Genetic diversity and origin of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton anguillanus</Emphasis> (Potamogetonaceae) in Lake Biwa,Japan

We analyzed the genetic variation in Potamogeton anguillanus Koidz. and its putative parents, P. malaianus Miq. and P. perfoliatus L., at five allozyme loci of four enzymes to test the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for P. anguillanus, collected in Lake Biwa, Japan. Alleles diagnostic for either P. malaianus or P. perfoliatus were present at four loci. Of 13 single locus phenotypes (SLPs) of P. anguillanus, eight were phenotypes that were expected in F₁ hybrids between P. malaianus and P. perfoliatus. Two SLPs were different from those expected in F₁ hybrids but could have resulted from segregation of parental alleles in later generation hybrids. Each of the remaining three SLPs possessed one allele unique to P. anguillanus. Allozyme analyses thus supported the view that P. anguillanus was derived from hybridization between P. malaianus and P. perfoliatus. It seems likely that the genetic diversity of P. anguillanus found previously originated through multiple hybridizations and sexual processes in P. anguillanus. Other processes such as intragenic recombination, mutation, or hybridization with another lineage are also discussed with reference to the origin of unique alleles. Received: March 16, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

国产植物新资料

与原变种的区别在于,叶甚长且聚花果较大。叶长5米以上,宽约5厘米;聚花果长18厘米,直径12厘米,由近300枚核果组成,每一核果长3.3厘米,宽约1.2厘米。     

Natural aquatic plant colonisation in a newly constructed Irish Canal

In January 1989 a major breach in a section of the Grand Canal occurred. As a consequence, a 2.5 km long section required reconstruction. The channel was built up using peat material, lined with an impermeable membrane and overlayed with Puddle Clay. The section was rewatered in March 1990. For the next 30 months the course of natural aquatic plant colonisation was monitored. The first coloniser was the charophyte Tolypella glomerata, which appeared in September 1990. This occurred with low abundance until April 1991, when it disappeared. Between September 1991 and April 1992 charophytes, mainly T. glomerata and Chara vulgaris, proliferated. Their abundance diminished significantly during the summer of 1992. It was not until August 1991, 18 months after rewatering, that the first naturally colonising phanerogams were recorded. Principal among these was Myriophyllum verticillatum. In September of that year an aggressive coloniser in Irish canal and river habitats, Potamogeton pectinatus, was first observed. This became a permanent constituent of the flora and ultimately dominated the vegetation at the site. In total, 28 plant species were recorded from the newly constructed section. Nine of these species were either purposely or accidentally introduced during bankside stabilisation operations when live roots and rhizomes were planted along the exposed canal margins. By the end of the study period an abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate community had colonised the vegetation.     

Floral organogenesis of Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn. (Potamogetonaceae)

The floral organogenesis of Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn. was observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The floral buds are first initiated on the lower portion of inflorescence in alternating whorls of three. Each of the floral buds is subtended by a bract primordium during the early stages. The primordia of the floral appendages arise on the floral bud acropetally. Two lateral tepals are first initiated and then two median ones soon after. Stamens are normally initiated as elongate primordia opposite the tepals, with the two lateral stamens preceding the median ones. The two carpel primordia arise alternating with the stamens. In some flowers, one of the two gynoecial primordia becomes inactive soon after they are initiated, or only one carpel primordium is initiated. The present observation of the gynoecial development supports the viewpoint that the evolution of flower in Potamogeton involves a reduction in number of parts. The existence of bract primordium during the early stages in many species of Potamogeton indicates that the absence of bractin mature flowers should be the result of reduction.     

Euploid and aneuploid evolution in Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae): a factual basis for interpretation

In a review of chromosome numbers in the genus Potamogeton, we highlight numerous errors that have crept into the literature. These have resulted chiefly from reliance on abstracts in chromosome number indices and compilations, rather than on the original publications, but partly also because of misleading summaries even in the primary literature. We present a list of counts that we believe are original and genuine, and a list of those that were never made but which nevertheless appear in the literature. Scrutiny of the list of accepted counts indicates that aneuploidy is widespread in the genus and that transition between the two common chromosome numbers (2n=26 and 2n=28) has occurred several times. Currently available data are insufficient to resolve the question of the ancestral base number. We also present details of the first chromosome counts from English populations of five taxa: P. polygonifolius Pourr. (2n=28), P. pectinatus L. (2n=ca. 78), P. perfoliatus L. (2n=ca. 52), P.×nitens Weber (P. gramineus×P. perfoliatus) (2n=ca. 52) and P.×salicifolius Wolfg. (P. lucens×P. perfoliatus) (2n=ca. 52).     

重金属镉、锌在菹草叶细胞中的超微定位观察

水环境污染中十分突出的是重金属的污染 ,主要来源为流入物、渗漏和大气沉降 (Ｌａｒｃｈｅｒ ,1995 )。由于重金属污染物不但不能被微生物所分解 ,而且能在生物体内富集 ,并通过水生食物链的生物放大作用而对高营养级的生物甚至人类造成危害 ,因此日益引起人们的特别关注。许多研究从超微结构损伤和生理生化的角度研究了重金属对植物的毒害机制。施国新等 (2 0 0 0 )观察了重金属汞、镉污染对水生植物黑藻叶细胞的超微结构损伤。彭鸣等 (1991)研究了重金属镉、铅诱导的玉米超微结构的变化。李荣春 (2 0 0 0 )研究了Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ及其复合污染…     

菹草生产力的研究

本文报道了水温、光照度、水的pH值和植株密度对菹草生产力影响的实验结果,以及植株不同部位上的生产力和叶绿素含量的测定值.在光照度8000lx和水温20—28℃的条件下,经51次测定,菹草顶枝的毛产量(P_G)在0.80—1.06毫克氧·小时/0.5克鲜重植物范围,平均值为0.92毫克氧·小时/0.5克;净产量(PN)在0.44—0.79毫克氧·小时/0.5克范围,平均值为0.61毫克氧·小时/0.5克.1小时的平均净光合率为1.11%,1小时的平均呼吸率为0.53%.       

Nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for the fennel Pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus L.

Fennel (= Sago) pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus L.) is a submersed macrophyte of nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The plant is of worldwide ecological importance as structuring component of shallow lakes, and as food for waterfowl. We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite primers for the population genetic analysis of P. pectinatus. The loci were identified using a GA/CT‐enriched genomic library using subtractive hybridization with magnetic particles. All nine loci were highly polymorphic with 6–9 alleles and heterozygosities ranging from 0.23 to 0.80 in a subset of N = 40 genotypes from five locations.     

Using DNA-based techniques to identify hybrids among linear-leaved Potamogeton plants collected in China

Itis well known that interspecific hybrids occur in the genus Potamogeton. The linear-leaved Potamogeton species commonly have highly variable morphological characteristics. Their hybrids often show similar vegetative characters to their parental species and their identification based solely on morphology is not always conclusive. In order to clarify whether there are any hybrids from the linear-leaved Potamogeton plants collected in China, we used internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast rbcL gene sequences to identify the hybrids. Using ITS sequence additivity, we identified four hybrids, namely R orientalis (Rpusillus × P.oxyphyllus),P.pusillus × P. berchtoldii, P. foliosus × P. octandrus, and P. cristatus × P. octandrus. The latter three hybrids should be considered as new hybrids in Potamogeton. The maternal parents of the four hybrids were confirmed using chloroplast rbcL gene sequences.     

Using DNA‐based techniques to identify hybrids among linear‐leaved Potamogeton plants collected in China

Abstract It is well known that interspecific hybrids occur in the genus Potamogeton. The linear‐leaved Potamogeton species commonly have highly variable morphological characteristics. Their hybrids often show similar vegetative characters to their parental species and their identification based solely on morphology is not always conclusive. In order to clarify whether there are any hybrids from the linear‐leaved Potamogeton plants collected in China, we used internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast rbcL gene sequences to identify the hybrids. Using ITS sequence additivity, we identified four hybrids, namely P. orientalis (P. pusillus×P. oxyphyllus), P. pusillus×P. berchtoldii, P. foliosus×P. octandrus, and P. cristatus×P. octandrus. The latter three hybrids should be considered as new hybrids in Potamogeton. The maternal parents of the four hybrids were confirmed using chloroplast rbcL gene sequences.     

竹叶眼子菜(POTAMOGETON MALAIANUS MIQ.)叶面积测定及与栽培密度的关系初探

通过人为控制种群密度的栽培实验 ,用叶特征度量估测单叶叶面积 ( AL)、用茎特征度量估测整株叶面积 ( AS) ,分析不同栽培密度对叶面积测定的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )叶长×叶宽 ( L× W)与单叶叶面积相关性最大 ;茎长×茎上叶片数 ( LS× NL)测定整株叶面积较为适宜。 ( 2 )随着栽培密度增大 ,叶片相对变长变窄 ,比叶面积则增加 ,平均整株叶面积相应减小。( 3)不同的栽培密度对叶片形状有明显影响 ,反映在不同密度处理条件下叶片的几何拟合图形不同。     

竹叶眼子菜种子的萌发实验研究

竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)是长江中下游湖泊沉水植被中的优势种,在野外条件下主要依靠断枝繁殖,很少发现它的实生苗。在实验条件下对竹叶眼子菜进行了种子萌发研究,探讨了萌发基质、温度和光暗周期以及冷藏时间对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,干藏3个月后未处理种皮的种子发芽率极低,撕破种皮后显著地提高了种子发芽率。在水基质条件下,25℃最适宜竹叶眼子菜的萌发,光暗周期对种子发芽率有显著影响。冷藏6个月的种子发芽率最高,8个月时发芽率显著降低,表明竹叶眼子菜的种子不耐贮藏。还讨论了竹叶眼子菜种子休眠与萌发机制的生态学意义。     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Potamogeton,Zannichellia and Triglochin from China

The pollen morphology of 19 species in the genera Potamogeton, Zannichellia and Triglochin from China was examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. 1. Pollen characteristics (1) Potamogeton L. (Plate 1, 2:1-8) Pollen grains spheroidal, subspheroidal, rarely oblate or ovoid, (17-35)24.41×27.76(18-45)μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1-2μm thick, 2layered or obscure; crass-reticulate, reticulate or finely-reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; muri uniform or not uniform, smooth or granular, rarely with processes; bacula thicker or thinner at the intersection of muri. (2) Zannichellia L. (Plate 2:9) Pollen grains spheroidal, ,(20-26)23.1×24.15(21-27) μm in size; anaperturate; exine 1 μm thick, stratification obscure; nearly reticulate under LM, shallowly reticulate under SEM; luminae shallow, large and irregular, muri very thin and not uniform; bacula absent. (3) Triglochin L. (Plate 2:10-11) Pollen grains spheroidal or subspheroidal; (20-30)23.65×23.7(20-30) μm in size; anaperturate; exine about 1μm thick, stratification obscure, finely reticulate under LM, distinctly reticulate under SEM; luminae rather large or minute; muri uniform, with 1-2 lines of granules, bacula present or absent. 2. Pollen types of Potamogeton L. (1) Thin muri--thick bacula: Potamogeton pectinatus, P. intramongolicus, P. filiformis, P. pamiricus; (2) Uniform muri and bacula: 1) Large pollen subtype: Potamogeton crespus; 2) Medium-sized pollen subtype: Potamogeton heterophyllus, P. perfoliatus, P. distinctus, P. malaianus; 3) Minute pollen subtype: Potamogeton oxyphyllus, P. obtusifolius, P. lucens, P. cristatus, P. gramineus, P. octandrus, P. pusillus     

Restoration options for potential persistence of submersed aquatic vegetation: combining ecological, hydrodynamic and sediment transport modelling

1. Restoration of shallow turbid lakes to promote growth of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) requires knowledge of the environmental factors affecting SAV growth and persistence, and a means to predict the success of SAV reestablishment under different management scenarios to improve these environmental conditions. We used a dynamic ecological modelling approach relating SAV responses to changes in physical and chemical conditions, with information on water level, flow and transparency being provided by hydrodynamic and sediment transport models. 2. The potential persistence of Vallisneria americana was similar under simulated environmental conditions in 1946 and in 1954, as was the potential persistence of Potamogeton pectinatus, indicating that the disappearance of V. americana from Peoria Lake (U.S.A.) previously attributed to an extended spring flood in 1954, may have been related to the combined effects of changes in water level, flow and water transparency as well as possibly other factors. 3. Recent environmental conditions (for 2000) proved not to be conducive for the colonization and persistence potential of V. americana, but would allow colonization by P. pectinatus. The construction of a hypothetical levee along the eastern descending line of the navigation channel in Upper Peoria Lake, which was expected to reduce fetch‐ and navigation‐related turbidity, did not improve the situation for V. americana and overall deteriorated the situation for P. pectinatus. Thus, such a hydraulic alteration, generally considered as beneficial for SAV restoration, may not always be successful. 4. The results of the simulations indicated that the environmental conditions for potential persistence in Peoria Lake were generally less favourable for V. americana than for P. pectinatus. Measures suggested to restore SAV communities in such a lake should aim at reducing concentrations of total suspended solids at the point of inflow by a factor of three to four and limiting fetch‐ and navigation‐related resuspension.     

蓖齿眼子菜繁殖多样性研究

 繁殖是影响水生植物生存竞争、分布以及群落结构动态变化的关键因素。通过野外观察和室内试验,较详细地介绍了蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)的繁殖策略。研究结果表明:蓖齿眼子菜有性繁殖中具有水表和水下气泡两种传粉方式;种子发生量较大,但种子发芽率低,不到6%,种子繁殖对种群恢复贡献不大,其主要作用在于远程传播和保持持久的种子库。蓖齿眼子菜具有广泛而高效的无性繁殖系统,可以通过断株、根状茎、地上块茎、地下块茎、地上茎节以及叶腋基部进行繁殖,其中最重要的是地下块茎和根状茎,次年种群恢复主要来自于地下块茎和根状茎。此外,对采用蓖齿眼子菜进行沉水植被恢复与重建提出了建议。     

Analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Potamogeton species in China based on chloroplast trnT-trnF sequences

Sequences of the chloroplast trnT-trnF region were analyzed for species of the genus Potamogeton distributed in China to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus Potamogeton could be divided into two clades. Eighteen species formed a monophyletic clade while the remaining four formed a second, distinguishable one, supporting the conventional treatment that the genus Potamogeton contains the submerged linear-leaved group and the submerged broad-leaved group. The first clade, which represented the subgenus Potamogeton, could be further divided into two subclades. The second clade, which represented the subgenus Coleogeton, displayed a close phylogenetic relationship with the subgenus Potamogeton and occupied a unique position within the genus Potamogeton. This finding suggested that the treatment of the subgenus Coleogeton, which was once regarded as the genus Stuckenia Börner, may need to be reconsidered. Furthermore, identification of maternal donors of some hybrids was successfully applied based on sequence of maternally inherited chloroplast genome. The female parents of three putative hybrids, P. × malainoides, P. × anguillanus, and P. × orientalis, were proved to be accordant with previous morphological conclusions.     

微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus A.Benn.)茎段的无性繁殖特点研究

匍匐茎型的沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potam ogeton maackianusA.Benn.)在自然生境中的繁殖方式主要是无性繁殖,彼此相连的分株通常受到水流、草食性鱼类和人为干扰的影响导致分离或者枝条片断化,片断化的枝条在新的生境中再生进行繁殖。实验模拟微齿眼子菜枝条的片断化来验证假设:微齿眼子菜直立茎段与匍匐茎段的无性繁殖能力是否一致,茎段可能有一个最小长度来保证它的存活,并且茎段着泥的方向也会影响它的成活率。实验结果表明:直立茎段与匍匐茎段的成活率、生物量有显著差异,而且茎段的长度显著影响它们的成活率、生物量,而直立茎段与匍匐茎段克隆株的每株分枝数没有显著差异;直立茎段比匍匐茎段更易成株成活,茎段的长度越长,成活率越高,具有3个节间的茎段成活率接近100%;同时茎段着泥的方向显著影响茎段成活率、所产生抽条的株高以及可产生抽条的节数,对总生物量没有显著影响,而对根的生物量有显著影响;茎段正向着泥有利于它们的成活率、定植能力提高。     

菹草的生活史、生物量和断枝的无性繁殖

菹草是一种比较典型的秋季发芽、越冬生长的沉水植物。在夏季,多数植株衰败死亡,殖芽则落入水底进入夏季休眠期。春季是菹草群落生物量和生产力的高峰期。植株生物量的垂直分布属表层分布型。植株含水量从根部向枝顶逐渐减少,全株干物质含量的周年测定值平均为风干重=湿重×0.625。水温和植物发育阶段是影响断枝的生根、生长速度和殖芽形成的重要因素。在营养生长阶段,水温3—25℃范围内,断枝均能生根,断枝的相对生长速度为5.49—30.25毫克/克/天。断枝在殖芽形成期均能生长殖芽,但个体较小。