Three new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasites of Enyalius spp. (Iguanidae) from Brazil

Three new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 belonging to the sub-family Molineinae are described from the stomach and/or the small intestine of Enyalius spp. from Brazil. They belong to group 6 of Ben Slimane, Chabaud & Durette-Desset (1996). In this group they share along with O. peruensis Ben Slimane, Verhaag & Durette-Desset, 1995, a parasite of Iguanidae from Peru the followings linked characters: (i) a caudal bursa of type II; (ii) cervical alae present; (iii) undulated cuticular ridges. The Peruvian species differs from the Brasilian species by the absence of a strut in the cervical alae, by a small number of cuticular ridges at mid-body and by a spicular fork with a ramified inner twig. Oswaldocruzio fredi n. sp., a parasite of the stomach and the small intestine of Enyalius iheringii, mainly differs from the two other species by the absence of the oesophageal ventral cuticular ridges. Oswaldocruzia benslimanei n. sp., a parasite of the small intestine of Enyalius bilineatus, differs from Oswoldocruzia burseyi n. sp., a parasite of the stomach of Enyalius perditus, by the division of the fork at 23.4 % of spicule length (versus 32 %), and the length of the blade longer than the fork. Oswoldocruzia subauricularis sensu Freitas, 1955 nec Rudolphi, 1819 and O. mazzai sensu Vicente, 1981 nec Travassos, 1935 should be considered as species inquirendae.     

Two new species of Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda,Trichostrongylina) parasites of Cricetomys gambianus and Arvicanthis niloticus (Muridae) from Senegal

Two new Nippostrongylinae (Heligmosomoidea, Heligmonellidae) originating from Senegal are described. Heligmonina bioccai n. sp., a parasite of Cricetomys gambianus (Cricetomyinae) found in the surroundings of Dakar and Neoheligmonella bai n. sp., a parasite of Arvicanthis niloticus (Murinae) from the Province of Richard Toll. H. bioccai n. sp. is related to H. hybomysi (Durette-Desset, 1966) a parasite of Hybomys univittatus from the Central African Republic by some characteristics of the caudal bursa and of the synlophe. They are the only two species with the same pattern of caudal bursa: type 1-3-1 for the right lobe, 2-3 for the left lobe, and with the same number and disposition of the cuticular ridges at mid-body in the female. The two species are differentiated by the size (three times smaller in H. hybomysi), the ratio of spicule length on body length (7.6% versus 17% in H. hybomysi) and by a different synlophe in male and posterior part of female. N. bai n. sp. is differentiated from the closely related species N. dielmensis Diouf, Ba and Durette-Desset, 1997, also a parasite of Arvicanthis niloticus from Senegal by rays 8 arising asymmetrically on the dorsal ray and by the deirids situated at the same level as the excretory pore.     

Suttonema delta n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina: Heligmosomoidea) from Oxymycterus rufus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in Argentina

A new nippostrongyline, Suttonema delta n. g., n. sp., is described from the intestine of Oxymycterus rufus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from Argentina, in a host from which trichostrongylid nematodes were hitherto unknown. The new genus is very similar to Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent & Almeida, 1937 and Malvinema Digiani, Sutton & Durette-Desset, 2003, both parasites of Neotropical sigmodontines, in the features of the caudal bursa (with a pattern of type 1-4, asymmetrical with hypertophied right lobe) and the presence of cephalic structures resembling cuticular cordons. The larval synlophe is also identical to that of Stilestrongylus freitasi Durette-Desset, 1968. The new genus is differentiated by an adult synlophe with few ridges (9-12 at mid-body) of two different types: small, rounded ridges without cuticular support on the dorsal side, and pointed ridges of unequal size on the ventral side and in lateral fields. It is also characterised by the presence of comaretes on the left ventral and ventral fields of the synlophe.     

Trichostrongylina (Nematoda) from Malagasy Muridae. I--Description of two new species of Heligmonellidae in Nesomys spp

Two new species of Heligmonellidae, Heligmonina wrightae n.sp. (Nippostrongylinae) and Nesomystrongylus fissicauda n.gen., n. sp. (Brevistriatinae) are described from Madagascar in Nesomys rufus and N. audeberti (Muridae). In Nesomys audeberti, the species are coparasites. Heligmonina wrightae is differentiated from all the other species of the genus, except H. malacomysi Sakka & Durette-Desset, 1988, by the ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body (25-27.8% versus 9.5-7%). It differs from H. malacomysi by the pattern of the caudal bursa and by the angle of the axis of orientation of the cuticular ridges on the sagittal axis. Nesomystrongylus fissicauda is related to the genus Fissicauda Durette-Desset & Krishnasamy, 1976, by the absence of the carene, by the ridges discontinuous on all the sides of the body and by the deeply divided dorsal ray. It differs from this genus by a different structure of the ridges, by the pattern of the caudal bursa, (very tiny rays 2 and strongly developed rays 3, rays 8 arising from common trunk of rays 2 to 6) and by the presence of a caudal tip in the female.     

Description of two new species of Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda, Trichostrongyuna, Heligmosomoidea) coparasites in Arvicanthis ansorgei (Muridae) from Cameroon

In the small intestine of a single Arvicanthis ansorgei from Cameroon, two new species of Nippostrongylinae were found: Neoheligmonella zero n. sp. and Heligmonina comerounensis n. sp. N. zero belongs to the Neoheligmonella species in which the right dorsal ridge is poorly developed. Among these species, N. bainae (Durette-Desset, 1970), a parasite of Steatomys opinus from Burkina Fasso, is a closely related species. It is differentiated by the presence of vulvar alae, the ratio uterus length/body length and the separation of rays 2 and 3 at two thirds of their length. N. zero is also closely related to N. kenyae (Yeh, 1958) a parasite of Rattus rattus kijabius from Kenya by the pattern of the caudal bursa and the ratio spicules length/body length. The synlophe of N. kenyae was not described in detail but it is differentiated from N. zero by the position of the excretory pore, situated just posteriorly to the nerve ring and in the female by the ratio ovejector length/body length which is smaller. H. camerounensis n. sp. is characterised by the ratio dorsal ridges/ventral ridges which is 4/7. It is differentiated from the species of which the synlophe has not been described by the pattern of the caudal bursa (type 1-4 with tendancy 1-3-1). It is the first report of Nippostrongylinae species in Cameroon and the first record of a species of the genus Heligmonina in an Arvicanthis.     

Schulzia chiribita n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasite of Leptodactylus rhodonotus (Amphibian) from Peru

A third species of the genus Schulzia Travassos, 1937 a parasite of Leptodactylus rhodonotus (Amphibian, Leptodactylidae) originating from Peru is described. By the pattern of the caudal bursa, the specimens are closely related to the two other species. They are distinguished from Schulzia uzu Lent & Santos, 1989, parasite from Atelopus oxyrhynchus in Venezuela, by the shape of the ovejector and from Schulzia travassosi Durette-Desset, Baker & Vaucher, 1985, parasite from Bufo crucifer in Brasil, Bufo granulosus and Leptodactylus bufonius in Paraguay, by the shape of the spicules. The presence of a new species in Peru points out the wide geographic distribution of the genus in the Neotropical region.     

Trichostrongylina (Nematoda) parasitic in Phyllotis sp. (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from Argentina, with description of three new species

The Trichostrongylina parasitic in the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis sp. (Sigmodontinae) from the Province of Catamarca, Argentina are studied. Three new species of Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent and Almeida, 1937 (Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae: Nippostrongylinae) are described. Stilestrongylus andalgala n. sp. is distinguished from the most closely related species S. moreli Diaw, 1976 parasitic in Auliscomys boliviensis from Bolivia, by the absence of a common trunk of right rays 2 and 3, by left ray 4 shorter than ray 5, and by the shape of the female tail, without a mucron. Stilestrongylus catamarca n. sp. is distinguished from all the other species in the genus by hypertrophied rays 2, larger than rays 3, and from the closely related species Stilestrongylus barusi Durette-Desset, 1971, parasitic in Sigmodontomys alfari from Colombia, by right ray 4 longer than ray 5 and left ray 4 shorter than ray 5, by a larger spicule length/body length ratio (22.6% vs. 7.2%), and by the presence of a mucron on the female tail. Stilestrongylus gracielae n. sp. most closely resembles Stilestrongylus azarai Durette-Desset and Sutton, 1985, parasitic in Akodon azarae and in Graomys griseoflavus, and Stilestrongylus franciscanus Digiani and Durette-Desset, 2003, also parasitic in G. griseoflavus, both from Argentina. These latter differ from the new species by the right lobe of the caudal bursa: in S. azarai rays 4, 5 and 6 arise at same level from their common trunk and in S. franciscanus right rays 4 and 5 diverge at their distal extremity. Lamanema chavezi Becklund, 1963 (Molineoidea: Molineinae), a parasite of South American camelids, is reported in rodents for the second time.     

Trichostrongylina (Nematoda) from Malagasy muridae. II--Description of two new species of Heligmonina (Heligmonellidae) in Nesomys rufus and Eliurus tanala

Two new species of Heligmonellidae from Madagascar are described, Heligmonina madagascariensis n. sp. in Nesomys rufus and Heligmonina tanala n. sp. in Eliurus tanala. Both species belong to the Heligmonina species with a pattern of type 1-3-1 for the right lobe of the caudal bursa and 1-4 for the left lobe. In H. madagascariensis, H. dupuisi (Desset, 1964) and H. praomyos Baylis, 1928, left ray 6 arises before ray 3 from the common trunk to rays 3 to 6 while in H. tanala and the other species, it arises at the same level. H. madagascariensis is differentiated from H. dupuisi and H. praomyos by the symmetry of the branches of the dorsal ray. H. tanala is differentiated from H. malacomys Sakka & Durette-Desset, 1988, the closely related species by a different pattern of the cuticular ridges at mid-body, by the sharpness of the tips of the spicules and by the ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body (6.9, 8.8% versus 25-27.8%). Heligmonina chippauxi (Desset, 1964) a parasite of Oenomys hypoxanthus from the Republic of Central Africa is considered a valid species.     

Description of a new species of Heligmonina Baylis, 1928 (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) a parasite of Mastomys natalensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from Swaziland and new data on the synlophe of Heligmonina chabaudi (Desset, 1966)

A new species of heligmosomoid nematode belonging to the subfamily Nippostrongylinae Durette-Desset, 1970 is described: Heligmonina wakelini n. sp., a parasite from the small intestine of the commensal rodent Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834) from Swaziland. It differs from the most closely related species H. boomkeri Durette-Desset & Digiani, 2005 by the number of the cuticular ridges in the female synlophe (10 vs 12), the width of the left ala, larger than the body diameter in the male, and the inclination of the axis of orientation of the ridges in both sexes (53 degrees vs 70 degrees). New morphological data (head and synlophe) on Heligmonina chabaudi (Desset, 1964), also a parasite of Mastomys natalensis in the Republic of Congo, are provided in order to compare with the new species.     

Srivastavanema cynocephali n. sp. (Nematoda,Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea), a parasite of a dermopteran from Indonesia

Srivastavanema cynocephali n. sp., a parasite of Cynocephalus variegatus (Dermoptera) from Indonesia, is described. This species is closely related to S. yapi Durette-Desset & Lim Boo Liat, 1975, in the characters of the synlophe at the mid-body and in the shape of the caudal bursa, but it is distinguished by the pattern of the synlophe in the posterior part of the body, very long, thin rays 2 and 3, a less developed genital cone, the absence of a membrane between left and right rays 6, and longer spicules. Its morphology is slightly less specialised than the four previously known species of the genus, which are all parasites of petauristines. The genus Srivastavanema (Singh, 1962) has a systematic position between the Heligmonellinae and the Brevistriatinae. Therefore, it may be a parasite of the Dermoptera which could have secondarily evolved within the Petauristinae. The Dermoptera may have played an important role in the evolution of the Heligmonellinae.     

Parasitism of two zoonotic reservoirs Dasyprocta leporina and D. fuliginosa (Rodentia) from Amazonas, with Trichostrongylina nematodes (Heligmonellidae): description of a new genus and a new species

A new genus and a new species of Heligmonellidae nematodes are described parasiting the stomach of three agoutis (two Dasyprocta fuliginosa and one D. leporina) captured in the middle and high Negro river microregion, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The new genus, as well as its type-species, are closely related to the trichostrongylids included in Fuellebornema, particularly on what concerns the pattern of the caudal bursa, but differing from them by the characteristics of the synlophe, that presents a poorly developed carene, when compared to the referred number of body ridges in Freitastrongylus n. gen. and consequently in F. angelae n. sp.,in which the ridges are well developed and the carene at mid-body has a similar size when compared to the ridge situated in front of the right field (ridge no. 5). Caudal bursa is of the type 1-4, with rays 9 shorter than rays 10, with a very long genital cone.     

New Pudicinae (Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea), Pudica ctenomydis n. sp. parasite of Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Octodontidae) from Argentina

A total of 138 nematodes were found in the small intestine of Ctenomys talarum (Octodontidae) from Mar de Cobo, Argentina. A new nematode species, Pudica ctenomydis n. sp., is described. The new species more closely resembles P. pujoli Durette-Desset, 1990, parasite of Microcavia niata Thomas, from Bolivia. It can be distinguished from P. pujoli by the number of ridges and characteristics of the synlophe, the spicular morphology, differences in length between rays 9 and 10, and by the presence of a symmetrical caudal bursa and a cuticular expansion surrounding the body between vulva and anus in females.     

Two new species of Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina: Heligmonellidae) from the grey leaf-eared mouse Graomys griseoflavus (Sigmodontinae) in Argentina

Two new species of Nippostrongylinae, Hassalstrongylus puntanus n. sp., and Stilestrongylus franciscanus n. sp. are described from the intestine of the grey leaf-eared mouse Graomys griseoflavus (Waterhouse, 1837) (Sigmodontinae) from the Province of San Luis, Argentina. Hassalstrongylus puntanus n. sp. is distinguished from the most closely related species H. dollfusi (Díaz-Ungría, 1963), a parasite of Mus musculus from Venezuela by longer rays 2, shorter rays 4, proximal half of the dorsal ray non-enlarged and a non-retractile female tail. Stilestrongylus franciscanus n. sp. is distinguished from the most closely related species S. flavescens Sutton & Durette-Desset, 1991, a parasite of Oryzomys flavescens from Argentina, by rays 2 and 3 diverging separately from common trunk of rays 2 to 6, and by right ray 3 arising from this trunk more distally than ray 6. Stilestrongylus azarai Durette-Desset & Sutton, 1985, a parasite of Akodon azarae from Buenos Aires, Argentina, was also found parasitizing G. griseoflavus, representing new host and locality records. Some additional morphological data for this species are also provided.     

A new Heligmonellid (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) from Oecomys mamorae (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in the pantanal and new data on the synlophe of Guerrerostrongylus zetta from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

A new species of Heligmonellidae nematode, Guerrerostrongylus gomesae n. sp., is described from specimens collected from the small intestine of the rodent Oecomys mamorae Thomas, 1906 in the Brazilian Pantanal. It differs from the 2 other species of the genus by the number of ridges in the synlophe 35-46 and 40-48 at the midbody in the male and female, respectively, by rays 8 arising at midlength of the dorsal trunk, ending near the margin of the caudal bursa, and the dorsal ray divided at the second-third part into 2 branches, each branch divided into 2 subequal subbranches. In addition, specimens of Guerrerostrongylus zetta Travassos, 1937 collected in Oligoryzomys nigripes Olfers, 1818 contain synlophe with 36-42 cuticular ridges in males and 38-42 in females at the midbody. By the characteristics of the synlophe and caudal bursa, Gerrerostrongylus gomesae n. sp. is considered a new species. We suggest that the number of cuticular ridges for this genus broadens the range of the cuticular ridges to at least 35 at midbody.     

A new genus of Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) from the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus (Sigmodontinae) in Argentina

A new genus of Nippostrongylinae, Malvinema n. gen., with 3 coparasitic species M. frederici n. sp., M. carolinae n. sp., and M. victoriae n. sp. from the intestine of the water rat, Scapteromys aquaticus Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae), from the northeast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, is proposed in this study. The new genus shows similarities to 2 Neotropical Nippostrongylinae: Carolinensis (Travassos, 1937) by some characters of the synlophe and Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent and Almeida, 1937, by the pattern of the caudal bursa. It is characterized by a synlophe with triple or quadruple gradient of size of the ridges, lateromedian, decreasing from the largest left and right ridges. The gradient situated in the right ventral quadrant is always present. The caudal bursa shows a pattern of type 1-4. Malvinema frederici possesses a synlophe with 17 ridges and an axis of orientation inclined at 45 degrees from the sagittal axis; M. carolinae possesses a synlophe with 22-24 ridges and an axis of orientation almost merged with the sagittal axis. Both species have a caudal bursa with the right lobe enlarged transversally. Malvinema victoriae possesses a synlophe with 22-24 ridges, an axis of orientation inclined at 45 degrees from the sagittal axis, and a caudal bursa with the right lobe enlarged vertically.     

A new species of Oswaldocruzia (Molineidae: Nematoda) in Chaunus marinus (Amphibian: Bufonidae) (Linneaus, 1758) from Brazil

Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. (Strongylida: Molineidae) from the small intestine of Chaunus marinus (L.) from Belém, Pará State, Brazil is described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. is a neotropical species of this genus, harboring caudal bursa Type II, spicules divided in 3 branches, i.e., a blade, shoe, and fork. The blade is divided in 4 points, of which at least 2 are bifurcated. Cervical alae are absent; there is a simple cephalic vesicle and synlophe with low ridges perpendicular to the body without chitinous supports. The most closely related species are O. bonsi and O. lescurei. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. differs from O. lescurei and O. bonsi by the number and location of cephalic papillae, rays 2-3 and 5-6 running parallel and slightly separated, ray 6 not overlapping ray 8, and body structure morphometry. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n sp. also differs from O. lescurei by the discontinuity of the longitudinal ridges, the number of subdivisions of the blade, and the absence of extra processes at the bifurcation level of the fork of the spicules. The new species differs from O. bonsi by male and female body dimensions, the symmetry of the caudal bursa, dimension and subdivisions of the spicules without extra processes of the fork, 2 extra processes at the distal division of the blade, and location of ray 7 at the anterior margin of the cloacal aperture. Oswaldocruzia belenensis n. sp. represents the 82nd species assigned to the genus.     

A new stomach worm,Obeliscoides pentalagi n. sp. (Nematoda; Trichostrongyloidea) of Ryukyu rabbits,Pentalagus furnessi (Stone, 1900)

Summary A new trichostrongylid nematode, Obeliscoides pentalagi n. sp., from the stomach of the Ryukyu Rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi, collected on Amami-ohshima Island, south Japan is described. O. pentalagi n. sp. resembles O. leporis Schulz, 1931 and O. travassosi Liu & Wu, 1941, but differs in the relative size and morphology of the dorsal ray and genital cone of the males. The number and distribution of longitudinal cuticular ridges of O. pentalagi n. sp. is similar to those of O. cuniculi multistriatus Measures & Anderson, 1983, but it differs in the morphology of the spicules, dorsal ray and genital cone in males, and in the morphology of the prevulval lobe of the females. The discovery of O. pentalagi further supports the hypothesis of a Eurasian origin of the genus Obeliscoides (Graybill, 1923) Graybill, 1924 (Durette-Desset, 1983; Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1977; Measures & Anderson, 1983a, b, c, 1984). The number and distribution of longitudinal cuticular ridges and variation of the prevulval lobe in females of O. leporis Schulz, 1931 are also examined and compared with those of other species.     

New Pudicinae (Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea) coparasites of Proechimys longicaudatus (Caviomorpha) from Bolivia. I--Description of Pudica ginsburgi n. sp. and Heligmostrongylus chiarae n. sp

Two new Pudicinae (Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea, Heligmonellidae) coparasites of Proechimys longicaudatus (Caviomorph rodent) from Bolivia are described: Pudica ginsburgi n. sp. is differentiated from all the other species of the genus by the great length of the spicules and of the vestibule and by a different ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body. Heligmostrongylus chiarae n. sp. has very developed rays 4, strongly divergent from rays 5 as occurs in three other species, H. almeidai (Durette-Desset & Tcheprakoff, 1969), a parasite of Trichomys apereoides (= Cercomys cunicularius) from Brazil, H. squamastrongylus (Travassos, 1937), a parasite of Proechimys oris from Brazil and H. proechimysi Durette-Desset, 1970, a parasite of Proechimys semispinosus from Columbia. The specimens from Bolivia are differentiated from the three species by the division of the dorsal ray (anterior half versus posterior half) and by a different ratio of the length of the spicules on the length of the body.     

Trichostrongylina (Nematoda) from Malagasy Muridae. III--description of a new species of Heligmonoides Baylis, 1928 (Heligmonellidae) parasitic in Mus musculus

Heligmonoides variabilis n. sp. (Heligmosomoidea, Nippostrongylinae) a parasite of Mus musculus from Madagascar is related to H. afghanus (Tenora, 1969), H. ikeharai Hasegawa, 1990 and H. josephi (Wertheim & Durette-Desset, 1976), all having the dorsal ray divided anterior to the arising of rays 8. H. ikeharai a parasite of Tokudaia muenninki (Muridae) from Japan is the most closely related species with rays 8 arising at mid-length along the dorsal ray. It is differentiated from the new species by very long spicules (almost half of body length) and by the length of the vestibule (almost one millimeter). A new definition of the genus Heligmonoides Baylis, 1928 is proposed with a dichotomic key of the species. The biogeographic distribution and the host spectrum of the genus are described.     

Pseudostertagia bullosa (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in artiodactyl hosts from North America: redescription and comments on systematics

A relationship for Pseudostertagia bullosa within the trichostrongyloids has been enigmatic or unresolved. Studies of the synlophe in males and females of P. bullosa revealed a tapering system anterior to the deirids and a pattern of parallel ridges extending to near the caudal extremity in both lateral and median fields. Structurally, the synlophe differs considerably from that seen among the Cooperiinae and exhibits homoplasy with respect to ridge systems among some Ostertagiinae. Other structural characters due to symplesiomorphy, homoplasy or because they represent autapomorphies do not serve to reveal the putative relationships for P. bullosa with other trichostrongyloids. Although somewhat equivocal, the 2-2-1 pattern of the bursa and position of rays 2 and 3 suggest an association with the Cooperinae, as postulated by Durette-Desset and others. Pseudostertagia bullosa appears to be a species that has survived in the pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, a relictual pecoran artiodactyl that occurs in xeric regions of western North America; pronghorn are the sole remnant of the late Tertiary radiation for Antilocapridae across North America. Pseudostertagia bullosa may occur in mixed infections with a number of ostertagiines in the abomasa of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in regions of sympatry for pronghorn and these artiodactyl hosts.