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1.
Gilligan’s (1982) refinement of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development operates on two theses: (1) females, more so than males,
reach moral decisions based on the personalities of the relevant individuals; and (2) female behaviors stemming from moral
decisions are based upon “care” and “responsibility for others.” This article accepts the first thesis but argues that the
second is incorrect. That is, self-interest—i.e., aiding “blood” kin and/or carefully monitoring reciprocity—rather than “altruism”
is argued to be the operant dynamic in forging distaff morality and resultant behavior. Six empirical examples are presented
as contraindicative of Gilligan’s second thesis. Finally, it is suggested that selection for the psychological traits of independence
and the mastery of subtle social chess yielded ancestral females who had more descendants—us—than did females with alternative
profiles.
Nancy S. Coney is a professor at Western Illinois University and is interested in both clinical and nonclinical aspects of
women’s psychology.
Wade C. Mackey is interested in biocultural anthropology and has authored two books on fathering:Fathering Behaviors (Plenum, 1995) andThe American Father (Plenum, 1996). 相似文献
2.
I. N. Konareva 《Neurophysiology》2006,38(3):201-208
Modifications of different EEG rhythms induced by a single neurofeedback session (by the EEG characteristics) directed toward
an increase in the ratio of the spectral powers (SPs) of the α vs θ oscillations were compared with the psychological characteristics of the tested subjects (the group included 30 persons).
A generally accepted neurofeedback technique was used; the intensity of acoustic white noise served as the feedback signal.
EEG potentials were recorded from the C3 and C4 leads. Psychological testing was carried out using Eysenck’s (EPQ), Rusalov’s
(OST), and (16 PF) questionnaires. The directions of changes in the SPs of EEG frequency components were found to significantly
correlate with some individuality-related peculiarities of the tested subjects. The SP of the δ rhythm correlated with the
EPQ scale “neuroticism,” OST scale “social plasticity,” and 16 PF factors H (“parmia”), I (“premsia”), and Q3 (“self-control of behavior”). The SP of the θ component demonstrated correlations with the OST scales “ergisity,” “plasticity,”
and “social temp” and with 16 PF factors M (“autia”), Q4 (“frustration”), and Q1 (“exvia”). The SP of the α rhythm correlated with 16 PF factors Q3 (“self-control of behavior”), G (“strength of superEgo”), O (“hypothymia”), L (“protension”), and N (“shrewdness”). The SP
of the β rhythm correlated with the OST scale “emotionality,” while that of the γ rhythm showed correlations with the 16 PF
indices L (“protension”) and M (“autia”). Changes in the ratio of the α vs θ SPs correlated with the EPQ scale “neuroticism.” Thus, our data confirm the statement that a high individual variability
of the results of a single (first in the series) neurofeedback session is to a great extent related to peculiarities of the
individual psychological pattern of the subject.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 239–247, May–June, 2006. 相似文献
3.
4.
Paula Sánchez-Hernández Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla Miguel Molina-Borja 《Acta ethologica》2012,15(1):65-71
There have been relatively few attempts to quantitatively describe behaviours in scincid lizards. Chalcides viridanus is a small body-sized skink endemic of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We describe and quantify 18 behaviour patterns (both social
and agonistic) of this species, some of which have not been described before for other scincids. Video recordings of male–male,
female–female, and male–female interactions were made under laboratory conditions, with controlled light–dark cycle and temperature.
We describe several agonistic and courtship behaviour patterns. Within the first context, we detected a new agonistic behaviour
for a scincid, “Snout to body”, that appeared at the beginning of agonistic sequences; it consisted of each animal placing
its snout in contact with the other individual’s lateral side of the body. The amplitude of head movement during “Head bobbing”
was lower than that described for many other lizard species. Agonistic behaviours were shown in intrasexual staged encounters
both within males and females. The comparison of behaviour patterns of both types of intrasexual encounters showed that females
were more active, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of behaviour than males. Specifically, females showed the “Snout
to body” pattern more frequently than males. In male–female encounters we detected courtship and copulation patterns only
in April, when males performed “Bites” and “Snout to body” directed at females. 相似文献
5.
We consider a previously unknown way of propagation of behavioural traditions in animal communities using hunting in ants
as an example. We experimentally revealed that common litter dwelling ants Myrmica rubra effectively hunt jumping prey and the way the hunting behavioural pattern is distributed within ant colonies is rather sophisticated.
Comparison of our results with those obtained on vertebrates enables us to suggest that “distributed social learning” plays an important role in spreading new traditions in animal communities: initial performances by a few carriers of an
“at once and entirely” available behavioural pattern propagate this pattern among specimens which have only dormant “sketches”
of it. Spread of these behaviours in populations is based on relatively simple forms of social learning such as social facilitation
which underlies species’ predisposition to learn certain sequences of behavioural acts. To be triggered, carriers of dormant
“sketches” of a relevant behavioural pattern should encounter performances of this pattern with sufficient frequency. We call
this strategy triggering of dormant behavioural patterns. Integration of behaviour thus takes place not only at the individual level but at the population level as well. 相似文献
6.
This article describes a group for domestic violence survivors to help them move past a “liminal” state in which their social
identity is characterized by being “victim” or “survivor” to one of “incorporation” defined by “thriving” and joy. Through
the creation and use of healing rituals, blessings, poetry, art and music, the women in the group establish “communitas” and
support each other in the work of self-reclamation and healing. The group, “Rites of Passage” is intended for women who have completed shelter-based crisis interventions, and uses a structured curriculum that integrates
theoretical and philosophical concepts from anthropology, post-modernism, humanistic psychology, social work, and existentialism.
Through the Rites of Passage group, women identify and traverse a healing trajectory to construct an identity founded on strength and fulfillment. Patterned
after non-western sex-segregated rites of transition, those who go through the group celebrate its conclusion with a defining
ritual that publically marks their change in identity and status. 相似文献
7.
A seaweed with the local name “endong” is a rare eucheumoid variety that has recently been farmed in Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines.
Local farmers describe it as “eel-like” because of its long, slender and smooth thalli. Being somewhat similar in appearance
to the dominantly farmed seaweed “tambalang” (Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalangii), farmers mix their harvests of “endong” with those of “tambalang”. We analyzed the hydrocolloid extract from “endong” using
spectroscopic and chemical techniques. The extract’s infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) spectra, and sulfate and 3,6-anhydrogalactose contents revealed carrageenan of the iota-type, similar to extracts from
another farmed species, Eucheuma denticulatum. This result implies that “endong” carrageenan exhibits physico-chemical properties different from those of kappa-carrageenan
of “tambalang”. The findings of this study are of significance to the seaweed industry, as carrageenan quality problems could
potentially arise from a mixed harvest. Seaweed farmers are advised to separate their harvests of “endong” and “tambalang”.
Presented at the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, Kobe, Japan 相似文献
8.
Mara Buchbinder 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2010,34(1):108-131
In this paper, I analyze the illness stories narrated by a mother and her 13-year-old son as part of an ethnographic study
of child chronic pain sufferers and their families. In examining some of the moral, relational and communicative challenges
of giving an account of one’s pain, I focus on what is left out of some accounts of illness and suffering and explore some
possible reasons for these elisions. Drawing on recent work by Judith Butler (Giving an Account of Oneself, 2005), I investigate how the pragmatic context of interviews can introduce a form of symbolic violence to narrative accounts.
Specifically, I use the term “genre of complaint” to highlight how anthropological research interviews in biomedical settings
invoke certain typified forms of suffering that call for the rectification of perceived injustices. Interview narratives articulated
in the genre of complaint privilege specific types of pain and suffering and cast others into the background. Giving an account
of one’s pain is thus a strategic and selective process, creating interruptions and silences as much as moments of clarity.
Therefore, I argue that medical anthropologists ought to attend more closely to the institutional structures and relations
that shape the production of illness narratives in interview encounters. 相似文献
9.
We made a quantitative analysis of the responses of urban and rural residents in Sweden to arguments supporting and opposing
conservation of large carnivores. The most important arguments in favour of conservation were: “I want them [the large carnivores] to exist in Sweden, even if I will never see any of them”, “Sweden should share the responsibility of conserving the large
carnivores” and “We owe it [conservation of large carnivores] to future generations”. We found only small differences between rural and urban residents. For arguments opposing conservation,
the difference between rural and urban areas was slightly greater. The most important arguments opposing conservation of large
carnivores were: “They may have serious negative impact on livestock farming”, “They may have serious negative impact on reindeer
husbandry” and “May inflict suffering on injured livestock”. We conclude that there seems to be less support for direct use
values such as hunting, ecotourism or just experiencing large carnivores, this may imply that the minimum viable population
size can be used as a long-term management goal for large carnivore populations, possibly with an exception for bears. We
also conclude that a separate conservation or management plan is needed for each species, since the conflicts with human interests
vary greatly between the different carnivore species. 相似文献
10.
Zhang Y 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2007,31(1):73-100
Chinese medicine emphasizes the underlying connection of the bodily, emotional, social, and environmental dimensions in illness
experience and healing. The therapeutic process, characterized as tiao (attuning, balancing), targets the patient’s overall illness condition and experience including both physical and nonphysical
aspects of suffering. This study, incorporating techniques of microanalysis as an ethnographic tool and using an actual recorded
clinical interaction as data, analyzes how the path to effective healing is negotiated among multiple clinical realities at
a clinic of Chinese medicine in Beijing. A close examination of interactive features of actual face-to-face communication
between a doctor and a patient in a specific case of “stagnation of emotions” reveals that, for an illness recognized in Chinese
medicine as originating from disordered emotions, adjustment of the patient’s perceptions of reality and social relations
is particularly salient in the “attuning” process. Efficacy then should be understood as more than physiological changes produced
by herbs, but also as emergent through an interactive event of clinical encounters. This study demonstrates empirically how
the clinical process of Chinese medicine works to define and transform the patient’s emotions and experience. 相似文献
11.
12.
The dikaryon #5026 (A2B2)+#5132 (A7B7) of the basidiomyceteCoprinus macrorhizus was treated with ultraviolet light (UV),N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), and 5-bromouracil (BU) in order to induced developmental variations in fruiting. Among a total of
11,383 isolates, 742 were homokaryons. Fruiting test was made with the remaining 10,641 dikaryotic isolates, of which 1,594
showed abnormality in basidiocarp development. Both UV and NG were very efficient in inducing such variations, but BU was
not. The induced variations were classified into seven basic types as follows: 1) “knotless”, in which hyphal knots, the first
sign of fruiting, do not differentiate; 2) “primordiumless,” in which hyphal knots are formed, but no further development
occurs; 3) “maturationles”, in which primordia are formed, but the maturation of primordia into adult fruit bodies does not
occur; 4) “elongationless”, in which the elongation of stipe is blocked, and a basidiocarp with a very short stipe is produced;
5) “expansionless,” in which pilei do not expand normally; 6) “sporeless,” in which the formation of basidiospores is blocked
and albinic pilei bearing none or only a small amount of spores are produced; and 7) “autolysisless,” in which the autolysis
of pilei does not appear to occur. It has been noticed that the four steps of maturation, i.e. stipe elongation, pileus expansion,
spore formation, and perhaps pileus autolysis, can proceed independently. Compound types of variations such as “elongation-expansionless,”
“elongation-sporeless,” “expansion-sporeless,” and “elongation-expansion-sporeless” were also induced. UV treatment induced
maturationless at the highest rate, while NG treatment sporeless.
Contributions from the Division of Plant Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University. No. 117. 相似文献
13.
A. M. Prokofiev 《Journal of Ichthyology》2007,47(1):1-20
This study reviews the nominal taxa within the species “Nemachilus” stoliczkae and “N.” dorsonotatus, described by Herzenstein (1888). N. dorsonotatus, N. d. retropinnis, and N. plagiognathus are reviewed within the species Triplophysa stoliczkae; it is suggested that this species is represented by at least 5 subspecies. N. stoliczkae brevicauda, N. s. leptosoma (synonym, N. s. productus), and N. s. crassicauda are considered as valid species, the last 2 are related to the group including the species T. tenuis, T. choprai, T. tenuicauda, and T. yasinensis rather than with T. stoliczkae. It was shown that the “stoliczkae” species group (sensu Prokofiev, 2001) should be divided into three species groups: “stoliczkae” (s. str.), “tenuis,” and “robusta”; their diagnoses and the species composition are presented. A new species from the “stoliczkae” group is described (T. scapanognatha sp. nova), related to T. tanggulaensis (Zhu, 1982).
Original Russian Text ? A.M. Prokofiev, 2007, published in Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 2007, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 5–25. 相似文献
14.
H. J. Keene 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):231-247
Cusp six (C6) of the mandibular molars is well-represented in the Hominoid fossil record and occurs with irregular frequency
in the various geographic populations of modernHomo as well as in many of the extant non-human primates. The literature reveals considerable controversy and confusion related
to C6 anatomic location, definitions and scoring criteria, and a major problem exists in deciding what actually is the “real”
or “true” C6, especially relative to variable hypoconulid (C5) expression (i.e., reduction forms and the “divided hypoconulid”).
A method is proposed that involves dual 4-point ranking (absent, small, medium, large) and reporting of C5–C6 covariation
within a framework of 13 morphological expressivity categories. When applied to 3 different human populations, the method
provided a reasonably clear picture of the actual C5 and C6 covariation patterns observed in the mandibular molar dentition.
Data obtained from this exercise illustrated that inter- and intrapopulation differences in reported C6 frequencies could
be associated with variable scoring criteria as well as with different levels of occlusal attrition and age distribution of
the samples. 相似文献
15.
Salenko VB Kotnova AP Karpova NN Lyubomirskaya NV Ilyin YV 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2008,279(5):463-472
Mobile genetic elements constitute a substantial part of eukaryotic genome and play an important role in its organization
and functioning. Co-evolution of retrotransposons and their hosts resulted in the establishment of control systems employing
mechanisms of RNA interference that seem to be impossible to evade. However, “active” copies of endogenous retrovirus gypsy escape cellular control in some cases, while its evolutionary elder “inactive” variants do not. To clarify the evolutionary
relationship between “active” and “inactive” gypsy we combined two approaches: the analysis of gypsy sequences, isolated from G32 Drosophila melanogaster strain and from different Drosophila species of the melanogaster subgroup, as well as the study of databases, available on the Internet. No signs of “intermediate” (between “active” and
“inactive”) gypsy form were found in GenBank, and four full-size G32 gypsy copies demonstrated a convergence that presumably involves gene conversion. No “active” gypsy were revealed among PCR generated gypsy ORF3 sequences from the various Drosophila species indicating that “active” gypsy appeared in some population of D. melanogaster and then started to spread out. Analysis of sequences flanking gypsy variants in G32 revealed their predominantly heterochromatic location. Discrepancy between the structure of actual gypsy sites in G32 and corresponding sequences in database might indicate significant inter-strain heterochromatin diversity.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
Miles B. Markus 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(4):781-786
The term “hypnozoite” is derived from the Greek words hypnos (sleep) and zoon (animal). Hypnozoites are dormant forms in the life cycles of certain parasitic protozoa that belong to the Phylum Apicomplexa
(Sporozoa) and are best known for their probable association with latency and relapse in human malarial infections caused
by Plasmodium ovale and P. vivax. Consequently, the hypnozoite is of great biological and medical significance. This, in turn, makes the origin of the name
“hypnozoite” a subject of interest. Some “missing” history that is now placed on record (including a letter written by P.
C. C. Garnham, FRS) shows that Miles B. Markus coined the term “hypnozoite”. While a PhD student at Imperial College London,
he carried out research that led to the identification of an apparently dormant form of Cystoisospora (synonym: Isospora). In 1976, he speculated: “If sporozoites of Isospora can behave in this fashion, then those of related Sporozoa, like malaria parasites, may have the ability to survive in the
tissues in a similar way.” He adopted the term “hypnozoite” for malaria in 1978 when he wrote in a little-known journal that
this name would “… describe any dormant sporozoites or dormant, sporozoite-like stages in the life cycles of Plasmodium or other Haemosporina.” At that time, the existence of a hypnozoite form in the life cycle of Plasmodium was still a hypothetical notion. In 1980, however, Wojciech A. Krotoski published (together with several co-workers) details
concerning his actual discovery of malarial hypnozoites, an event of considerable importance. 相似文献
17.
Citrus is an important fruit crop as regards accumulation of carotenoids. In plant carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase gene
(Psy) plays a key role in catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules to produce colorless
phytoene. In the present paper, we reported the phytoene contents determination and characterization of Psy during fruit ripening of “Washington” navel orange and its red-fleshed mutant “Cara Cara”. Results showed that phytoene was
exclusively accumulated in peel and pulp of “Cara Cara”. Although phytoene was observed accumulating with fruit ripening of
“Cara Cara”, the contents in pulp were 10 times higher than those in peel. The isolated two Psy cDNAs were both 1520 bp in full length, containing 436 deduced amino acid residues, with a different amino acid at 412th.
Genomic hybridization results showed that one or two copies might be present in “Cara Cara” and “Washington” genomes. During
“Cara Cara” and “Washington” fruit coloration, expression of Psy was observed to be up-regulated, as revealed by tissue specific profiles in the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice
sacs. However, Psy expression in albedo of “Cara Cara” was higher than that in “Washington”, as evidenced by phytoene accumulation in the peel. 相似文献
18.
Here, we have characterized four pH-dependent states: alkaline state, “B” (pH 9.0), native state, “N” (pH 7.4), acid-induced
state, “A” (pH 2.2) and molten globule state, “MG” (pH 1.8) of Rhizopus niveus lipase (RNL) by CD, tryptophanyl fluorescence, ANS binding, DLS, and enzyme activity assay. This “MG” state lacks catalytic
activity and tertiary structure but it has native-like significant secondary structure. The “R
h” of all the four states of RNL obtained from DLS study suggests that the molecular compactness of the protein increases as
the pH of solution decreases. Kinetic analysis of RNL shows that it has maximum catalytic efficiency at state “B” which is
15-fold higher than state “N.” The CD and tryptophanyl fluorescence studies of RNL on GuHCl and temperature-induced unfolding reveal that the “MG” state
is more stable than the other states. The DSC endotherms of RNL obtained at pH 9.0, 7.4, and 2.2 were with two transitions,
while at pH 1.8 it showed only a single transition. 相似文献
19.
Engrained experience—a comparison of microclimate perception schemata and microclimate measurements in Dutch urban squares 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sanda Lenzholzer 《International journal of biometeorology》2010,54(2):141-150
Acceptance of public spaces is often guided by perceptual schemata. Such schemata also seem to play a role in thermal comfort
and microclimate experience. For climate-responsive design with a focus on thermal comfort it is important to acquire knowledge
about these schemata. For this purpose, perceived and “real” microclimate situations were compared for three Dutch urban squares.
People were asked about their long-term microclimate perceptions, which resulted in “cognitive microclimate maps”. These were
compared with mapped microclimate data from measurements representing the common microclimate when people stay outdoors. The
comparison revealed some unexpected low matches; people clearly overestimated the influence of the wind. Therefore, a second
assumption was developed: that it is the more salient wind situations that become engrained in people’s memory. A comparison
using measurement data from windy days shows better matches. This suggests that these more salient situations play a role
in the microclimate schemata that people develop about urban places. The consequences from this study for urban design are
twofold. Firstly, urban design should address not only the “real” problems, but, more prominently, the “perceived” problems.
Secondly, microclimate simulations addressing thermal comfort issues in urban spaces should focus on these perceived, salient
situations. 相似文献
20.
François Mankessi Aubin R. Saya Frédéric Boudon Yann Guédon Fabienne Montes Marc Lartaud Jean-Luc Verdeil Olivier Monteuuis 《Trees - Structure and Function》2010,24(4):743-752
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) domes derived from five different outdoor and in vitro sources of juvenile and mature Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis akin genotypes were compared. Overall measurements of SAM dome height H and diameter D ranged from 2 to 35 μm and 20 to 80 μm, with significant differences according to the various physiological origins of plant
material investigated. SAM domes from the mature trees “Mat” were taller than those from the rejuvenated ministock plants
“Rej”; from the in vitro microcuttings “IVM” of the same clone and also from the in vitro juvenile seedlings “IVJ”, whereas
outdoor seedlings “Juv” exhibited intermediate SAM dome height. SAM domes from the rejuvenated material “Rej”, from the in
vitro mature “IVM” and juvenile “IVJ” origins were also narrower than those from the outdoor seedlings “Juv” and to lesser
extent than those from the mature trees “Mat”. Overall, the mature source “Mat” displayed bigger and somehow sharper hemispherical
domes than those from “Rej” and “Juv”, physiologically more juvenile, or those from the in vitro origins “IVM” and “IVJ” which
looked flatter and smaller. SAM dome height, diameter D and H/D values varied also significantly according to the plastochron. More specifically, H, D, and H/D SAM differences between the five origins were not significant during the early plastochron phase corresponding to leaf initiation,
to become more salient as leaf structures started to elongate and to differentiate. This was particularly obvious for mature
tree “Mat” SAM dome shapes which showed at this stage much higher H/D values than the other SAM sources. A shape index S used for characterizing more accurately dome shape confirmed these trends. These observations provide additional arguments
to the view that juvenility in trees becomes more and more time- and shoot-tip restricted as ageing increases in the course
of time during the ontogenetical process and could be ultimately confined to the most organogenic phase of SAM, from which
shoot characteristics derive. 相似文献