The HPLC resolution of N-2,4-dinitrophenylated amino acids and peptides stereoisomers on naphthylethylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin bonded phase using the acetonitrile-based mobile phase: evidence for the chiral recognition pattern

Summary. A facile method of enantioresolving a variety of -amino acids and peptides on naphthylethylcarbamate--cyclodextrin bonded phases (i.e., SN- and RN--CDs) under the elution of acetonitrile-based mobile phase makes use of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) as the tagging reagent, which undergoes nucleophilic substitution by the free amino group in alkaline medium to give a N-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative. The resolution is better obtained on RN--CD phase and fails to reproduce on the intact -cyclodextrin bonded phase under the same chromatographic conditions, which strongly suggests that the observed resolution should be due to the interaction of analyte with naphthylethylcarbamate moiety, not with the residual secondary hydroxyl groups on the -cyclodextrin.     

Combustion synthesis of Na2Sr(PO4)F:Dy3+ white light emitting phosphor

The synthesis, X‐ray diffraction, photoluminescence, TGA/DTA and FTIR techniques in Dy³⁺ activated Na₂Sr(PO₄)F phosphor are reported in this paper. The prepared phosphor gave blue, yellow and red emission in the visible region of the spectrum at 348 nm excitation. CIE color co‐ordinates of Na₂Sr(PO₄)F:Dy³⁺ are suitable as white light‐emitting phosphors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure and distribution of floral trichomes in Lycaste and Sudamerlycaste (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae s.l.)

Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Lycastinae should be incorporated into a more broadly defined Maxillariinae. This is supported by several anatomical features, including the presence of sunken, glandular trichomes in both Lycastinae and Maxillariinae s.s. Until recently, these were known only from vegetative organs, but have since been reported from flowers of Maxillaria dichroma. One character currently used to distinguish between Lycaste and Sudamerlycaste is the distribution of floral trichomes. In this article, we test the reliability of this character, describe the floral micromorphology of Lycaste and Sudamerlycaste and investigate whether their flowers bear sunken hairs. Their floral micromorphology is compared with that of other genera currently assigned to Maxillariinae s.l. Flowers of Lycaste and Sudamerlycaste bear conical or obpyriform papillae and unbranched and unequally branched multicellular trichomes. Contrary to previous reports that trichomes are confined to the column in Sudamerlycaste, they also occur in the tepal axils. Labellar trichomes, although often present in Lycaste, are lacking in Sudamerlycaste. In Lycaste sections Lycaste and Aromaticae, floral trichomes tend to be unbranched, whereas section Intermediae has both unbranched and branched hairs. Branched hairs are more common in Sudamerlycaste. Some hairs are tracheoidal, pitted and lignified. These mainly occur in section Lycaste and, to a degree, in section Intermediae, but are absent from section Aromaticae and most species of Sudamerlycaste. Branched column hairs, present in Sudamerlycaste, are absent from all sections of Lycaste, and tracheoidal column hairs occur only in Sudamerlycaste. Sunken floral hairs are absent from both genera. Trichome structure and distribution may prove useful in distinguishing between these taxa and in elucidating the intergeneric relationships of Maxillariinae s.l.© 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164 , 409–421.     

Inhibitors of polyamine metabolism: Review article

Summary. The identification of increased polyamine concentrations in a variety of diseases from cancer and psoriasis to parasitic infections has led to the hypothesis that manipulation of polyamine metabolism is a realistic target for therapeutic or preventative intervention in the treatment of certain diseases.The early development of polyamine biosynthetic single enzyme inhibitors such as -difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) showed some interesting early promise as anticancer drugs, but ultimately failed in vivo. Despite this, DFMO is currently in use as an effective anti-parasitic agent and has recently also been shown to have further potential as a chemopreventative agent in colorectal cancer.The initial promise in vitro led to the development and testing of other potential inhibitors of the pathway namely the polyamine analogues. The analogues have met with greater success than the single enzyme inhibitors possibly due to their multiple targets. These include down regulation of polyamine biosynthesis through inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and decreased polyamine uptake. This coupled with increased activity of the catabolic enzymes, polyamine oxidase and spermidine/spermine N¹-acetyltransferase, and increased polyamine export has made the analogues more effective in depleting polyamine pools. Recently, the identification of a new oxidase (PAO-h1/SMO) in polyamine catabolism and evidence of induction of both PAO and PAO-h1/SMO in response to polyamine analogue treatment, suggests the analogues may become an important part of future chemotherapeutic and/or chemopreventative regimens.     

Production and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for baboon IgG heavy and light chain epitopes

We have generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize baboon IgG epitopes. The reactivity of the MAbs with IgG from other primate species was also examined. Specificity for IgG heavy (H) or light (L) chain epitopes was determined by Western blot analysis. The H chain-specific MAbs were analyzed for IgG subclass specificity and the L chain-specific MAbs for reactivity with baboon IgM and polymeric sIgA. Finally, an ELISA was developed to demonstrate the utility of the MAbs in analysis of humoral immune responses in baboons.     

Phylogenetics and biogeography of the Balkan ‘sand gobies’ (Teleostei: Gobiidae): vulnerable species in need of taxonomic revision

Within the Atlantic–Mediterranean region, the ‘sand gobies’ are abundant and widespread, and play an important role in marine, brackish, and freshwater ecosystems. They include the smallest European freshwater fish, Economidichthys trichonis, which is threatened by habitat loss and pollution, as are several other sand gobies. Key to good conservation management is an accurate account of the number of evolutionary significant units. Nevertheless, many taxonomic and evolutionary questions remain unresolved within the clade, and molecular studies are lacking, especially in the Balkans. Using partial 12S and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences of 96 specimens of at least eight nominal species (both freshwater and marine populations), we assess species relationships and compare molecular and morphological data. The results obtained do not support the monophyly of Economidichthys, suggesting the perianal organ to be a shared adaptation to hole‐brooding rather than a synapomorphy, and urge for a taxonomic revision of Knipowitschia. The recently described Knipowitschia montenegrina seems to belong to a separate South‐East Adriatic lineage. Knipowitschia milleri, an alleged endemic of the Acheron River, and Knipowitschia cf. panizzae, are shown to be very closely related to other western Greek Knipowitschia populations, and appear conspecific. A distinct Macedonian–Thessalian lineage is formed by Knipowitschia thessala, whereas Knipowitschia caucasica appears as an eastern lineage, with populations in Thrace and the Aegean. The present study combines the phylogeny of a goby radiation with insights on the historical biogeography of the eastern Mediterranean, and identifies evolutionary units meriting conservation attention. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105 , 73–91.     

Prevalence of IgE antibody to crude and purified allergens of Japanese cedar pollen among different troops of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)

We measured specific IgE antibodies to the crude allergen as well as two purified allergens (Cry j I and Cry j II) of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica—CJ) pollen in the serum of 276 Japanese monkeys in nine troops. Of 45 monkeys with CJ specific IgE in eight of nine troops, 23 (51%) were found to have IgE to both Cry j I and Cry j II, 21 (47%) only to Cry j I, and one (2.2%) only to Cry j II. The positive rate of specific IgE antibody to each allergen varied among the troops.     

Morphinome – proteome of the nervous system after morphine treatment

Summary. Proteome is a natural consequence of the post-genome era when the HUGO project (Human Genome Organization) has almost been completed. Here, a specifically aimed proteome in drug dependence – morphinome, is described, including tasks, strategies and pitfalls of the methodology.     

Umbonal musculature and relationships of the Late Triassic filibranch unionoid bivalves

Exceptionally well‐preserved Late Triassic unionoids from Silesia, Poland, show prominently ornamented juvenile shells and umbonal muscle attachments that are similar to Margaritifera, which are anatomically the least derived among extant unionoids. Their phosphatized (originally chitinous and impregnated with calcium phosphate) gill supports lacked transverse connections, and occasionally some of them were separated from others, being thus at the filibranch grade, like their trigonioid ancestors. Several separate small foot elevator attachments in these unionoids indicate Trigonodidae adaptation to marine or brackish water, in which the original trigonioid strong single attachment was already split into two in the Early Triassic. The ribbing of juvenile shells suggests a change to deeper infaunal life for juvenile stages, and generally less efficient near‐surface locomotion, with a wedge‐like foot, in adults. Much later the unionoids became eulamellibranchial, which promoted the brooding of the fish that their larvae parasitize. To accomodate the classification of the order under this scenario of evolutionary changes, a new suborder Silesunionina is proposed for its filibranch members. It includes the Silesunionidae fam. nov. , with the location of umbonal muscles similar to that in the extant underived unionoids, and the Unionellidae fam. nov. , with umbonal muscles attached to the external wall of the umbonal cavity. The early Late Triassic (Carnian) Silesunio parvus gen. et sp. nov. and latest Triassic (Rhaetian) Tihkia(?) silesiaca sp. nov. are proposed. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163 , 863–883.     

Propagation effects of current and conductance noise in a model neuron with subthreshold oscillations

We have examined the effects of current and conductance noise in a single-neuron model which can generate a variety of physiologically important impulse patterns. Current noise enters the membrane equation directly while conductance noise is propagated through the activation variables. Additive Gaussian white noise which is implemented as conductance noise appears in the voltage equations as an additive and a multiplicative term. Moreover, the originally white noise is turned into colored noise. The noise correlation time is a function of the system's control parameters which may explain the different effects of current and conductance noise in different dynamic states. We have found the most significant, qualitative differences between different noise implementations in a pacemaker-like, tonic firing regime at the transition to chaotic burst discharges. This reflects a dynamic state of high physiological relevance.     

Embryonic development and nourishment in the viviparous fish Poecilia vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

While viviparity confers protection to the embryos during gestation, it increases energetic costs for the mother, which acquires new relations to its offspring. Maternal–fetal transfer of nutrients can occur in different patterns: as lecithotrophy (nourished by yolk) or matrotrophy (nourished by the mother). The development of Poecilia vivipara embryos was described macroscopically and microscopically, and the form of nutritional provisioning was identified. Embryonic development was divided into three prefertilization and seven postfertilization stages. The first organ to appear is the notochord, followed by the nervous, digestive and cardiovascular systems, and then by muscles and eyes. Embryonic nutritional provisioning was lecithotrophic, with yolk persisting until the last developmental stages and rich in proteins and polysaccharides. This kind of embryonic nutrition confirms the pattern found in the family Poeciliidae.     

Hypochlorite-induced oxidation of amino acids, peptides and proteins

Summary. Activated phagocytes generate the potent oxidant hypochlorite (HOCl) via the release of the enzyme myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. HOCl is known to react with a number of biological targets including proteins, DNA, lipids and cholesterol. Proteins are likely to be major targets for reaction with HOCl within a cell due to their abundance and high reactivity with HOCl. This review summarizes information on the rate of reaction of HOCl with proteins, the nature of the intermediates formed, the mechanisms involved in protein oxidation and the products of these reactions. The predicted targets for reaction with HOCl from kinetic modeling studies and the consequences of HOCl-induced protein oxidation are also discussed.     

Patterns of diversification in two species of short‐tailed bats (Carollia Gray, 1838): the effects of historical fragmentation of Brazilian rainforests

The small‐sized frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata is an understory specialist and occurs in a wide range of lowland habitats, tending to be more common in tropical dry or moist forests of South and Central America. Its sister species, Carollia brevicauda, occurs almost exclusively in the Amazon rainforest. A recent phylogeographic study proposed a hypothesis of origin and subsequent diversification for C. perspicillata along the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil. Additionally, it also found two allopatric clades for C. brevicauda separated by the Amazon Basin. We used cytochrome b gene sequences and a more extensive sampling to test hypotheses related to the origin and diversification of C. perspicillata plus C. brevicauda clade in South America. The results obtained indicate that there are two sympatric evolutionary lineages within each species. In C. perspicillata, one lineage is limited to the Southern Atlantic Forest, whereas the other is widely distributed. Coalescent analysis points to a simultaneous origin for C. perspicillata and C. brevicauda, although no place for the diversification of each species can be firmly suggested. The phylogeographic pattern shown by C. perspicillata is also congruent with the Pleistocene refugia hypothesis as a likely vicariant phenomenon shaping the present distribution of its intraspecific lineages. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 527–539.     

Redox options in two-dimensional electrophoresis

Summary. Two-dimensional electrophoresis is usually run on fully reduced samples. Under these conditions even covalently bound oligomers are dissociated and individual polypeptide chains may be fully unfolded by both, urea and SDS, which maximizes the number of resolved components and allows their pI and M_r to be most accurately evaluated. However, various electrophoretic protocols for protein structure investigation require a combination of steps under varying redox conditions. We review here some of the applications of these procedures. We also present some original data about a few related samples – serum from four species: Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Bos taurus – which we run under fully unreduced and fully reduced conditions as well as with reduction between first and second dimension. We demonstrate that in many cases the unreduced proteins migrate with a better resolution than reduced proteins, mostly in the crowded -globulin area of pI 4.5–6 and M_r 50–70kDa.     

Taurine concentration in the brain and in the plasma following intraperitoneal injections

Summary. The effect of different taurine doses (0.050, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 and 1.000g/kg) administered intraperitoneally to Wistar rats was studied in both the plasma and the hippocampal microdialysate content.The samples were analyzed by reverse phased HPLC for the microdialysate samples and by HPLC with ion-exchange post-column derivatization (ninhydrin) for the plasma samples.In both plasma and microdialysate, we observed a dose dependent increase of taurine concentration. The AUC curves obtained from both microdialysate and plasma samples showed that the increase of taurine concentrations were linear. The mean ratio between AUCs microdialysate and plasma was 1.63±0.21 showing thus an unbalance between plasma and brain taurine content; a mechanism which enhance taurine transfer from the plasma to the brain was assumed.     

Amino acid and protein oxidation in cardiovascular disease

Summary. Substantial evidence suggests that oxidative events contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic heart disease. For example, animal model data and numerous in vitro studies point to specific pathways as participants in disease initiation and progression. Moreover, recent clinical studies demonstrate clinical utility in monitoring systemic levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine as a predictor of risk for coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic burden, and response to statin therapy. However, a definitive cause-and-effect relationship between oxidation and atherosclerosis has yet to be established, and multiple recent large prospective antioxidant intervention trials have failed to significantly impact upon disease risk and progression. In this review we highlight why such failures should not be taken as an indictment of the Oxidation Hypothesis. Emphasis will be placed on discussion of molecular markers whose structures convey information about oxidation pathways leading to their formation, and which appear to be mechanistically linked to the disease process. Only through rational design of targeted interventions aimed at suppressing distinct oxidation pathways, with concomitant monitoring of antioxidant efficacy in human clinical studies, will answers to the role of oxidation in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis be defined.