外源激素和病原侵染对采后葡萄呼吸速率及组织内源激素的影响

葡萄采后施用外源ＡＢＡ可显著刺激其呼吸速率和乙释放率,ＡＢＡ对呼吸的促进作用大于Ｃ２Ｈ４;当葡萄被交链孢和灰霉葡萄孢侵染后,呼吸和乙释放均加强。交链孢侵染的葡萄呼吸速率在孢子形成后２ｄ达最大值,而灰霉区区孢侵染的葡萄呼吸速率在孢子形成即即达最大值。葡萄感病后,落粒现象加重,组织内源ＡＢＡ和Ｃ２Ｈ４含量增加,ＩＡＡＴ ＧＡ２含量减少。     

病原侵染对采后葡萄激素水平的影响

外源ABA处理采后葡萄可显著促进乙烯释放和抑制IAA的生成,加重葡萄落粒。乙烯利对ABA促进作用不明显,但显著抑制IAA和GA3的生成。葡萄感病后组织内源激素水平发生了变化：ABA含量显著增加,乙烯释放率增大,IAA含量显著减少,这种变化趋势在果梗中尤为突出。     

病原侵染对采用后葡萄激素水平的影响

外源ＡＢＡ处理采用后葡萄可显著促进乙类释放和抑制ＩＡＡ的生成,加重葡萄落粒。乙烯利对ＡＢＡ促进作用不明显,但显著抑制ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ３的生成。葡萄感病后组织内源激素水平发生了变化：ＡＢＡ含量显著增加,乙烯释放率增大,ＩＡＡ含量显著减少,这种变化趋势在果梗中尤为突出。     

外源养分和激素对AM真菌侵染和产孢的影响

在温室30%强度Hoagland营养液半水培条件下,对寄主植物玉米Zea mays接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular myeorrhizae,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae后施加不同浓度的葡萄糖、蔗糖、脯氨酸(Pro)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)。结果表明:除低浓度GA3处理外,其他处理尤其是高浓度处理抑制了玉米植株的生长。中浓度蔗糖、脯氨酸(Pro)和吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)处理显著提高玉米菌根侵染率,其中以中浓度蔗糖的处理最高,达92.3%。葡萄糖、赤霉素(GA3)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)处理则降低菌根侵染率。施加不同有机养分和植物生长物质并未提高AM真菌产孢数量,相反,却减少了孢子的形成。高浓度氨基乙酸(Gly)和低浓度6-BA处理的产孢量分别为50和48个/管,高于其他处理,但低于对照(78个/管);可溶性糖处理的产孢数量最少,平均仅18个/管。本试验条件下菌根侵染率与产孢数量不具有相关性,而产孢数与根外菌丝量具相关性。认为通过外界不同的化学调控,对植物生长、菌根侵染、根外菌丝量和孢子发育产生了一定的影响,具有一定的调节作用。     

外源激素对马尾松花芽分化及内源物质的影响

为探讨马尾松球花形成与植物激素水平的关系,该研究对贵州省都匀无性系种子园11年生马尾松进行不同浓度的 IAA、IBA、GA3、BAP等植物激素处理,采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法、蒽酮法分别对不同浓度不同激素处理后的枝条上针叶中的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量变化进行测定,并在第二年开花时对试验枝条的开花情况进行了调查。结果表明：在8－11月份,进行500 mg·L-1的BAP 处理有利于马尾松雌球花和雄球花的形成,100 mg·L-1的GA3处理有利于马尾松雌球花的形成;而GA3250 mg·L-1和GA3500 mg·L-1处理有利于马尾松雄球花的形成,IAA 250 mg·L-1对马尾松雌雄球花同枝的数量有提高作用。在10－11月份,对马尾松进行500 mg·L-1的BAP、IAA、GA3处理后,马尾松针叶内蛋白质含量变化有显著影响;在10月份时,进行BAP 100 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白含量均可达到极显著水平。而在8月份与10月份时,分别进行IBA 100 mg·L-1与IBA 250 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与其对照差异处于极显著水平;在11月份时,进行GA3100 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与其对照差异处于极显著水平;而在11月份时,进行IBA 500 mg·L-1处理后,其可溶性蛋白含量与对照差异处于显著水平。     

外源ABA对不同成熟型品种苹果采后乙烯生成和呼吸速率的影？…

外源ＡＢＡ可在不同程度上促进玫瑰红（早熟）和红富干（晚熟）要果实中乙烯的生成,红富士苹果中以０．１ｍｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＡＢＡ处理的效果最明显;０．２ｍｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＡＢＡ可促进玫瑰红苹果产期乙烯的生成量。ＡＢＡ处理还可提高红富士果实的呼吸速率,以０．２ｍｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１。ＡＢＡ效果较明显,但果实乙烯生成量的变化对呼吸作用影响不大。     

水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉低温贮藏期间激素和维生素含量及呼吸速率变化

测定了水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉在低温(4±1℃)贮藏时内源激素(IAA、GA3、ZT和ABA)、维生素B.维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素含量和呼吸速率的变化,结果表明IAA、GA3、ZT、维生素B2、维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素的含量和呼吸速率在贮藏期间下降,而脱落酸的含量不断上升.与短寿命的水稻和玉米花粉相比,长寿命的狼尾草花粉的IAA和GA3含量及呼吸速率低,下降速度慢,而ABA始终保持较高水平.     

根瘤蚜侵染不同抗性葡萄对根结形成及植株营养消耗的影响

为探讨不同抗性水平的葡萄砧木和品种被葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch侵染形成根结的状况及其对植株营养消耗的影响,采用盆栽方式接种根瘤蚜,测定了葡萄根结数量、质量及碳水化合物和脯氨酸含量等指标。结果表明：砧木5BB,1103P,SO4,3309C,101-14Mgt被根瘤蚜侵染后均不形成根结;140Ru,Lot和110R仅形成少量根结而不能形成根瘤;砧木贝达、栽培品种赤霞珠、巨峰和达米娜不仅能够形成根结和根瘤,而且根系腐烂程度严重。越敏感的品种形成的根结数量和体积越大,达米娜、巨峰和赤霞珠根结重占根重比例分别高达40.02％,37.08％和35.36％,百个根结质量分别是140Ru的4.4,3.5和433倍。3个形成根结的砧木的枝条生长量平均减少16.5％,而4个高感品种的生长量平均减少43％。根结质量与根结内的营养积聚呈正相关,其中根结质量与淀粉含量增加量的相关系数达0.94,与可溶性糖含量增加量的相关系数达0.81,与游离脯氨酸含量增加量的相关系数达0.93。     

盐胁迫下外源钙对草莓内源激素含量的影响

以‘达赛莱克特’草莓为试验材料,研究了盐胁迫条件下外源硝酸钙对草莓生理特性的影响。结果表明:Ca(NO3)2处理可抑制NaCl胁迫下草莓叶片细胞膜透性的增加,增加叶片脯氨酸含量,降低根系和叶片中的脱落酸(ABA)含量,增加赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、玉米素(ZT)的含量和ZT/ABA比值,草莓的盐害指数也有所降低。钙调素拮抗剂W7和三氟拉嗪(TFP)处理能够抑制Ca(NO3)2的作用,且W7的抑制作用比TFP更强。     

外源激素对雌性黄鳝血清类固醇激素的影响

本文研究了几种外源激素对不同季节的雌性黄鳝血清性类固醇激素的影响。结果表明:鲤鱼垂体匀浆和人绒毛膜促性腺激素均显著蹭加血清类固醇水平,多巴胺拮抗剂domperidone降低血清类固醇水平,鲑鱼促性腺激素释放激素类似物增加血清类固醇水平。这些结果提示:雌鳝促性腺激素分泌亦受促性腺激素释放激素刺激,但多巴胺是否也起促性腺激素释放抑制因子的作用尚不清楚。垂体-性腺轴对外源激素的反应有明显的季节性差异,繁殖季节性腺成熟系数高的鱼反应性最强,繁殖前性腺未成熟期较繁殖后恢复发育期反应快.     

葡萄采后果粒脱落及保鲜贮藏

葡萄穗粳和果柄的呼吸强度与乙烯生成显著高于果粒,并呈现呼吸跃变型变化。落粒果柄中GA消失,ABA增加。降低贮藏温度、外源GA,NAA,AOA处理能抑制落粒,ABA、乙烯利则增加落粒率。剪去穗梗和果柄后果粒和果柄间不再形成离层,表明穗梗和果柄在落粒过程中起重要作用。     

Protective Effect of Administration of Skim Milk on Exogenous and Endogenous Infection in Mice

In order to minimize the denaturation of proteins in milk, normal cow's milk was pasteurized at 61 C for 20 min. The protective effects of the thus prepared skim milk (low-heat skim milk) on exogenous and endogenous infection were examined as compared with conventional skim milk which was pasteurized at 121 C for 2 sec. The antibody titers to Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli of low-heat skim milk were almost equal to that of raw milk, while no antibody was detected in the conventional skim milk. When mice were given low-heat skim milk or conventional skim milk, the incidence of the translocation of orally inoculated Listeria monocytogenes to the spleen was lower in the low-heat skim milk group than that in the conventional skim milk group. The life span of 7 Gy X-ray irradiated mice given low-heat skim milk was significantly prolonged in comparison to that of mice given conventional skim milk. However, there were no differences in the number of bacteria in the feces or IgA production by Peyer's patch cells between the two groups. These results suggest that antibodies in low-heat skim milk, which still have reactivity to exogenous or indigenous bacteria, may contribute to the protective effects against bacterial infection.     

The Dependence of Crustacean Respiration Rate on Body Mass and Habitat Temperature

The respiratorion rates of Crustacea from temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean were measured directly at habitat temperatures of 19, 25 and 29 °C. The results were analysed together with data obtained from similar investigations in previous years (Ivleva, 1977) on Crustacea from moderately cold and polar latitudes at 10, 6 and 0 °C. Variations of the values for A and k in generalized regressions (R = AWκ) for Crustacea within the temperature limits of the physiological range were shown to have quite a clear-cut and regular character. The coefficient k varied from 0.60 to 0.79 and revealed a tendency to increase as temperatures decreased. The value of A increased with rising temperature within all intervals from 0 to 30 °C. The quantitative relationship between respiration rate and temperature was evaluated by the Arrhenius equation. Statistical processing of resultant data indicated a rather close association between log A and the habitat temperature of the Crustacea but only slight deviations from the theory of empirically found values. The accelerating effect of temperature (μ) was 13 ± 0.13 keal/mol. This value was used to calculate Q₁₀, which was more convenient for practical purposes.     

荔枝果实的氰不敏感呼吸

荔枝果实果皮和果肉的匀浆或组织的呼吸受KCN,SHAM和PG的抑制。KCN对呼吸的抑制达12％～58％。有KCN时,受SHAM抑制的呼吸为4％～29％。氰不敏感呼吸比率与果实成熟度有关,未熟绿果比半熟果和成熟果的高。乙烯利诱导成熟前果实呼吸增高但减少氰不敏感呼吸比率。DNP对绿果的总呼吸及氰不敏感呼吸均有轻微刺激作用,但对成熟果只明显刺激总呼吸率。     

The Effect of the Fruit and Exogenous Hormones on Leaf Expansion and Composition in Citrus

Sanz, A., Martinez Cortina, C. and Guardiola, J. L. 1987. Theeffect of the fruit and exogenous hormones on leaf expansionand composition in Citrus.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 2033-2042. The effect of the developing flowers and fruitlets on leaf expansionand composition has been determined in leafy inflorescencesof Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck. During leaf expansion the developingflowers do not compete with the leaves, and their early removaldoes not affect leaf size and composition. Competition for mineralelements is established after flower opening, once leaf expansionis complete. No effect of the fruit on metabolizable carbohydratesin the leaves was found up to day 22 after flower opening. The response to exogenously applied growth regulators suggeststhat the differences in weight and composition between inflorescenceleaves and leaves from vegetative sprouts may be due to hormonally-mediateddifferences in sink strength. Gibberellic acid enhances laminaexpansion and increases the sink strength of the leaves. Kinetinenhances lamina expansion without affecting sink strength. Leafgrowth is directly related to both soluble and wall-bound acidinvertase activities; however, the GA₃ effects on leaf growthand sink strength are unrelated to invertase activity and tothe rate of starch accumulation. Key words: Acid invertase, amylase, carbohydrates, Citrus, leaf growth     

不同成熟度杨梅果实采后呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和品质的变化

以3个品种杨梅果实为材料,将采后果实分为未成熟(immature)、成熟(mature)和完熟(ripe)3种不同成熟度,在20℃下48 h贮藏过程中,每隔3 h检测一次呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,并分析成熟过程相关的品质变化.结果表明,未成熟和成熟果实的呼吸速率和乙烯合成变化呈现典型的跃变型果实特征,而在完熟果实中检测不到呼吸和乙烯跃变过程.未成熟和成熟杨梅果实中PAL活性趋于提高,而完熟果实的呈下降变化,这一结果与矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷(Cy-3-Glu)含量变化相吻合;CIRG值与杨梅果实Cv-3-Glu含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.96**).结果显示杨梅果实属于跃变型果实.     

钙处理对桃冷藏期间呼吸速率和乙烯释放以及与褐变相关酶活性的影响

桃冷藏期间3?Cl2处理的效果最好,呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均显著下降(P≤0.05).     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响

为探究壳聚糖对增强玉米幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的生理生化机制,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用室内Hoagland水培法,探讨外施100mg·L~(-1)壳聚糖对镉胁迫(80mg·L~(-1))不同时间(0h、24h、48h、72h和96h)下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响。结果显示:(1)镉胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗根系生长,并诱导根系活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性增加、内源激素的平衡受到破坏。(2)镉胁迫下,外施壳聚糖处理96h后根系干重提高16.1%,根系的O-·2产生速率和H2O2含量分别降低9.1%和19.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高32.5%、20.4%和21.3%,IAA、ZR和GA含量分别增加34.4%、40.4%和42.5%,ABA含量减少19.1%,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA/ABA分别提升66.1%、73.5%和76.0%。研究表明,壳聚糖能够调控镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系内源激素的含量及平衡,减轻胁迫对抗氧化酶系统的破坏,增强其清除活性氧的能力,从而降低镉胁迫对根系的毒害,提高玉米幼苗对镉胁迫的抵抗能力,为玉米抗逆栽培提供了理论及试验依据。