水位与光强变化对尖叶泥炭藓孢蒴生产动态的影响

选取尖叶泥炭藓(Sphagnum capillifolium)为试验材料, 在模拟水位与光强条件下, 对人工构建的苔藓植物群落进行室内培养, 每隔1-3天观察并记录植株高度、孢蒴变化过程及变化时间, 分析了不同水位与光强条件对孢蒴生产的植物功能属性动态的影响。水位上升促进了蒴柄伸长及植株高增长, 增加了孢蒴开裂率及遮蔽率。光强增加有助于孢蒴生长, 并提高了孢蒴开裂率。在孢蒴直径以及植株高增长性状上, 水位与光强存在交互作用。水位与光强对孢蒴增长率均没有影响。此外, 水位升高与光强增加使孢蒴成熟及蒴柄伸长时间提前, 总体上使孢子释放时间分别提前了4.0 d和4.8 d, 由此可能减小了孢子体因受夏季干旱影响而败育的风险。孢子释放后, 繁殖株高增长加速, 可为未来的再次繁殖奠定基础。     

Recombination and introgression of nuclear and chloroplast genomes between the peat mosses, Sphagnum capillifolium and Sphagnum quinquefarium

Haploid hybrid gametophytes are often present at low frequencies in sympatric populations of Sphagnum capillifolium and Sphagnum quinquefarium. We used intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the trnL(UAA) intron of the chloroplast genome to reveal the nuclear and chloroplast composition of mature hybrid gametophytes from natural populations and of gametophytes derived from spores of hybrid sporophytes collected in nature. Asymmetrical nuclear inheritance was found in the progeny of the hybrid sporophytes, indicating that only spores with a low level of recombination of parental genomes were viable. A similarly skewed nuclear composition was found among the naturally occurring hybrid gametophytes. All hybrid genomes contained a larger proportion of S. capillifolium ISSR markers, combined with only two to five S. quinquefarium markers together with a chloroplast haplotype derived from S. quinquefarium. In this way, a pattern resembling introgression is created within a single generation. Some individuals possessed nuclear genomes typical for S. capillifolium in combination with the chloroplast haplotype of S. quinquefarium, possibly indicating backcrossing. Our results indicate that hybridization between S. capillifolium and S. quinquefarium is relatively common, but the resistance of large parts of the genome against heterospecific genes maintains the genetic distinctness of the species. Further evolutionary and phylogenetic consequences of restricted interspecific gene exchange are discussed.     

水位提升和泥炭藓繁殖体移植对泥炭地植被恢复的影响

泥炭藓繁殖体移植是影响泥炭地植被恢复的重要因素之一,不同移植方式的效果往往缺乏比较研究。选取长白山区白江河退化泥炭地为研究地,以自然生境的丘间种喙叶泥炭藓(Sphagnum flexuosum)和藓丘种中位泥炭藓(S.magellanicum)(后者耐旱能力较强)为实验材料,通过野外移植实验,研究水位提升与不同泥炭藓繁殖体移植方式对退化泥炭地植被恢复的影响。数据分析显示:水位条件显著影响了喙叶泥炭藓和中位泥炭藓的建植,随着水位上升,地表湿度增加,两种泥炭藓的盖度均呈明显的上升趋势;移植方式的变化短期内对泥炭藓的建植作用并不明显,但在移植2个月后,移植方式对喙叶泥炭藓表现出显著影响,即耐旱能力较强的中位泥炭藓置于上层时,喙叶泥炭藓盖度最高;水位和移植方式不存在交互作用,即在低水位条件下,中位泥炭藓置于上层的移植方式也未能提升泥炭藓的建植盖度。研究表明,水位提升是泥炭地植被恢复的十分有效的手段,因物种间存在对水分保持的差异,采用合理植物繁殖体移植方式,将会明显提升植被恢复的成效。     

光强对喜树幼苗叶片次生代谢产物喜树碱的影响

喜树碱是我国特有树种——喜树中所含的重要次生代谢产物 ,在人工控制条件下观察了光强对喜树幼苗叶片喜树碱含量的影响。喜树幼苗叶片的喜树碱含量随着遮荫程度的增加 (光照强度降低 )而增加 ,但严重遮荫的 (光强为全光照的 2 0 % )在处理后期 (75 d)喜树碱含量降低。叶片的喜树碱产量 (喜树碱含量与叶片生物量乘积 )在处理初期 (30 d)随光强减弱而缓慢地略有增加 ,处理后期 (45 d以后 )随光强的减弱而有明显增加 ,但光强低于全光照的 6 0 %以后喜树碱产量迅速下降。喜树碱的增加可能是喜树幼苗通过次生代谢过程对不良环境 (遮荫 )的一种适应性反应     

遮阴对两种泥炭藓植物生长及相互作用的影响

以大泥炭藓和喙叶泥炭藓为材料,研究遮阴对其生长及植物相互作用的影响.结果表明:在单种群中,遮阴处理明显促进了大泥炭藓的高生长,但对喙叶泥炭藓的生长以及大泥炭藓生物量和分枝数未产生影响;在混合群中,喙叶泥炭藓抑制了大泥炭藓生物量和分枝数的增长,而大泥炭藓对喙叶泥炭藓的生长无影响.随遮阴胁迫的增加,邻体对喙叶泥炭藓竞争加剧,当胁迫进一步增强,邻体效应有转变为正相互作用的趋势,但邻体对大泥炭藓的效应始终为竞争,未随胁迫增加而变化.     

Effects of microtopography and water table on Sphagnum palustre L. in subtropical high mountains and implications for peatland restoration

Introduction. Human disturbance has recently led to increasingly serious destruction of Sphagnum L. wetlands in subtropical high mountains, resulting in an urgent need for wetland restoration.

Methods. Through a field experiment conducted in western Hubei Province, China, the effects of four different microtopographic types [concave surface, convex surface, concave and convex surface (CC surface), and flat surface] and water table depth (0 to ?30?cm) on three growth indicators (number of capitula, coverage and biomass) of Sphagnum palustre L. were examined. The objective was to identify the optimal hydrological conditions for S. palustre growth and thus facilitate its rapid recolonisation and restoration of these wetlands.

Key results. The results showed that different microtopographic conditions significantly influenced S. palustre growth. Among them, S. palustre in the CC surface showed the worst growth, while no significant differences existed among the other three microtopographic types. Additionally, as the water table increased, the growth of S. palustre increased, but long-term flooding impeded growth. The water table affected S. palustre growth via effects on its tissue water content.

Conclusions. Microtopographic reshaping was not essential for the success of S. palustre recolonisation, and microtopography that maintained the water table to within ?10?cm of the surface without flooding were best, independent of the microtopographic types. In addition, the growth patterns of S. palustre changed with changes in the environment, which may be related to its long-term adaptation to conditions of a lower water table.     

光强对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

通过白纱布遮荫模拟不同光生境条件(透光率分别为100%、68.2%、35.4%和16.7%),研究了光强因子对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随相对光强的减弱,幼苗高度增加,茎粗、干鲜比、叶片厚度和单位叶面积质量均呈降低趋势,幼苗干物质积累减少,但其对叶数的影响不大.弱光条件下,叶片自由水、叶绿素、总氮和蛋白质含量增加,束缚水含量降低,叶绿素a/b值减小,转化酶活性降低;烟草幼苗根系相对不发达,根冠比和根生物量减小,根系活力降低.表明弱光条件不利于培育烟草壮苗,生产中应尽可能改善苗床的光照条件.     

水分和光照对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生理生态特性的影响

以厚皮甜瓜‘西博洛托’为试材,研究了温室内育苗基质含水量和光照强度对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生长发育和生理生态特性的影响.结果表明:不同基质含水量和光照强度对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生长发育影响显著,随基质含水量的降低,苗期植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量升高,叶片相对含水量和比叶面积下降,基质含水量为60%～80%时,幼苗净光合速率最高;随着光照强度的减弱,幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶片相对含水量、比叶面积和胞间CO2浓度升高,叶绿素a/b和净光合速率下降.在不同处理中,以80%基质含水量 100%温室光照处理的幼苗生长最健壮,壮苗指数、净光合速率等指标最高.     

Responses of fen plant species to groundwater level and light intensity

Characteristic species of sedge-moss fen communities occur in constantly wet, nutrient-poor sites with a high penetration of light through the vegetation canopy. We studied the effects of water table depth and differences in light intensity on the performance of fen species. Three fen species (Carex curta, Viola palustris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and one species with a wide range of occurrence (Poa trivialis) were grown for 10 weeks in a sedge-moss peat substrate at 4 different water levels and 3 light intensities. In all species differences in light availability had a larger effect on biomass production than differences in water level. Under a light availability reduced to only 10% the root weight ratio of all the species decreased while leaf weight ratio increased. The biomass allocation ratios were hardly affected by differences in water level. For Viol a and Hydrocotyle an interaction between the two factors was observed. Poa did not show particular differences compared to the other species. We discuss the results in the context of the establishment of fen species in riparian vegetation. It is suggested that the occurrence of fen species in the landscape is directly related to the availability of light, whereas the relationship between fen species occurrence and hydrological conditions seems to be an indirect one.     

光照对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同光照梯度[55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS、2.2%NS、0.5%NS和0.3%NS]对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:辽东栎种子的萌发率和萌发指数在55.4%NS处理达到最大,分别为72.5%和0.22,然后随着光照减弱而逐渐减小,在0.3%NS处理下最小,分别为42.5%和0.11;强光照对种子萌发进程有一定的延迟作用,萌发活力指数随着光照的减弱而增大(0.5%NS处理最大);强光下种子萌发的延迟可能是其对多种命运的权衡性选择.强光照有利于辽东栎幼苗基径和根系生长,以及幼苗干物质的积累,但株高最小(6.06 cm);不同光强处理的辽东栎幼苗具有较大的形态学可塑性,其幼苗阶段对光环境的适应性较强,0.5%NS处理的幼苗比叶面积、比枝长、比根长、叶片叶绿素b含量及叶绿素总量均最大,分别为142.57 cm2.g-1、156.86 cm.g-1、271.87 cm.g-1、0.07 g.cm-2和0.24 g.cm-2,55.4%NS处理下最小,分别为44.89 cm2.g-1、52.84 cm.g-1、101.98 cm.g-1、...     

光强和光质对野外栽培高山红景天生物量和红景天甙含量的影响

为探讨野外条件下光强及光质对高山红景天 (Rhodiola sachalinensis)生物量和红景天甙含量的影响 ,于 2 0 0 1年 5月 8日至 9月 16日在大兴安岭加格达奇的高山红景天种植圃地 ,利用纱布及红色、蓝色和绿色的滤光膜遮光处理 ,对生长 3a和 4 a的高山红景天进行了光强、光质控制实验。与温室实验类似 ,遮荫显著抑制高山红景天根的生长 ,并使红景天甙的含量略有提高。红膜处理使光强大约降低一半 ,但仅从光质的角度而言 ,红膜处理对根的生长影响不大 ,却显著增加了根中的红景天甙含量和产量 ,不过效果不如温室实验明显。绿膜处理未表现出对红景天甙积累的促进作用 ,这与温室实验结果不同。红膜处理不同天数的结果表明 ,处理时间对红景天甙含量提高的程度影响很小。这意味着在野外种植的情况下 ,可以在临近收获的最后一段时间用红膜对高山红景天进行处理 ,这样既可避免红膜处理对高山红景天根生长的抑制 (由于减弱了光照 ) ,又可显著提高根的红景天甙含量 ,从而达到大幅度提高红景天甙产量的目的。     

光照强度与光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响

为探究光照对虎斑乌贼受精卵孵化的影响,确定其胚胎发育的最佳光照条件,本研究采用单因子试验方法,分析了不同光照强度(10、30、50、70、90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和光周期L∶D(24 h∶0 h、18 h∶6 h、12 h∶12 h、6 h∶18 h、0 h∶24 h)对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响.结果表明: 不同光照强度对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、卵黄囊断裂率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长均影响显著;而对孵化周期和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长随着光照强度的增强先增大后减小,而卵黄囊断裂率则逐渐增大.最适光照强度为30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,此光照强度下孵化率为(90.0±4.1)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(7.3±1.5)%,培育周期为(25.50±0.35) d,孵化周期为(8.10±0.89) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.213±0.011) g,胴长为(1.013±0.022) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(97.1±4.0)%.不同光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期均影响显著,而对卵黄囊断裂率、初孵幼体体质量、胴长和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率和孵化周期随着光照时间的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化.最适光周期为LD(12 h12 h),此光周期下孵化率达(88.7±1.8)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(8.7±1.8)%,培育周期为(25.00±0.50) d,孵化周期为(7.00±3.20) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.209±0.005) g,胴长为(0.998±0.026) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(96.8±7.1)%.说明弱光照强度30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和半日光照强度L∶D(12 h∶12 h)更有利于虎斑乌贼的胚胎孵化.在实际生产中,应避免阳光直射,采取适当的遮光措施.     

光强对毛脉酸模根中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷的影响

在人工控制条件下,观察了光强对毛脉酸模根中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷的影响.结果表明,较短时期的遮荫使毛脉酸模根中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量随着遮荫程度的增加而增加,较长时期的遮荫则使白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量降低;随遮荫程度和遮荫时间的增加,根中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷含量显著降低.根中白藜芦醇产量在8月份达最大值、白藜芦醇苷产量在9月份达最大值,遮荫降低根中白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷的产量.在毛脉酸模生长后期给予短期深度遮荫可以提高白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇苷产量.     

光强因子对少花桂幼苗形态和生理指标及精油含量的影响

光是影响植物生长的重要因子之一。它不仅能够影响植物的光合作用,同时,光还以环境信号的形式作用于植物,通过光敏色素等作用途径调节植物生长、发育和形态建成,使植物更好地适应外界环境。除此之外,光还可以影响植物的初生代谢过程和次生代谢。因此提高植物体内重要次生代谢产物,光的因素不可忽视。少花桂(Cinnamomum pauciflorum)是樟科樟属多年生常绿小乔木,其体内含有精油,鲜叶含油量可达3．5％,比黄樟树根含油量高出1倍左右,精油中黄樟油素纯度高达95％以上。以少花桂为材料,采用人工模拟不同生境的光照条件,探讨光强因子对少花桂生长及精油含量的影响,以求对其生产提供理论指导。通过窗纱遮荫实现对其生境光的控制,研究了光强因子对少花桂幼苗形态结构、水分状况、光合指标、生物量、香桂油含量和纯度的影响。结果表明：随生境相对光照强度的减弱,叶片厚度、叶片上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度、根冠比等都呈现降低的趋势;而平均单叶面积却呈现出增加的趋势;株叶面积在61．5％的全光照下有所增加,而在33．8％和15．4％全光照条件下大幅度减小;遮荫条件下生长的少花桂幼苗根系相对不发达,根冠比小;生境的光照强度会影响植株的水分蒸腾,从而影响含水量。在同样光照下,全光照条件下生长的少花桂幼苗保水能力最强,其次是61．5％全光照,最差的是15．4％全光照。少花桂幼苗的光饱和点、光补偿点随生境中的光强减弱而降低。过度遮荫条件下生长的少花桂幼苗CO2补偿点明显高于自然条件下生长的少花桂幼苗;随生境中的光强度的减弱其光呼吸速率升高,单位叶面积的叶绿素含量增加．Chla／Chlb值减小。遮荫处理后,不同光照条件下生长的少花桂幼苗的质量增加存在显著差异。遮荫过程中61．5％、33．8％和15．4％全光照条件下生长的少花桂幼苗叶片鲜质量的增长速率分别为全光照的1．6倍、1．2倍和0．77倍。香桂油含量以61．5％和33．8％全光照为多,均比全光照高出5％左右,而15．4％全光照叶片含油量又较全光照少5％左右。香桂油中黄樟油素纯度,以33．8％、15．4％全光照生境下的少花桂幼苗叶片为高。少花桂幼苗轻微遮荫(61．5％全光照)栽培．能获得较高的枝叶产量和香桂油产率．重度遮荫(33．8％、15．4％全光照)能获得纯度较高的黄樟油素。     

弱光下不同水深对长喙毛茛泽泻生长及生理特性的影响

在人工气候箱内,通过设置不同水深梯度(0 cm;3 cm;6 cm)和光照强度(标准光照:400μmol m~(-2) s~(-1);低光照:240μmol m~(-2) s~(-1)),对长喙毛茛泽泻生物量、叶型特征和生理特征的影响,探讨长喙毛茛泽泻对不同水深和光照强度的适应性以及其濒危原因。结果表明:在同一光照强度下长喙毛茛泽泻叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量、总生物量、叶宽、叶面积、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖都随水深的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)随水深的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势;叶柄长度与水深呈正相关;脯氨酸含量与水深呈负相关。在同一水深条件下,光照强度的降低显著降低了叶生物量、茎生物量、总生物量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量。由此可知,水深的变化和光照不足都将导致长喙毛茛泽泻生长减弱,且长喙毛茛泽泻对这些不利条件的适应能力较弱。剧烈的水深变化和上层植物的荫蔽可能是导致其濒危的重要原因。     

The influence of water content and leaf anatomy on carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis in Sphagnum

The relative effect of diffusional resistance due to water films (r_wf) and leaf anatomy (r_p) on rates of net photosynthesis and on-line measures of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ=Δδ¹³C) was investigated in Sphagnum. Sphagnum species differ in the exposure of photosynthetic cells at the leaf surface. In S. affine, photosynthetic cells are widely exposed at the surface, whereas in S. magellanicum, photo-synthetic cells are enclosed within water-filled hyaline cells. This difference is expected to lead to variation in diffusive resistance within leaves (r_p). Net photosynthesis and on-line Δ were measured at two water contents: greenhouse water content (wet) and blotted dry (dry). Without correcting for respiration, on-line Δ values differed significantly between wet (23.7%_o) and dry (30.9%_o) plants. However, there was no significant difference between species means and no species × water content interaction. Corrections for respiration lowered Δ values by approximately 8.1%_o and reduced the mean difference to 3.1%_o, but did not alter the rank order of treatments. Net photosynthesis also decreased by 16% in wet plants, but there was no significant difference between the two species. In addition, five populations of S. affine and S. magellanicum grown in a common garden were analysed for their organic matter carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C). These values varied more within each species (0.9–1.2%_o) than between the two species (0.6%_o). Therefore, we conclude that variation in surface water films leads to a greater difference in resistance to CO₂ uptake and carbon isotope discrimination than that due to variation in leaf anatomical properties in Sphagnum.     

温室栽培光强和光质对高山红景天生物量和红景天甙含量的影响

为探讨光强及光质对高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis)生物量和红景天甙含量的影响。于2000年4月至6月在东北林业大学温室内以移栽于大兴安岭加格达奇圃地人工种植生长3a的高山红景天为材料,通过纱布遮荫及遮以不同颜色的滤光膜分别进行了光强、光质控制实验(处理45d)。随着光强的降低,高山红景天全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量以及叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量均有降低的趋势,但叶绿素含量变化很小,不同光强及对照之间的差异均未达到显著水平。相对光强为67．75％和44．71％的两种处理下的全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量差异不显著,它们的全株生物量和红景天甙含量与对照(全光照)的差异也不显著,但根生物量和红景天甙产量与对照的差异显著。当相对光强减弱至31．96％,全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量均大幅度下降,根冠比显著增加。4种滤光膜处理均使高山红景天的全株生物量及根生物量显著降低,蓝膜和绿膜处理的降低幅度大于红膜和黄膜处理的。红膜处理的红景天甙的含量和产量均高于对照,但黄膜、蓝膜和绿膜处理的红景天甙含量和产量则低于对照。通过计算去除4种滤光膜的光强因素,仅从光质的作用看。4种滤光膜处理仍是减小了全株生物量和根生物量,红膜和绿膜处理提高了红景天甙的含量和产量,而黄膜处理降低了红景天甙的含量和产量,蓝膜处理几乎没有效果。4种滤光膜处理均使叶绿素含量增加,但只有蓝膜处理的与对照差异显著。红膜处理不仅显著提高根中红景天甙的含量(为对照的3．42倍),而且对根生物量的影响较小(为对照的90．24％)。因而提高了高山红景天根的红景天甙产量,这意味着在生产上可能会有一定的实践意义。     

Effect of water content components on desiccation and recovery in Sphagnum mosses

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The basic parameters of water relations were measured in Sphagnum mosses. The relationships of these parameters to the photosynthetic response to desiccation and the ecology of these mosses were then tested. METHODS: The water relations parameters of six Sphagnum species (mosses typical of wet habitats) and Atrichum androgynum (a moss more typical of mesophytic conditions) were calculated from pressure-volume isotherms. Photosynthetic properties during and after moderate desiccation were monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence. KEY RESULTS: When desiccated, the hummock-forming species S. fuscum and S. magellanicum lost more water before turgor started dropping than other sphagna inhabiting less exposed habitats (73 % compared with 56 % on average). Osmotic potentials at full turgor were similar in all species, with an average value of -1.1 MPa. Hummock sphagna had clearly more rigid cell walls than species of wet habitats (epsilon = 3 x 55 compared with 1 x 93 MPa). As a result, their chlorophyllous cells lost turgor at higher relative water contents (RWCs) than species of wet habitats (0 x 61 compared with 0 x 46) and at less negative osmotic potentials (-2 x 28 compared with -3 x 00 MPa). During drying, Phi(PSII) started declining earlier in hummock species (at an RWC of 0 x 65 compared with 0 x 44), and F(v)/F(m) behaved similarly. Compared with other species, hummock sphagna desiccated to -20 or -40 MPa recovered more completely after rehydration. Atrichum androgynum responded to desiccation similarly to hummock sphagna, suggesting that their desiccation tolerance may have a similar physiological basis. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming a fixed rate of desiccation, the higher water-holding capacities of hummock sphagna will allow them to continue metabolism for longer than other species. While this could be viewed as a form of 'desiccation avoidance', hummock species also recover faster than other species during rehydration, suggesting that they have higher inherent tolerance. This may help them to persist in drought-exposed hummocks. In contrast, species growing in wet habitats lack such strong avoidance and tolerance mechanisms. However, their turgor maintenance mechanisms, for example more elastic cell walls, enable them to continue metabolizing longer as their water contents fall to the turgor-loss point.     

低夜温后不同光强对榕树叶片PSⅡ功能和光能分配的影响

研究了自然低夜温后全光照与遮荫对榕树叶片PSⅡ功能及光能分配的影响。结果表明低夜温后全光照条件下叶片吸收光能分配于光化学反应部分减少,而热耗散部分和反应中心过剩光能则增加,从而导致了PSⅡ功能的下降,遮荫条件下光能分配于光化学反应的程度增加．虽然用于热耗散的比例下降了,但反应中心过剩光能相对较少,从而有利于PSⅡ功能的恢复。     

Sphagnum growth under N saturation: interactive effects of water level and P or K fertilization

• Sphagnum biomass is a promising material that could be used as a substitute for peat in growing media and can be sustainably produced by converting existing drainage‐based peatland agriculture into wet, climate‐friendly agriculture (paludiculture). Our study focuses on yield maximization of Sphagnum as a crop.
• We tested the effects of three water level regimes and of phosphorus or potassium fertilization on the growth of four Sphagnum species (S. papillosum, S. palustre, S. fimbriatum, S. fallax). To simulate field conditions in Central and Western Europe we carried out a glasshouse experiment under nitrogen‐saturated conditions.
• A constant high water table (remaining at 2 cm below capitulum during growth) led to highest productivity for all tested species. Water table fluctuations between 2 and 9 cm below capitulum during growth and a water level 2 cm below capitulum at the start but falling relatively during plant growth led to significantly lower productivity. Fertilization had no effect on Sphagnum growth under conditions with high atmospheric deposition such as in NW Germany (38 kg N, 0.3 kg P, 7.6 kg K·ha^?1·year^?1).
• Large‐scale maximization of Sphagnum yields requires precise water management, with water tables just below the capitula and rising with Sphagnum growth. The nutrient load in large areas of Central and Western Europe from atmospheric deposition and irrigation water is high but, with an optimal water supply, does not hamper Sphagnum growth, at least not of regional provenances of Sphagnum.