三种保存条件下水稻和小麦种质资源安全保存期的分析

种子从入库保存至其发芽率降至更新发芽率标准的贮藏时间即为种质的安全保存期。在低温种质库以及室温等条件下,还未见有种质安全保存期的文献报道。本研究以水稻和小麦种子为例,分析了在国家长期库、广西中期库以及不同气候区室温保存的生活力监测数据,以了解种质安全保存期。结果表明,在国家长期库保存20~22年的3500份水稻和3279份小麦种子的生活力仍保持在较高水平;99%以上的水稻种子和96%以上的小麦种子在长期库的安全保存期超过20年。中期库保存17~19年的801份水稻种子中,有96%以上种子的安全保存期超过17年。水稻和小麦种子在6个气候区室温保存的监测结果显示,北方低温地区保存效果普遍好于南方高温地区,北方低温地区适宜含水量种子的安全保存期超过14年,可达中期保存要求。分析发现种子的安全保存期不仅与保存温度、种子含水量等保存条件有关,还与种子的初始质量、品种类型等诸多因素有关。     

小麦种质贮藏过程中生活力丧失特性及田间出苗率表现

通过对贮藏2～20年的378份中期库小麦种质进行生活力测定(每一贮藏年份测定种质份数为10～30),结果表明贮藏年限为2～12年的种质平均发芽率都高于83％,而贮藏年限为15年的种质平均发芽率已降至20％,这表明小麦种质在中期库贮藏过程中,生活力丧失存在着骤降特性。同时对同一品种分别来自中期库低活力和长期库高活力种质进行田间出苗率和农艺性状调查,发现中期库种质的室内发芽率与田间出苗率相关极显,其相关显性高于长期库种质,且不论是来自中期库低活力种质还是长期库高活力种质,总体上田间出苗率都比室内发芽率低20％以上,在子一代种子的农艺性状上两之间无显差异。     

鄂尔多斯高原钝顶节旋藻SOD特性研究

采用邻苯三酚自氧化法确定了鄂尔多斯高原钝顶节旋藻SOD特性。该SOD在紫外光区320 nm处有最大吸收值;在Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中最适pH值为8.2,最适温度为25℃;pH值稳定性范围为6~10;高于40℃的条件下保温20 min酶活性开始下降,高于35℃条件下保温60 min酶活性开始下降;室温下存放2 d后活性开始下降,7 d时活性基本丧失;室温下避光保存9 d时SOD活性完全丧失。     

低温库种质安全保存理论的研究进展

20世纪70年代以来,低温库种质安全保存理论研究有了较大进展。本综述在延长种子贮藏寿命、种质贮藏过程中的生活力丧失和遗传变化、以及种质发芽率更新标准等方面的研究进展。并强调指出,加强上述基础理论研究,对确保低温库种质安全保存尤为迫切且意义重大。     

八棱海棠种子超低温保存中含水量对糖代谢的影响

含水量是影响种子超低温保存效果的关键因素，而其作用机制尚不完全清楚。为探讨含水量对种子超低温保存生活力的影响途径，该研究以八棱海棠种子为材料，通过硅胶干燥法获得不同含水量的种子，测定超低温保存后种子生活力、糖含量及相关酶指标的变化并分析相关性。结果表明：(1)超低温保存15 d后，不同含水量种子生活力不同，随着种子含水量的降低，种子生活力呈现先升高后降低的趋势，含水量为9.02%的八棱海棠种子生活力最高，为53.33%;超低温保存120 d后，种子生活力随着含水量下降一直升高，含水量为6.40%生活力最高，为27.78%。这表明八棱海棠种子含水量对超低温保存后的生活力有明显影响，但受液氮保存时间影响，随着液氮保存时间的延长，最适含水量降低。(2)相关分析显示，超低温保存后种子含水量与生活力呈极显著负相关(r=-0.82);与果糖和蔗糖含量、酸性转化酶、果糖激酶呈显著负相关，而种子萌发率与这些指标呈显著正相关。这表明种子含水量通过影响酸性转化酶活性而影响蔗糖和果糖含量，进而影响蔗糖代谢，响应低温和脱水胁迫，最终导致生活力差异。种子生活力还受到介导果糖激酶的果糖代谢影响。此外，海藻糖也是种...     

不同条件下木兰科植物种子的保质期研究

在室温下测定10种木兰科植物种子的储藏时间及在室温、4 ℃、-18 ℃三种温度下测定其中5种木兰科植物种子的储藏时间。结果表明,10种木兰科植物种子在室温条件下的发芽率、发芽势和保存时间均差异较大。5种木兰科植物种子在4 ℃贮藏条件下发芽率最高,发芽率降低最慢,保存时间最长;其次是-18 ℃储藏,室温储藏最差;随着贮藏时间的延长,种子发芽率下降,但发芽所需天数减少,出土整齐度提高,表明其种子具有休眠现象。美丽紫玉兰和深山含笑均在4 ℃下发芽势最高,在室温下次之,在-18 ℃下最差;14 d是5种木兰科植物种子出土萌发最旺盛的时间,不同的温度对种子达到此时间的影响不大,因此,4 ℃低温贮藏和保证高发芽率是提高种子发芽势的有效途径。木兰科植物种子以随采随播的发芽率最高;其萌发前所需休眠时间因种类不同而不同;在不同保存条件下,种子保存时间差别较大。     

油菜种子贮藏特性的研究

昆明自然条件下贮藏1－17a的58份甘蓝型油菜种子的生活力随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐下降,胚活性劣变较早,但胚活性的完全丧失则明显慢于种子生活力,据此认为贮藏的油藏种质可划分为四大群体,在昆明自然条件下的某蓝型油菜种子平均寿命为8－9a.     

国家蔬菜资源中期库中不同葱属蔬菜种子生活力监测

葱属植物为多年生草本植物,隶属于百合科,是单子叶植物纲百合科中最大的属之一,广泛分布于世界各地。其中,葱属蔬菜种类丰富,在蔬菜生产中占有重要地位。葱属蔬菜种子寿命短,在储存中生活力易下降甚至丧失。本试验以国家蔬菜资源中期库中保存的6种葱属蔬菜共610份资源为研究对象,其中包括韭菜267份、大葱226份、分葱40份、洋葱67份、韭葱8份、南欧蒜2份。对其发芽率测定,结果表明:经过21～30年的储存后,6种葱属蔬菜种子的生活力均呈现显著下降趋势,其中以分葱和洋葱最为严重;所有被检测的葱属蔬菜仅有77份材料符合入库标准,占被监测份数的12.62%,丧失生活力的有198份,接近被监测份数的1/3,87.38%的种子需要繁殖更新;入库时的种子发芽率严重影响着种子在贮存期间的生活力,初始发芽率越低,监测发芽率下降的越快;不同繁种单位的葱属蔬菜发芽率下降值之间普遍存在显著差异,不同的繁种环境显著影响着种子的保存寿命;同一种葱属的不同基因型间也表现出寿命长短差异。虽然低温贮藏可以在一定程度上延长种子寿命、保持种子活力,但对于短命植物种子来说仍有必要制定明确的种子监测方案和更新标准。     

麦草畏对小麦幼苗生长、细胞分裂和核酸代谢的影响

小麦种子经麦草畏处理后,其萌发率降低,萌发胚的生活力下降;幼苗期处理时,生长和根分生区细胞有丝分裂受抑制,染色体发生畸变,根中RNA和DNA含量增高。     

低温贮藏下真空与非真空包装对小麦种子生活力的影响

对以铝箔袋真空包装和铝盒非真空包装的89份小麦种子,在-4～0℃的低温种质库中贮藏11年后的贮藏效果进行了研究.从种子贮藏后的发芽率与入库前的初始发芽率差异,2种包装方式的种子年份间、同一年份2种方式间的种子发芽率差异等3个方面探讨了2种包装方式的种子在低温贮藏条件下的贮藏效果.结果表明:通过低温贮藏11年的小麦种子生活力测定.82%的材料在低温保存后其种子平均发芽率高于初始发芽率.而贮藏第10年后发芽率才出现较初始发芽率明显下降;铝箔袋包装的种子发芽率下降幅度小于铝盒包装,且差异达显著水平;铝箔袋真空密封包装的贮藏效果明显好于非真空包装的种子.     

RNases and nucleases in embryos and endosperms from naturally aged wheat seeds stored in different conditions

Temperature and moisture content are particularly important factors influencing the longevity of seeds, and therefore the ageing of seeds is closely tied to storage conditions. The ageing process is characterised by many physiological and biochemical changes: membranes tend to leak, enzymes lose catalytic activity, and chromosomes accumulate mutations. Since viability loss is also associated with the breakdown of nucleic acids, the aim of the study was to determine whether the damage induced by ageing could be associated with changes in the activity of RNases and nucleases in embryos and endosperms of differently stored wheat seeds. In order to better characterise seed conditions, the damage to membranes during seed ageing was evaluated by measuring the conductivity of the soaking solution during imbibition, and by using the Evans Blue colorant; lipid peroxidation was also recorded. RNases and nucleases were studied by SDS-PAGE and activity staining. Ageing of seeds stored in a dry state involved a progressive loss of membrane integrity, which increased with the degree of ageing, while lipid peroxidation remained unchanged. Changes in nucleolytic enzyme activity were recorded in embryos: a decrease in RNases and an increase in nucleases. In the endosperm compartment there were no significant differences in ribonuclease and nuclease patterns during seed ageing. Moreover, neutral RNases were absent in endosperms of dry seeds and were activated following imbibition. Present studies reveal that embryos and endosperms have different enzymatic patterns, thus highlighting that the two seed compartments age independently. A different nucleolytic pattern was present in seeds of comparable viability and membrane damage, which were stored differently, and nuclease metabolism was subject to regulation according to both ageing and the length of the storage period.     

Genetic architecture of seed longevity in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The deterioration in the quality of ex situ conserved seed over time reflects a combination of both physical and chemical changes. Intraspecific variation for longevity is, at least in part, under genetic control. Here, the grain of 183 bread wheat accessions maintained under low-temperature storage at the IPK-Gatersleben genebank over some decades have been tested for their viability, along with that of fresh grain subjected to two standard artificial ageing procedures. A phenotype–genotype association analysis, conducted to reveal the genetic basis of the observed variation between accessions, implicated many regions of the genome, underling the genetic complexity of the trait. Some, but not all, of these regions were associated with variation for both natural and experimental ageing, implying some non-congruency obtains between these two forms of testing for longevity. The genes underlying longevity appear to be independent of known genes determining dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting.     

Mechanisms of seed ageing under different storage conditions for Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek: lipid peroxidation,sugar hydrolysis,Maillard reactions and their relationship to glass state transition

Two primary biochemical reactions in seed ageing (lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic protein glycosylation with reducing sugars) have been studied under different seed water contents and storage temperatures, and the role of the glassy state in retarding biochemical deterioration examined. The viability loss of Vigna radiata seeds during storage is associated with Maillard reactions; however, the contribution of primary biochemical reactions varies under different storage conditions. Biochemical deterioration and viability loss are greatly retarded in seeds stored below a high critical temperature (approximately 40 degrees C above glass transition temperature). This high critical temperature corresponds to the cross-over temperature (T(c)) of glass transition where molecular dynamics changes from a solid-like system to a normal liquid system. The data show that seed ageing slows down significantly, even before seed tissue enters into the glassy state.     

Seeds of alpine plants are short lived: implications for long-term conservation

Background and Aims

Alpine plants are considered one of the groups of species most sensitive to the direct and indirect threats to ecosystems caused by land use and climate change. Collecting and banking seeds of plant species is recognized as an effective tool for providing propagating material to re-establish wild plant populations and for habitat repair. However, seeds from cold wet environments have been shown to be relatively short lived in storage, and therefore successful long-term seed conservation for alpine plants may be difficult. Here, the life spans of 69 seed lots representing 63 related species from alpine and lowland locations from northern Italy are compared.

Methods

Seeds were placed into experimental storage at 45 °C and 60 % relative humidity (RH) and regularly sampled for germination. The time taken in storage for viability to fall to 50 % (p₅₀) was determined using probit analysis and used as a measure of relative seed longevity between seed lots.

Key Results

Across species, p₅₀ at 45 °C and 60 % RH varied from 4·7 to 95·5 d. Seed lots from alpine populations/species had significantly lower p₅₀ values compared with those from lowland populations/species; the lowland seed lots showed a slower rate of loss of germinability, higher initial seed viability, or both. Seeds were progressively longer lived with increased temperature and decreased rainfall at the collecting site.

Conclusions

Seeds of alpine plants are short lived in storage compared with those from lowland populations/related taxa. The lower resistance to ageing in seeds of alpine plants may arise from low selection pressure for seed resistance to ageing and/or damage incurred during seed development due to the cool wet conditions of the alpine climate. Long-term seed conservation of several alpine species using conventional seed banking methods will be problematic.     

The Influence of Genotype, Temperature and Moisture on Seed Longevity in Chickpea, Cowpea and Soya bean

Seed of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), three cowpea [Vignaunguiculata (L.) Walp.] and four soya bean [Glycine max (L.)Merr.] cultivars were hermetically stored for up to 2 yearsin various constant environments which included temperaturesfrom —20 to 70 °C and moisture contents (fresh weightbasis) from 5 to 25 per cent. In all cases the survival curvescould be described by negative cumulative normal distributions.The longevity of the various seed lots differed but the valueof the standard deviation (the reciprocal of which gives theslope of the survival curve when percentage germination is transformedto probit) was the same for all cultivars within a species whenstored under similar conditions. Within each species the relativeeffects of moisture and temperature on longevity did not differsignificantly between cultivars. In all three species therewas a negative logarithmic relationship between seed moisturecontent and longevity, but the relative effect of moisture contentdiffered between the species: differences in the longevity ofsoya bean seed as a function of moisture content were less thanfor either cowpea or chickpea. The relative effect of temperatureon seed longevity did not differ between the three species,and the seed of all three species showed increasing temperaturecoefficients for the change in rate of loss of viability withincrease in temperature. The complete pattern of loss in viabilityin all three species can be described by a single equation whichwas developed for barley and has also been shown to apply toonion seed. The constants applicable to the three grain legumeshave been calculated so that it is now possible to predict percentageviability of any seed lot of these species after any storageperiod under a very wide range of storage conditions. Cicer arietinum L., chickpea, Glycine max (L.) Merr., soya bean, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., cowpea, seed longevity, seed storage, moisture content, temperature     

植物遗传资源的种子基因库保存

一个物种的灭绝是与其受生物因子和非生物因子的威胁程度相关的。随着物种的加速绝灭,保护生物多样性受到广泛地关注。保护生物多样性的最有效的生物技术之一是建立种子基因库,进行迁地保护。种子库理想的贮藏条件主要取决于种子含水量、贮藏环境(如温度和湿度)和贮存种子的容器。进行种子贮藏,了解种子生命力和活力的影响因子的作用机理是十分重要和必要的。除了种子自身的生理特征外,种子的贮藏寿命与种子成熟度、收获技术、加工处理方法也是息息相关的。即使在最适的库存条件下,种子也会随时间发生劣变。因此,必须根据种子特定的贮藏行为,加以考虑影响种子存活的3个主要方面(贮藏环境、贮藏期和植物种类)而选择有效的贮藏方案。本文试图讨论种子贮藏生理的几个重要方面及其需解决的技术问题,以便更好地通过种子基因库,长期有效地保存植物种质资源。     

Comparison of application methods to prolong the survival of potential biocontrol bacteria on stored sugar-beet seed

AIMS: To develop bacterial inoculation treatments on sugar-beet seed that will maintain a commercially acceptable degree of viability for a minimum of 4 months storage at ambient temperature. METHODS AND RESULTS: Single rifampicin-resistant (Rif(+)) strains of both Gram-positive and negative bacterial isolates (mostly pseudomonads) were applied in turn to sugar-beet seed in a comparative study by seed soaking, encapsulation in alginate, pelleting using an inoculated peat carrier or seed priming. The treated seed was assessed for bacterial survival over a time course by plating out homogenized samples onto a selective medium. Priming inoculation offered a significant improvement over all the other application strategies tested. After pelleting with fungicides and drying at 40 degrees C, Pseudomonas marginalis/putida P1W1 maintained populations of >6.6 log(10) CFU g(-1) seed during 4 months storage at 15 degrees C. Subsequent experiments verified a stabilized population under these storage conditions with commercial pellets at <7% moisture content. CONCLUSION: An inoculation method was established which allowed the survival on seed of a Gram-negative bacterium at ambient temperature with little loss in viability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This has promising implications for the delivery of beneficial bacteria, especially Gram-negative strains, on sugar beet.     

Effects of temperature and desiccation on ex situ conservation of nongreen fern spores

? Premise of the study: Fern spores are unicellular and haploid, making them a potential model system to study factors that regulate lifespan and mechanisms of aging. Aging rates of nongreen spores were measured to compare longevity characteristics among diverse fern species and test for orthodox response to storage temperature and moisture. ? Methods: Aging of spores from 10 fern species was quantified by changes in germination and growth parameters. Storage temperature ranged from ambient room to -196°C (liquid nitrogen); spores were dried to ambient relative humidity (RH) or using silica gel. ? Key results: Survival of spores varied under ambient storage conditions, with one species dying within a year and two species having greater than 50% survival after 3 years. Few changes in germination or growth were observed in spores stored at either -80°C or -196°C over the same 3-yr study period. Spores stored at -25°C aged anomalously quickly, especially those dried to ambient RH or subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. ? Conclusions: Spore longevity is comparable to orthodox seed longevity under ambient storage conditions, with wide variation among species and shelflife extended by drying or cooling. However, faster aging during freezer storage may indicate a similar syndrome of damage experienced by seeds categorized as "intermediate". The damage is avoided by storage at -80°C or liquid nitrogen temperatures, making cryoconservation an effective and broadly applicable tool to extend fern spore longevity. The study demonstrates that spore banks are a feasible approach for ex situ conservation of this important plant group.     

种子老化诱导小麦染色体畸变及大麦醇溶蛋白带型频率变化的研究

通过时20份小麦种质发芽率和根尖细胞染色体畸变的测定,结果表明同一品种贮藏于中期库的低发芽率种质,其染色体畸变率明显高于贮藏于长期库的高发芽率种质.从总体上看,种子根尖细胞染色体畸变率与发芽率呈负显著相关,而与贮藏年限无显著相关.但对长期库和中期库的种质分别进行统计分析,种子根尖染色体畸变率与发芽率和贮藏年限均无显著相关.对大麦地方品种"普乃干木"的醇溶蛋白分析表明,该品种有4种biotype,随着发芽率的下降,其群体中的4种bio-type的频率发生了变化,当发芽率从95%降到34%时,其中一种biotype出现了消失,而有一种biotype频率从83%上升至95%,此结果表明,种子生活力下降和不同biotype种子存活能力存在差异,可能导致了异质种质材料遗传选择和漂变的发生.