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1.
Two aspects of mating effects on the fecundity, sex ratio and longevity of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were examined in laboratory experiments: (1) females mated by one, two or three different males (unmated
and 3 days old) at 5-day intervals, and (2) females mated by males with different age/mating status (number of females mated
previously by the male). Females allowed to mate with a second or third male at 5-day intervals produced 39 eggs on average,
but those mated with a single male produced 28 eggs on average. Matings with additional males 5 or 10 days after the first
male increased the duration of the oviposition period of these females by 5–7 days and at the same time reduced the post-oviposition
period by about 10 days. Overall, females with additional matings by one or two different males at 5-day intervals survived
a few days shorter than females without additional males. Mating with a different female each day, a male of N. cucumeris could mate with 5–8 females, which produced a total of 85–116 eggs: females mated with a male during days 1 and 2 in its
adulthood and with a male of the last 2 days of life (days 7 and 8) produced about half as many eggs as females mated with
a male during 3–6 days of its adulthood. Females mated with males that are too young or too old had a shorter oviposition
period and a longer post-oviposition period and longevity than females mated with middle-aged males. In both experiments,
rates of oviposition remained similar in females with high or low fecundity. This indicates that in both cases, the increased
fecundity is due to the extension of the oviposition period through additional sperm supplied by the second male and or third
male (in experiment 1) or more sperm by males not too young nor too old (experiment 2). 相似文献
2.
The aim of this study was to determine if individual ticks among the progeny of a single female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick removed from cattle under natural conditions are the result of mating with one or several males. To this end, simulations
were run using an existing dataset of genotypes from 8 microsatellite loci to predict the number of samples required and the
best locus. Subsequently, 14–22 progeny from each of 15 engorged female ticks removed from three cows, and the engorged females
themselves, were genotyped for the BmM1 locus and the minimum number of potential male parents was determined for each progeny
group. Of the 15 progeny groups, 10 must have been sired by more than one male, as indicated by the presence of five unique
alleles among the progeny or three unique alleles that could not have been contributed by the female. This finding demonstrates
multiple paternity in R. microplus. 相似文献
3.
The host-specificity and biological traits of Gonatocerus deleoni Triapitsyn, Logarzo & Virla (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a potential candidate for biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter
(GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), were determined under laboratory conditions. G. deleoni is a solitary egg parasitoid native to Argentina, originally reared from sentinel eggs of Tapajosa rubromarginata (Signoret) (Cicadellidae). With GWSS as a fictitious host, G. deleoni’s average development time from oviposition to adult emergence was 18.8 ± 1.4 days, with males developing faster than females
(18.0 ± 1.3 days, males; 19.0 ± 1.3 days, females). The average parasitism rate on 1–8-day-old eggs was 45.7% but this was
significantly affected by the age of the egg, ranging from 1.4% to 69.9% (egg ages 8 and 3, respectively). The average sex
ratio was 0.34 (percent males) and sex ratio was not significantly affected by egg age. G. deleoni was able to develop in eggs of GWSS and Homalodisca liturata Ball (both in the tribe Proconiini), but was unable to develop on eggs of Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret) (different tribe, same subfamily) or Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (different subfamily). 相似文献
4.
Male mate choice in Brachionus plicatilis is based on information from coronal receptors and contact chemoreception of a glycoprotein signal on the body surface of
females. Male mating behavior is modulated by mating signal quality and strength, which determines male mating persistence
and circling intensity. We probe the sensory abilities of males by better resolving their discrimination of female age. Males
preferentially initiate mating with young females, but not too young. Males circle 0.2 h old females just hatched from resting
eggs only about 1/2 as frequently as 12 h old females. Males are even more discriminating of females with whom they copulate,
preferring 3 h old females significantly more than 0.2 h or 6 h old females. In contrast, males cannot distinguish between
virgin females and those who have already copulated. Similarly, males circled and copulated with females hatching from resting
eggs with equal frequency as those hatching from amictic eggs. The counterpoint to male mate choice is female resistance to
mating. When males contact females, the females respond with one of four behaviors: no response, acceleration, foot flipping,
or coronal retraction. In 65% of male–female encounters, there was no initial response by females. However, when males began
circling females, females accelerated 11.1 times more often than when males were absent. The second type of evasive female
behavior was foot-flipping, which tends to knock off males attempting to circle the female. In the presence of circling males,
females performed foot-flipping behavior three times more often than in the absence of males. Coronal retraction, where they
stop swimming and withdraw their corona, was observed less frequently than acceleration or foot-flipping, and there was no
difference in the presence or absence of males. These data are interpreted in the context of sexual conflict, where the behaviors
that optimize male and female fitness differ.
Guest editors: S. S. S. Sarma, R. D. Gulati, R. L. Wallace, S. Nandini, H. J. Dumont & R. Rico-Martínez
Advances in Rotifer Research 相似文献
5.
Maren Huck Marcelo Rotundo Eduardo Fernandez-Duque 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(5):1133-1152
Life history predicts that in sexually dimorphic species in which males are the larger sex, males should reach sexual maturity
later than females (or vice versa if females are the larger sex). The corresponding prediction that in sexually monomorphic
species maturational rates will differ little between the sexes has rarely been tested. We report here sex differences in
growth and development to adulthood for 70 female and 69 male wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). In addition, using evidence from natal dispersal and first reproduction (mean: 74 mo) for 7 individuals of known age, we
assigned ages to categories: infant, 0–6 mo; juvenile, 6.1–24 mo; subadult, 24.1–48 mo; adult >48 mo. We compared von Bertalanffy
growth curves and growth rates derived from linear piecewise regressions for juvenile and subadult females and males. Growth
rates did not differ between the sexes, although juvenile females were slightly longer than males. Females reached maximum
maxillary canine height at ca. 2 yr, about a year earlier than males, and females’ maxillary canines were shorter than males’. Thus apart from canine eruption
and possibly crown–rump length, the development of Azara’s owl monkeys conforms to the prediction by life history that in
monomorphic species the sexes should develop at similar paces. 相似文献
6.
Sharon Gursky 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(1):117-131
One of the most widely accepted explanations for the difference in the sex bias between mammals and birds is that male-biased
dispersal in mammals is due to the preponderance of polygynous mating systems exhibited by this class, whereas birds are predominantly
monogamous. Spectral tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum) are unusual in that they exhibit variation in its mating system. Although the majority of spectral tarsier groups are monogamous,
ca. 15% are polygynous. If mating system influences dispersal, then I predicted that the polygynous groups would exhibit male
biased dispersal whereas I predicted that the dispersal patterns of the monogamous groups would be analogous to that exhibited
by birds, specifically female biased. Alternatively, I hypothesized that ecological variation may influence dispersal habits
in this species. Specifically, I predicted that polygynous groups would exhibit greater habitat quality than monogamous groups.
The 2 hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. On the basis of 14 individuals birdbanded between 1994 and 1999, I determined
that individuals of both sexes were equally likely to disperse (males, n = 5; females, n = 9). Males dispersed twice as far as females did. The mean dispersal distance for males was 660 m, and for females it was
266 m. Females (77%) were more likely to form a territory adjacent to the parental territory than were males (20%). Individuals
exhibited relatively high amounts of site fidelity (86%) that were related to physical characteristics of the sleeping site.
Adults that dispersed a second time (n = 4) initially resided in trees that were shorter and had a smaller diameter-at-breast height than the trees of individuals
that exhibited site fidelity. The results of my study partly support the parental mating system hypothesis and also support
the habitat quality hypothesis. 相似文献
7.
Leanna M. Birge Andrea L. Hughes Jeremy L. Marshall Daniel J. Howard 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2010,23(4):268-289
Close range prezygotic barriers are assumed to be present between sister taxa who have overlapping distributions. Here we
report the results of studies designed to test the existence of prezygotic barriers between two closely related species, A. fasciatus and A. socius. We finely dissected the courtship and mating rituals and performed Monte Carlo analysis on lengths of time and number of
occurrences of particular events in the courtship mating sequence. These detailed investigations of the courtship and mating
behavior of conspecific and heterospecific pairs demonstrate that behavioral isolation is non-existent. We also measure the
adult lifespan and number of progeny produced from singly and multiply mated males and females in conspecific and heterospecific
trials. We found that cost of a heterospecific mating is asymmetric between the sexes with males paying a higher cost. 相似文献
8.
To understand the influence of temperature on host–parasitoid interactions as a consequence of climatic change, we studied
development, survival, and fecundity of field and laboratory strains of the Helicoverpa armigera larval endoparasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae at five different temperatures under laboratory conditions. Post-embryonic development period and degree-days required for
completing the life cycle by both the strains decreased by 2.5 and 1.5 folds at 27°C compared to 18°C. Post embryonic development
period showed a negative (r = −0.99, P < 0.001) and the development rate a positive (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) association with an increase in temperature. However, no parasitoid larvae survived in H. armigera larvae reared at 12 and 35°C after parasitization, suggesting that temperatures ≥35°C as a result of global warming will
be lethal for development and survival of immature stages of C. chlorideae. Adult longevity was negatively associated (r = −0.91 to −0.96, P < 0.001) with temperatures between 12 and 35°C. The parasitoid adults stored at 12°C survived for longer period and exhibited
higher fecundity than those kept at 27°C, but the efficiency of parasitism and adult emergence were quite low. Sex ratio of
the progeny at 12°C was highly male-biased than the insects kept at 27°C. Laboratory strain of the parasitoid exhibited better
survival, and the adults lived longer than the field strain at 18°C than at 27°C. Therefore, C. chlorideae adults stored at 18°C could be used for parasitism, while the immature stages should be reared at 27°C for mass production
of the parasitoid for biological control of H. armigera. 相似文献
9.
This paper describes size composition, morphometric, and reproductive parameters of the summer generation of the amphipod
Ischyrocerus anguipes (Krǿyer, 1838) associated with the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) in Dalnezelenetskaya Bay (southern Barents Sea, Russia). In summer 2004–2007, prevalence and mean number
of I. anguipes per host were 15.0% and 6.9 ± 1.1 specimens, respectively. The majority of amphipods were found on the host carapace (47.4%)
and the limbs (43.9%). High infestation indices and absence of negative impacts for the host indicate that I. anguipes is a facultative commensal of the red king crab. The amphipods sex ratio was significantly biased toward females (F:M = 2:1).
Females had a greater size than males. The size at 50% maturity of I. anguipes females was estimated to be 3.37 mm. The number of eggs laid is linearly correlated with the size of a female. Some differences
in biological features of symbiotic and free-living amphipods (data obtained in 1940–1950) may be explained by climatic changes
in the Barents Sea or advantages of living on the crab. 相似文献
10.
We investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to low temperature on engorged females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Five groups of two females (F1–F5) were maintained at 8 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 24 h scotophase, for 15, 30, 45, 60 and
75 days. One group was maintained in the incubator (26 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 24 h scotophase) as control. The results show
that egg hatch rate, longevity and reproductive fitness of engorged females of R.
sanguineus are negatively correlated with the duration of exposure to low temperature, whereas preoviposition period was positively
correlated with exposure to the cold. This shows that the engorged female ticks are sensitive to prolonged exposure to low
temperature, and it may explain why females of this tick species are not reproductively active during winter. Our results
confirm that temperature is a major limiting factor for the establishment of stable R.
sanguineus populations in cold temperate regions of Europe. 相似文献
11.
12.
Xing-Ping Liu Jing Xu Hai-Min He Xian-Ju Kuang Fang-Sen Xue 《Journal of Insect Behavior》2011,24(2):83-93
The influence of male age on female mate preference and reproductive performance in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi was examined, using male and female adults of varying ages (young, middle-aged and old) after a single mating. In a simultaneous
choice test, females of all age class preferentially mated with middle-aged males. Mating duration was positively related
to male age. Longevity of females was not significantly affected by male age. Young females paired to middle-aged males had
significantly higher egg production than those paired to old males, and the eggs of females paired to middle-aged males exhibited
significantly higher hatching success than the eggs of females mated to young or old males. These results suggest that middle-aged
males are more advantageous for female fitness than young and old males. 相似文献
13.
Only winged male and female ants generally mate through nuptial flight during the reproductive season. In the ants of Cardiocondyla, the males show wing dimorphism and their reproductive strategies differ depending on the differences in wing morphology.
It has been suggested that wingless “ergatoid” males bearing very similar external morphologies to workers mate within natal
nests, whereas winged males bearing typical ant male morphology disperse from their nests to mate. However, some behavioral
observations suggest that the winged males of some Cardiocondyla ants such as C. obscurior and C. minutior may mate within natal nests before dispersion. We evaluated the factors affecting the mating behaviors of the winged males
of C. minutior under laboratory conditions. We found that (1) the winged males remained and mated with virgin females in natal nests when
either virgin winged females or the relatively mature pupae of winged females (i.e., at least 10 days) were present in the
nest, (2) the winged males dispersed to adjacent nests with virgin winged females when only mated queens and the relatively
young pupae of winged females (i.e., <9 days) were present in the nest, and (3) all winged males were accepted by the workers
of non-natal nests irrespective of the distance from the natal nests in the field. Although most ergatoid males were accepted
by the workers of close non-natal nests, they were all attacked and killed by the workers of distant non-natal nests. These
results suggest that intra-nest mating and the dispersion of the winged males of C. minutior are facultatively determined by the condition of winged females (virginity and relative pupal age) in natal nests. Furthermore,
our results suggest that winged males are likely to seek mating partners chemically and to mate with virgin winged females. 相似文献
14.
The legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious pest of cowpea in West-Africa. The parasitoid Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that originates from Taiwan is a potential candidate for biological control of M. vitrata. We investigated under laboratory conditions the functional response of the parasitoid by offering each experienced female
10, 20, 30 and 40 larvae of M. vitrata. We studied the influence of different host larval ages on the development, longevity, sex ratio, lifetime fecundity and
parasitization rate of the wasp. In a comparative study, we also investigated the life history of A. taragamae and M. vitrata at different temperatures in the range of 20–30°C. The parasitoid successfully parasitized two- and three-day-old host larvae
(first and second instars). Younger larvae (one-day-old) were parasitized to a lesser extent, and only males developed in
them. Older larvae were not parasitized, partly because of defensive host behaviour. The success of parasitization was positively
correlated with the density of two-day-old M. vitrata larvae. Parasitoid developmental time and longevity decreased with increasing temperature. The intrinsic rate of population
increase (r
m
) exhibited an optimum curve with a maximum at 24–28°C. For the host M. vitrata, r
m
was maximal at temperatures of 26–30°C. The data are discussed in the context of the potential of A. taragamae for biological control of M. vitrata. 相似文献
15.
João Luiz H. Faccini Ana Cristina B. Cardoso Valeria C. Onofrio Marcelo B. Labruna Darci M. Barros-Battesti 《Experimental & applied acarology》2010,50(1):71-77
The life cycle of Amblyomma auricularium (Conil) is reported for the first time, using rabbits as experimental host. Developmental periods of free-living stages were
observed in an incubator at 27 ± 1°C, 80 ± 10% RH and 24 h darkness. The complete life cycle, including pre-feeding periods
for each parasitic stage, ranged from 97 to 162 days. The overall sex ratio was 1.16:1 (M:F). Feeding and premolt periods,
molting success, and engorgement weight of nymphs were statistically different between males and females (P < 0.01), but because their ranges overlapped, they cannot be used to predict the sex with accuracy. The potential role of
rabbits as experimental hosts for rearing A. auricularium in the laboratory is discussed. 相似文献
16.
Serena Santolamazza-Carbone Montserrat Pestaña Nieto Rosa Pérez Otero Pedro Mansilla Vázquez Adolfo Cordero Rivera 《BioControl》2009,54(2):195-209
We investigated the effects of temperature, photoperiod, food and host availability, and body size on the overwintering abilities
of the egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens Girault (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) under natural conditions. Seven groups of eighty females received one of four treatments
(n = 20): (i) honey and hosts, (ii) water and hosts, (iii) honey, or (iv) water. Seven groups of forty males received only honey
or water (n = 20). To test if short day-length is the main cue for larval dormancy, the experiment was replicated inside a climate chamber
at 20°C and under a winter photoperiod. A. nitens overwinters because of quiescence or oligopause inside the hosts and increased adult longevity. Mean pre-emergence mortality
was up to 26% indoors and 15.2% outdoors, males being more affected. Development time had a significant and positive effect
on body size. Honey-fed females without hosts had the highest longevity (53 days). Mother’s diet and size affected development
time, body size, longevity, and fecundity of the progeny. The results confirm the good adaptation of the parasitoid to the
environmental conditions of NW Spain and its ability to synchronize its life cycle with the phenology of the host.
Handling editor: Drik Babendreier. 相似文献
17.
Morphological and Genetic Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saimiri boliviensis</Emphasis>
Eliana Ruth Steinberg Mariela Nieves Marina Sofía Ascunce Ana María Palermo Marta Dolores Mudry 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(1):29-41
The taxonomy of Saimiri is controversial because morphological characteristics, traditionally used for identification, are insufficient to distinguish
species and subspecies. Genetic studies of specimens become relevant for captive management, especially considering their
frequently unknown geographical origin. We analyzed phenotypic and genetic parameters in Saimiri spp. in Argentinean zoological gardens and biological stations to provide a more accurate taxonomic identification. We studied
27 males and 19 females of Saimiri spp. The cytogenetic analysis in mitotic metaphases corroborated a modal number of 2N = 44, XX/XY, and FN = 75 for males
and FN = 76 for females. G- and C-bands, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the pelage coloration pattern of all the specimens corresponded to Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. We characterized for the first time the sperm cell morphology and morphometry (mean ± SE): total length: 71.39 ± 5.40 μm;
head length: 5.71 ± 0.81 μm; head width: 3.76 ± 0.70 μm; acrosome length: 3.70 ± 0.82 μm; midpiece length: 12.20 ± 2.22 μm.
Researchers can use the characterization of the sperm morphology as another parameter for taxonomic identification that, together
with cytogenetic and molecular ones, would allow a more precise identification of individual Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. 相似文献
18.
Daisuke Sugimori 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,82(2):351-357
To develop a microbial treatment of edible oil-contaminated wastewater, microorganisms capable of rapidly degrading edible
oil were screened. The screening study yielded a yeast coculture comprising Rhodotorula pacifica strain ST3411 and Cryptococcus laurentii strain ST3412. The coculture was able to degrade efficiently even at low contents of nitrogen ([NH4–N] = 240 mg/L) and phosphorus sources ([PO4–P] = 90 mg/L). The 24-h degradation rate of 3,000 ppm mixed oils (salad oil/lard/beef tallow, 1:1 w/w) at 20°C was 39.8% ± 9.9% (means ± standard deviations of eight replicates). The highest degradation rate was observed at
20°C and pH 8. In a scaled-up experiment, the salad oil was rapidly degraded by the coculture from 671 ± 52.0 to 143 ± 96.7 ppm
in 24 h, and the degradation rate was 79.4% ± 13.8% (means ± standard deviations of three replicates). In addition, a repetitive
degradation was observed with the cell growth by only pH adjustment without addition of the cells. 相似文献
19.
The effect of temperature on the development of immature stages of the predator Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans, produced by either fertilized or virgin females, was studied at 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, and 35°C, 80 ± 5% relative
humidity, in complete darkness, and fed Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). The population maintained at 15°C failed to reproduce. The thermal data obtained were used for the estimation
of the thermal requirements (developmental thresholds, thermal constant, optimum temperature) of this predator by a linear
and nonlinear model (Logan type I model). Upper and lower developmental thresholds ranged between 37.4–37.8 and 11.6–12.0°C,
respectively. Optimum temperature for development was estimated at between 33.1 and 33.5°C. The thermal constant ranged between
238.1 and 312.5 degree-days. Based on the data of the total pre-imaginal period, immatures’ survival peaked at 25°C. Arrhenotokous
parthenogenesis (haplodiploidy) is confirmed in the species: virgin females always produce males, whereas fertilized females
give rise to offspring of both sexes. Survival of the immature stages and offspring sex ratio were not significantly influenced
by temperature. 相似文献
20.
When animals are difficult to observe while breeding, insights into the mating system may be gained by using molecular techniques.
Patterns of extra-pair copulation, multiple paternity and parental genotype analysis may elucidate population characteristics
that help improve knowledge of life history while informing management decisions. During the course of a long-term study of
leatherback turtles, we assessed the level of multiple paternity in successive clutches for 12 known females nesting at Sandy
Point National Wildlife Refuge (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands). We used seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to genotype
the females and 1,019 hatchlings representing 38 nests (3–4 clutches from each female). Using deductive genotype reconstruction
and GERUD1.0, we identified the 12 mothers and 17 different fathers that were responsible for 38 nests. We found that seven
females (58.3%) showed no evidence of multiple paternity in their clutches, while five females (41.7%) had mated with two
males each. There was evidence of two fathers (polyandry) in successive clutches for these five females. Multiple fathers
didn’t contribute to clutches equally. For clutches laid by an individual female, the primary father was responsible for 53.7
to 85.9% of the hatchlings. We demonstrate the feasibility of using male genotype reconstruction to characterize the male
component of this breeding population and to assess operational sex ratios for breeding sea turtles. 相似文献