辣椒株高遗传分析

以辣椒矮秆自交系B9431（P1）和高秆自交系‘吉林长椒’（P2）为双亲,构建P1、F1、P1、B1、B2和F2 6个家系世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型对该6个世代群体株高进行多世代联合分析,结果显示：株高遗传符合1对主基因＋多基因遗传模型,高秆对矮秆表现为不完全显性,F1代株高的势能比值为0．39,显性程度为0．91。B1、B2和F2群体主基因遗传率分别为20．35％、17．20％和35．29％,多基因遗传率分别为5．08％、19．75％和0;主基因效应表现为负向加性效应,其值为-6．43,显性效应为0;多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-8．89和9．77。研究还表明,主基因与多基因间的基因效应存在一定差异,主基因加性效应值相当于多基因加性效应值的72．33％,主基因无显性效应,显性效应是由多基因控制遗传。     

辣椒植株性状Hayman双列杂交分析

用辣椒（Capsicam annuum L．）6个亲本,按（1／2）n（n-1）双列杂交法配制15个杂交组合,用Hayman双列杂交分析法估算了5个植株性状的遗传参数。Wr对Wr的回归分析结果表明,侧枝数、株高、株幅、主茎高和首花节位的遗传都符合加性-显性模型。Wr＋Vr与Yr间相关分析表明,侧枝数、株高、株幅、主茎高呈负相关,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较小的Wr＋Vr值;首花节位呈正相关,且达到极显著水平,说明含有更多显性基因的亲本具有较大的Wr＋Vr值。遗传参数估算表明侧枝数、株幅、主茎高和首花节位性状的遗传以加性效应为主,加性效应比显性效应更加重要。株高的遗传中加性效应和显性效应都很重要。     

Verticillium Wilt of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Morocco

Pepper crops in Morocco formerly thought to be free from attack by Verticillium were found to be susceptible to this pathogen. Verticillium wilt of pepper was observed in plots where the crop was cultivated in rotation with tomatoes. Strains of Verticillium isolated from pepper possessed different morphological and pathogenic characteristics.     

Virus Diseases of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Ethiopia

Viruses occurring in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Ethiopia during 1984–1986 were identified and their symptomatology, host range, serology, morphology and transmission described. Potyviruses were found to cause severe infections of pepper wherever the crop was observed. Disease incidence and yield loss in most surveyed areas were estimated at 40–100 % and 15–50 %, respectively. Besides potato Y and pepper veinal mottle viruses, a new potyvirus with distinctive properties was found widely distributed in Shewa and Welega Provinces. The virus, tentatively designated Ethiopian pepper mottle virus (EPMV), was shown to have an unusually narrow experimental host range and filamentous particles about 700–750 nm in length, and to be nonpersis-tently transmitted by aphids but not transmissible through pepper seeds. Cucumber mosaic virus was detected in some locations, but appeared to be of minor significance.     

Evolution of Capsaicinoids in Peter Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) During Fruit Ripening

The evolution of individual and total contents of capsaicinoids present in Peter peppers (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) at different ripening stages has been studied. Plants were grown in a glasshouse and the new peppers were marked in a temporal space of ten days. The extraction of capsaicinoids was performed by ultrasound‐assisted extraction with MeOH. The capsaicinoids nordihydrocapsaicin (n‐DHC), capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)‐fluorescence and identified by UHPLC‐Q‐ToF‐MS. The results indicate that the total capsaicinoids increase in a linear manner from the first point of harvest at ten days (0.283 mg/g FW) up to 90 days, at which point they reach a concentration of 1.301 mg/g FW. The evolution as a percentage of the individual capsaicinoids showed the initial predominance of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and n‐DHC. Dihydrocapsaicin was the major capsaicinoid up to day 50 of maturation. After 50 days, capsaicin became the major capsaicinoid as the concentration of dihydrocapsaicin fell slightly. The time of harvest of Peter pepper based on the total capsaicinoids content should be performed as late as possible. In any case, harvesting should be performed before overripening of the fruit is observed.     

Leaf Starch Metabolism during the Growth of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Plants

Levels of starch and sugars, and the activities of amylase and starch phosphorylase were measured in expanding leaves harvested in early morning and early evening during the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.; cv `Bellboy') plants. The differences between starch levels 1 hour after dawn and 1 hour after dusk increased during the period of initial fruit expansion. This diurnal starch difference was strongly correlated with post-dusk amylase activities in leaves at both stages of expansion. There was also a strong correlation between levels of amylase in immature and those in mature leaves throughout the experiment. Phosphorylase activity showed no direct relationship to leaf starch levels, and there was no similarity between activities in immature and mature leaves. An increase in photosynthesis during plant development was observed which could account for the increased starch synthesis at initial fruit expansion.     

回归分析在辣椒品种RAPD反应体系优化中的应用

以辣椒(CapsicumannuumL.)为材料,采用回归分析的方法对RAPD体系进行优化研究。结果表明在体积为20μl反应体系中,主要因子的优化组合是:Mg2 、dNTP、Taq酶、引物、模板DNA等的浓度分别为3mmol/L、0.3mmol/L、1.3U、0.4μmol/L和64ng;热循环程序为:94℃预变性2min,94℃变性30s,40℃退火1min,72℃延伸90s,47个循环,最后72℃延伸10min。通过对24个辣椒品种进行遗传多样性分析,证明该优化体系是稳定可靠的。     

辣椒离体培养及再生体系的研究

选用9个辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)品种(系),研究了不同激素组合、基因型、外植体类型、苗龄和Ag-NO3等因素对外植体不定芽分化和伸长的影响.结果表明,在6-BA/IAA为10∶1配比下,有利于辣椒外植体的分化再生,而6-BA/IAA为3∶1配比下适合于再生芽的伸长;不同品种辣椒的再生能力差别较大,分化率在13.3%~90.0%之间;辣椒子叶再生能力比下胚轴强,是较好的外植体材料;12~16 d苗龄的外植体分化频率较高;添加4mg?L-1AgNO3可使芽分化率平均提高16.9%.通过比较,筛选出了适合于辣椒芽分化的培养基为MB5(MS无机盐 B5有机成分) 5 mg?L-16-BA 0.5 mg?L-1IAA 4 mg?L-1AgNO3,芽伸长培养基为MB5 3 mg?L-16-BA 1 mg?L-1IAA 2 mg?L-1GA3 4 mg?L-1AgNO3,生根培养基为1/2 MS 0.2 mg?L-1IAA 0.1 mg?L-1NAA.     

Histopathology of Susceptible and Resistant Capsicum annuum Cultivars Infected with Ralstonia solanacearum

The vascular colonisation of resistant and susceptible hot chilli (Capsicum annuum) cultivars by Ralstonia solanacearum was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Tap roots of artificially-inoculated plants, grown in sterilised soil were investigated to observe the morphological barriers involved in the restriction of bacterial spread. In the resistant cultivar, several responses induced in response to bacterial infection, were observed. First, a cell wall coating material developed together with swelling of the primary wall of the xylem vessels, limiting the bacterial spread. Second, formation of various types of vesicles in the vascular parenchyma cells, which enveloped the bacterial mass and also partly restricted the pathogen spread. Third, induction of hypersensitive reaction in the xylem vessels resulted in the distortion and lysis of the bacteria. In the susceptible cultivar, vascular coating, production of vesicle and induction of hypersensitive reaction were not observed and bacterial spread was not limited. Rapid vascular colonisation of the susceptible cultivar seemed to be generalised which resulted in the rapid wilting of affected plants. Other reactions involved in both resistant and susceptible cultivars include disorganisation of cytoplasm of parenchyma cells, disintegration of nuclei, and rupturing of xylem vessel walls. The restriction of pathogen spread associated with the resistance in C. annuum to bacterial wilt was mainly attributed to some induced, morphological and physical barriers.     

Apical Shoot Meristem Culture in Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A protocol has been developed to obtain whole plants from apical shoot meristems of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bhivapuri), susceptible to viral infections. The meristems (～ 0.8 mm long), from aseptically grown seedlings (one-month-old), cultured on filter paper bridge in liquid Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l benzylaminopurine produced multiple shoots (5–7 per explant). The differentiated shoots developed further upon transfer to agar-solidified medium. Complete plantlets were obtained after rooting of shoots on MS medium fortified with 1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid.     

Carbon Partitioning and Export in Mature Leaves of Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

The partitioning of recently fixed carbon by mature pepper leaveshas been examined over a 10 h photoperiod using a constant specificradioactivity ¹⁴CO₂ labelling technique. Changes in the ratesof carbon partitioning into export, starch, sucrose and hexoseswere examined following changes in irradiance during the photoperiod.Leaves grown under 80 W m^–2 PAR were exposed to this irradiancefor the first 4 h of the photoperiod then the iiradiance wasdecreased. Leaves accumulated sufficient reserves in the first4 h to maintain export at the initial rate (approximately 20µg carbon cm^–2 leaf h^–1) over the following6 h of the photoperiod when the net photosynthesis rate (Pn)was decreased to 10% of the initial rate by the decreased irradiance.Export was initially maintained by the depletion of sucroseand hexose and then by carbon from the degradation of starchin the light. If leaves were exposed to low irradiance at the beginning ofthe photoperiod, then the export rate was linearly related tothe Pn during that period. When Pn exceeded that required tomaintain an export rate of approximately 20 µg carboncm^–2 h^–1, then more carbon was partitioned intostarch. At low initial irradiance, a greater proportion of photosynthatewas partitioned into export rather than starch and at high initialirradiancc the reverse occurred. There was a linear relationship between starch accumulationrate and Pn for all leaves but the relationship between Pn andexport rate was only significant for leaves with low levelsof reserve carbon. The results show that mature pepper leaves subjected to differentirradiances maintain constant export rates through alterationsof carbon partitioning. Export at low Pn is maintained at theexpense of sugar and starch reserves, with partitioning in highirradiance being predominantly to starch. Key words: Carbon partitioning, Starch, Export, Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)     

辣椒果实性状的遗传分析

以6个辣椒品种并按(1/2)n(n-1)双列杂交法配制的15个杂交组合为材料,根据Hayman分析法估算了辣椒果实5个性状的遗传模型和遗传参数。结果显示,果长、果肉厚和结果数的遗传符合“加性-显性”模型,果宽和单果质量不符合“加性-显性”模型,还存在显著上位性效应。遗传参数估算表明,5个果实性状遗传是以加性效应为主,但不同果实性状显性效应有较大的差异,果肉厚的显性效应最大,其次是果长和结果数,果宽和单果质量最小。     

辣椒开花期的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基困混合遗传模型对早熟辣椒‘E100’与‘L101’杂交组合多个世代群体开花期进行了联合分析.结果表明:开花期由两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因的控制;主基因遗传率在B1、B2和F2世代分别为55.27%、53.83%和76.05%;B1、B2和F2世代多基因遗传率分别为34.13%、42.78%和16.94%.     

Response of Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B to Genotypes of Pepper Capsicum annuum (Solanales: Solanaceae)

Bemisia tabaci Genn. biotype B is a widely distributed plant pest that represents one of the major constraints for horticultural crop production. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the oviposition preference, survivorship, and development of B. tabaci biotype B on semi-cultivated genotypes of Capsicum annuum from southeast Mexico. In free-choice experiments to evaluate the oviposition preference, lower number of eggs laid by B. tabaci biotype B was observed in the genotypes Maax and Xcat´ik relative to that in the commercial genotype Parado. Egg hatchability was significantly lower in Pico Paloma, Bolita, Blanco, Chawa, Payaso, and Xcat´ik than in the rest of the genotypes, including the commercial genotype Jalapeño. Likewise, survivorship of nymphs was significantly lower in Pico Paloma, Bolita, and Blanco than in the remaining genotypes. Nymph developmental time and the period of development from egg to adult were the shortest in Amaxito. Therefore, sources of resistance to B. tabaci biotype B by antibiosis (accumulation of plant defense compounds) might be found in the semi-cultivated genotypes Pico Paloma, Bolita, and Blanco.     

辣椒优良自交系间遗传差异的分子分析

作物自交系间遗传差异的分析与评价是杂种优势育种和杂交育种成功的基础。鲜食尖椒类(Capsicum an-nuumvar.longum)品种是我国辣椒生产的主要品种类型之一。针对我国鲜食尖椒的育种目标,以国内外10份尖椒优良自交系为材料,利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)和简单序列重复(SSR)标记技术对其进行了遗传差异分析。结果显示:SRAP技术具有较高的位点和多态性检测能力,平均每次检测的位点数和多态性位点数分别为34个和10个,是SSR的10倍和5倍;辣椒自交系间基于SRAP标记的遗传距离和基于SSR标记的遗传距离之间的相关程度较低(r=0.144);基于SRAP标记和SSR标记联合数据计算的遗传距离,10个尖椒自交系被分为3大类,这种分类结果与辣椒杂种优势育种实践相一致。本研究结果表明,SRAP具有较高的遗传分析效力;基于不同分子标记遗传分析结果的差异与标记间共享位点的多少有关;10个尖椒自交系的分类结果可用于指导育种实践。     

Molecular AFLP-marking of genotypes of pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars

The results of AFLP study of 14 Capsicum annuum cultivars are presented. Notwithstanding the known low genomic variation of large-fruited sweet pepper, AFLP analysis proved to be suitable for detecting polymorphism and genotyping pepper cultivars. Nine primer pairs were selected to allow identification of the cultivars under study. Among-cultivar polymorphism detectable with these primers was estimated at 16.5%. A characteristic AFLP pattern was obtained for each cultivar. Several cultivar-specific fragments were revealed for seven cultivars. On the basis of the AFLP data, genetic distances between cultivars were computed and a tree was constructed by means of hierarchic cluster analysis (UPGMA) with the Jacquard coefficient. It was assumed that this information is useful in breeding programs involving the cultivars examined.     

51个春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)品种的AFLP遗传多样性分析

为了揭示春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为春兰种质资源的有效利用和开发提供依据,采用AFLP技术对51个春兰品种进行了遗传多样性分析,经筛选得到了8对条带清晰、多态性高的引物,共扩增出1315条DNA片段,其中多态性条带为1217条,平均1对引物扩增条带164条,多态性带152条,多态性位点频率为92.5%,表明春兰品种具有丰富的遗传多态性。49个品种含有特有带。51个品种间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.501~0.716,聚类分析表明,51个春兰品种共分为5个类群,来自同一地区的品种并没有聚在一起,表明春兰品种的遗传背景混乱。AFLP分子标记技术能有效地分析春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

Effects of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Cultivars on the Biology and Life Table Parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), obtained from pepper fields, were colonized on susceptible pepper plants in a growth chamber. The development, survivorship, and life table parameters of the green peach aphid were evaluated on nine peppers cultivars as follows: Almuden, Bilano, Bird, Cabezo, de la Sierra, Eppo, Jaen, Raza, and Yatasto at controlled conditions (20?±?1°C; about 70% RH; 14h photophase). The development times of immatures ranged from 6.1 days on Yatasto to 11.4 days on Jaen, whereas immature survival was close to 100% on all cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (r _m ) for green peach aphid on Bilano and Yatasto were the highest. Jackknife estimates of r _m varied from 0.281 to 0.174 females/female/day on Yatasto and Jaen, respectively. The mean population generation times (T) on these hosts ranged from 13.7 to 22.7 days. The highest net reproductive rates (R ₀ ) were on Bird and Bilano (63.8 and 62.89 females/female/generation, respectively) and the lowest on De la Sierra and Almuden (34.1 and 38.7, respectively). Because of the high coefficient of determination (R ²) values in Gompertz and Weibul models, survival data from different cultivars had a good fit to both models. The results pointed Jaen, Almuden, and Raza cultivars as the least suitable host plants, indicating that they were the most resistant to M. persicae among the cultivars we tested.     

辣椒净光合速率Hayman双列杂交分析

用辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)6个亲本,按(1/2)n(n-1)双列杂交法配制15个杂交组合,用Hayman双列杂交分析法估算不同开花结果时期净光合速率的遗传参数。阵列协方差(Wr)对阵列方差(Vr)的回归分析结果表明,辣椒开花结果前期、中期、后期净光合速率的遗传都不符合“加性-显性”模型。Wr Vr与亲本Yr间的相关分析表明含有更多高净光合速率,显性基因的亲本具有较大的Wr Vr值。遗传参数估算表明开花结果时期的净光合速率遗传是显性效应比加性效应更加重要,同时还存在显著上位性效应。狭义遗传力较小,开花结果中、后期杂种优势比前期明显。