期核移植实验是在变形虫、蛙、爪蟾、非洲爪蛙等两栖类和鱼类上进行的核质关系研究〔“一“〕,随着胚胎技术的不断进步…  相似文献   

4.
本文介绍了世界上和中国采用细胞核移植技术克隆动物的研究历史。综述了细胞核移植的程序、方法和影响因素,包括受体卵母细胞的去核、供体细胞核的制备、核移植、激活、受体细胞与供体细胞的融合、重组胚的体内和体外培养以及胚胎移植产生克隆动物。对克隆动物研究和应用前景进行了讨论。近期的研究结果表明,多代克隆可产生大量遗传性相同的动物,不久的将来克隆技术在商业上的应用将成为现实。  相似文献   

5.
克隆动物研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文介绍了上世界上中国条用细胞核移植技术克隆动物的研究历史。综述了细胞核移植的程序、方法和影响因素,包括受体卵母细胞的去核、供体细胞核的制备、核移植、激活、受体细胞与供体细胞的融合、重组胚的体内和体外培养以及胚胎移植产生克隆动物。对克隆动物研究和应用前景进行了讨论。近期的研究结果表明,多代克隆可产生在量遗传性相同的动物,不久的将来克隆技术在商业上的应用将成为现实。  相似文献   

6.
体细胞核移植(体细胞克隆)技术在动物生产、医药工业、治疗性克隆以及对珍稀濒危动物的拯救有重要意义,然而克隆效率低下以及克隆动物发育异常,严重制约了克隆技术的发展和应用.在体细胞核克隆中,供体核来自高度分化了的体细胞,发生在核移植后几小时内供体核的重编程,决定了克隆胚胎的发育能力.印记基因是由等位基因表观遗传修饰的不对称导致的基因表达具有亲本选择性,而DNA甲基化是调控印记的一个主要方式.印记基因Mash2在胚胎发育和器官形成过程中起着非常重要的作用.为了探求核移植过程中Mash2基因DNA 甲基化的表观重编程是否充分,利用亚硫酸氢盐测序法对出生48 h内死亡的体细胞核移植牛和正常对照牛肺脏中Mash2基因的DNA甲基化状态进行分析.结果显示,尽管位于Mash2基因启动子和第一个外显子处的CpG岛在正常牛和克隆牛中甲基化水平都不高(20.04%,5.55%),但克隆组的甲基化水平仍显著低于正常对照组 (P < 0.05).甲基化模式正常组中9N3有5种不同的形式,9N4仅1种;而克隆组9C3和9C5也分别是1种.推测Mash2基因的异常DNA甲基化很可能是导致克隆牛肺脏发育异常的一个重要原因.  相似文献   

7.
利用转基因克隆技术实现外源基因的导入宿主染色体基因组内稳定整合,并能遗传给后代,已在基因表达与调控的理论研究、人类遗传病动物模型的建立、药用蛋白的生产、抗病育种、人类移植用的器官的研究等方面得到广泛应用。转基因动物的研究与应用也已经成为21世纪生命科学领域最活跃、最具有实际应用价值的方向之一,尤其是作为生物反应器和医学上为人类提供所用器官方面,其经济价值和社会效益将是不可估量。在查阅大量近年来国内外相关资料的基础上,本文以转基因动物克隆为中心,对转基因动物克隆所采用显微注射技术、核移植技术、基因打靶与真核BAC表达载体制备等主要研究技术,以及转基因动物克隆在异种器官移植、构建生物反应器等方面的应用进行了综合性论述与分析,同时阐述了各种转基因技术的优点与缺点,以其为转基因动物克隆研究提供理论基础与技术支撑。  相似文献   

8.
克隆动物发育过程中基因组的重编程   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
自克隆羊“多莉”诞生后利用体细胞核移植技术进行克隆动物的研究已取得很大进展,体细胞克隆的牛、猪、山羊、猫、兔等已陆续出生,但克隆动物的成活率一直都比较低,并且产出的动物大部分存在某种程度的缺陷.最新研究表明,克隆动物胚胎基因组的重编程出现偏差和失误,尤其是去甲基化不足可能是核克隆动物出现异常的关键所在.探讨早期克隆胚胎重编程,特别是对DNA的甲基化,以及供体核在受体卵胞质中进行核重组,为研究克隆胚胎发育和解决克隆动物中的两大难题——即基因组的重编程和核质相互作用提供一些线索.  相似文献   

9.
细胞核重新编程是哺乳动物正常胚胎和克隆胚胎发育的关键性因素,主要表现为表观遗传学上变化。在受精卵形成和发育过程中,基因组的甲基化状态和组蛋白的结合形式均发生改变;在核移植产生的克隆胚胎中,供体细胞核也会经历核膜破裂、早熟染色体凝集等变化,重新获得分化的潜能而发育为正常的克隆动物。同时存在多种因素影响重新编程的进行。现对哺乳动物细胞核重新编程的研究进展进行综述,以期为该领域进一步的探索提供借鉴。  相似文献   

10.
利用细胞核移植技术将NIH3T3细胞核和孤雌桑椹胚单个卵裂球,分别移植到去核MⅡ期受体卵母细胞中,通过免疫荧光染色后比较体外受精胚、孤雌胚、NIH3T3核移植重组胚和孤雌桑椹胚核移植重组胚附植前各时期胚胎DNA甲基化水平的变化,以探明克隆胚细胞核去分化与DNA甲基化的相互关系.利用Real-timePCR技术检测体外受精胚、孤雌胚和孤雌桑椹胚核移植重组胚附植前各时期胚胎中,印记基因U2afbp-rs基因以及非印记基因eIF-4C基因表达量的变化,以探明小鼠卵细胞质对克隆胚细胞核中印记基因表达的调控.结果表明,克隆胚供体核基因组DNA在核移植后并没有发生主动去甲基化.孤雌桑椹胚核移植后重组胚中U2afbp-rs基因和eIF-4C基因的表达水平要显著低于对照孤雌胚,但其表达量变化规律与对照孤雌胚相同,说明了卵细胞质对供体核印记基因的表达具有一定的调控作用.  相似文献   

11.
Long JE  Cai X 《Gene》2007,388(1-2):125-134
Epigenetic reprogramming has a crucial role in establishing nuclear totipotency in normal development and in cloned animals. Insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (Igf-2r) is a tissue-specifically and species-dependently imprinted gene, regulated by epigenetic modifications. The diversity of Igf-2r imprinting suggests that the success of animal cloning may be species-dependent. To determine the relation between epigenetic modifications and Igf-2r expression in cattle, and explore whether this gene was correctly imprinted and reprogrammed after nuclear transfer, we quantified Igf-2r mRNA in a cattle cell line after treated with an inhibitor of DNA methylation transferase or an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, and confirmed that DNA methylation and histone acetylation could regulate this gene expression. CpG island searching showed that there is a conservative imprinting control region (ICR) within the second intron of Igf-2r in cattle, analogous to mice and sheep, regulating this gene imprinting. DNA methylation analysis in sperm and blood cells showed that DNA methylation at Igf-2r ICR2 was reprogrammed in normal cattle. The methylation at Igf-2r ICR2 showed significant variation in tissues, such as blood, liver, brain, heart and heart. It suggested that Igf-2r imprinting was tissue-specifically regulated. In cloned cattle, DNA methylation at Igf-2r ICR2 was markedly altered in comparison with normal fetus, while patterns of DNA methylation at Igf-2r 3'-UTR (3-terminal untranslated region) were similar to normal fetus, it indicated that 3'-UTR was not significantly altered by cloning procedures, but DNA methylation at the locus of gene imprinting was disrupted and not completely reprogrammed after nuclear transfer.  相似文献   

12.
Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer can result in the birth of animals with phenotypic and gene expression abnormalities. We compared adult cloned pigs and adult pigs from naturally bred control females using a series of physiological and genetic parameters, including detailed methylation profiles of selected genomic regions. Phenotypic and genetic analyses indicated that there are two classes of traits, one in which the cloned pigs have less variation than controls and another characterized by variation that is equally high in cloned and control pigs. Although cloning creates animals within the normal phenotypic range, it increases the variability associated with some traits. This finding is contrary to the expectation that cloning can be used to reduce the size of groups involved in animal experimentation and to reproduce an animal, including a pet, with a homogenous set of desired traits.  相似文献   

13.
Active demethylation of the paternal genome but not of the maternal genome occurs in fertilized mouse, rat, pig, and bovine zygotes. To study whether this early demethylation wave is important for embryonic development, we have analyzed the global methylation patterns of both in vivo-fertilized and cloned rabbit embryos. Anti-5-methylcytosine immunofluorescence of in vivo-fertilized rabbit embryos revealed that the equally high methylation levels of the paternal and maternal genomes are largely maintained from the zygote up to the 16-cell stage. The lack of detectable methylation changes in rabbit preimplantation embryos suggests that genome-wide demethylation is not an obligatory requirement for epigenetic reprogramming. The methylation patterns of embryos derived from fibroblast and cumulus cell nuclear transfer were similar to those of in vivo-fertilized rabbit embryos. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific BACs demonstrated significantly increased chromosomal aneuploidy rates in cumulus cell nuclear transfer rabbit embryos and embryos derived from nuclear transfer of rabbit fibroblasts into bovine oocytes compared with in vivo-fertilized rabbit embryos. The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was correlated with subsequent developmental failure. We propose that postzygotic mitotic errors are one important explanation of why mammalian cloning often fails.  相似文献   

14.
核移植与治疗性克隆   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
徐小明  雷安民  华进联  窦忠英 《遗传》2005,27(2):289-296
核移植与治疗性克隆在畜牧业生产以及生物医学上具有广阔和诱人的应用前景。文章分析指出卵母细胞质量与供核细胞重新编程是影响体细胞核移植效率及克隆动物异常的主要因素,阐述了治疗性克隆所面临的一些基本问题及出路:治疗性克隆以核移植技术为基础,核移植所面临的一些问题也直接影响着治疗性克隆的临床应用;核移植胚胎干细胞分离培养效率的高低以及向重要功能细胞定向分化是治疗性克隆的前提;成体干细胞可用于一些重大疾病的治疗,但不能完全替代克隆性治疗;伦理问题也阻碍治疗性克隆的发展。核移植及治疗性克隆技术要想尽快更好地应用于临床和造福于人类,需要不断完善各技术环节和加强一些基础理论的研究。Abstract: Nuclear transfer and therapeutic cloning have widespread and attractive prospects in animal agriculture and biomedical applications. We reviewed that the quality of oocytes and nuclear reprogramming of somatic donor cells were the main reasons of the common abnormalities in cloned animals and the low efficiency of cloning and showed the problems and outlets in therapeutic cloning, such as some basic problems in nuclear transfer affected clinical applications of therapeutic cloning. Study on isolation and culture of nuclear transfer embryonic stem (ntES) cells and specific differentiation of ntES cells into important functional cells should be emphasized and could enhance the efficiency. Adult stem cells could help to cure some great diseases, but could not replace therapeutic cloning. Ethics also impeded the development of therapeutic cloning. It is necessary to improve many techniques and reinforce the research of some basic theories, then somatic nuclear transfer and therapeutic cloning may apply to agriculture reproduction and benefit to human life better.  相似文献   

15.
供体细胞与哺乳动物体细胞核移植   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
哺乳动物体细胞核移植(克隆)技术在转基因动物生产、珍稀动物资源复原与保护、生物学基础研究等方面业已显示出重要的应用价值,而目前该技术还与诱导多能干细胞技术一同被认为是创制患者特异性多能干细胞,为再生医学临床"细胞治疗"提供素材的最佳手段。但是,体细胞克隆的效率仍不理想,关键机制还不清楚,严重制约了该技术的推广。因此,如何提高克隆效率已成为人们普遍关心的首要问题。在体细胞克隆技术所涉及的各环节中,供体细胞是影响克隆效率的最关键因素之一。该文从供体细胞的生物学因素和技术因素两方面进行了回顾,旨在为进一步探寻建立物种或供体细胞个性化准备方案,为提高动物克隆效率提供参考。  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Mammalian cloning has been accomplished in several mammalian species by nuclear transfer. However, the production rate of cloned animals is quite low, and many cloned offspring die or show abnormal symptoms. A possible cause of the low success rate of cloning and abnormal symptoms in many cloned animals is the incomplete reestablishment of DNA methylation after nuclear transfer. We first analyzed tissue‐specific methylation patterns in the placenta, skin, and kidney of normal B6D2F1 mice. There were seven spots/CpG islands (0.5% of the total CpG islands detected) methylated differently in the three different tissues examined. In the placenta and skin of two cloned fetuses, a total of four CpG islands were aberrantly methylated or unmethylated. Interestingly, three of these four loci corresponded to the tissue‐specific loci in the normal control fetuses. The extent of aberrant methylation of genomic DNA varied between the cloned animals. In cloned animals, aberrant methylation occurred mainly at tissue‐specific methylated loci. Individual cloned animals have different methylation aberrations. In other words, cloned animals are by no means perfect copies of the original animals as far as the methylation status of genomic DNA is concerned. genesis 30:45–50, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

17.
体细胞核移植的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
自从克隆羊多利问世以后,体细胞核移植有了较大的发展,陆续有新的动物克隆成功,但克隆的效率仍然较低。本文综述了体细胞核移植技术研究的进展情况,介绍了基因背景、核移植步骤、胚胎相关支持技术对核移植成功率的影响以及核移植技术中的基因修饰和对核重新程序化的最新认识。  相似文献   

18.
The restricted supply of oocytes in the domestic dog limits the development of reproductive biotechnologies in this species. Inter-species somatic cell nuclear transfer could be an alternative for cloning animals whose oocytes are difficult to obtain. In this study, the possibility of cloning dog embryos using pig oocytes was investigated by evaluating nuclear remodeling. Chromatin remodeling, assessed by premature chromosome condensation, pseudo-pronuclei formation, DNA methylation and histone acetylation, along with the developmental ability was compared between intra- and inter-species cloned embryos. The incidence of premature chromosome condensation was significantly higher in intra-species cloned embryos relative to inter-species cloned embryos (87.2% vs. 61.7%; P<0.05), but comparable pseudo-pronuclei formation was observed in both (85.3% vs. 75.8%). None of the inter-species cloned embryos developed beyond the 8-cell stage while 18.3% of intra-species cloned embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. The relative level of both DNA methylation and histone acetylation was similar between intra- and inter-species cloned embryos at all times examined. These results suggest that although partial chromatin remodeling occurs, further investigation is needed to be able to use pig oocytes as recipient oocytes in dog cloning.  相似文献   

19.
Details of the first mammal born after nuclear transfer cloning were published by Steen Malte Willadsen in 1986. In spite of its enormous scientific significance, this discovery failed to trigger much public concern, possibly because the donor cells were derived from pre-implantation stage embryos. The major breakthrough in terms of public recognition has happened when Ian Wilmut et al. [Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., McWhir, J., Kind, A.J., Campbell, K.H., 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal és adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810-813] described the successful application of almost exactly the same method, but using the nuclei of somatic cells from an adult mammal, to create Dolly the sheep. It has become theoretically possible to produce an unlimited number of genetic replicates from an adult animal or a post-implantation foetus. Since 1997 a number of different species including pigs, goats, horses, cats, etc. have been cloned with the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique. Although the technology still has relatively low success rates and there seems to be substantial problems with the welfare of some of the cloned animals, cloning is used both within basic research and the biomedical sector. The next step seems to be to implement cloning in the agricultural production system and several animals have been developed in this direction. This article reviews the current state of the art of farm animal cloning from a scientific and technological perspective, describes the animal welfare problems and critically assess different applications of farm animal cloning. The scope is confined to animal biotechnologies in which the use of cell nuclear transfer is an essential part and extends to both biomedical and agricultural applications of farm animal cloning. These applications include the production of genetically identical animals for research purposes, and also the creation of genetically modified animals. In the agricultural sector, cloning can be used as a tool within farm animal breeding. We do not intend to give an exhaustive review of the all the literature available; instead we pinpoint issues and events pivotal to the development of current farm animal cloning practices and their possible applications.  相似文献   

20.
Cloning: new breakthroughs leading to commercial opportunities   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Research on cloning animals, again, came to the forefront of public attention in 1997. Most scientists involved in biomedical and agricultural research have emphasized the benefits, of which there are many, of cloning to the public. Basic studies on nuclear transfer have and will continue to contribute to our understanding of how genomic activation and cell cycle synchrony affect nuclear reprogramming and cloning efficiencies, specifically. Also, more basic information on actual mechanisms and specific factors in the oocyte causing nuclear reprogramming is forthcoming. As new molecular approaches in functional genomics are combined with nuclear transfer experiments, new genes involved in nuclear reprogramming will be found. The commercial potentials of products stemming from discoveries in cloning are vast. Cloning will be a more efficient, faster and more useful way of making transgenic fetuses for cell therapies, adult animals for protein production and organs for xenotransplantation. Clearly there are new opportunities in animal cloning technology that will produce many benefits to society.  相似文献   

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