Autophosphorylation and rapid dephosphorylation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores

The photoaffinity label 8-azido[32P]adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and affinity chromatography on N6-(2-aminoethyl)-cAMP-Sepharose were used to analyze the cAMP-binding proteins present in cell-free extracts of Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores. In the presence of a mixture of protease inhibitors, 8-azido[32P]cAMP was specifically and quantitatively incorporated into a major protein band of Mr = 58,000, and three minor protein bands of Mr = 50,000, Mr = 43,000, and Mr = 36,000 respectively, after autoradiography following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of the protease inhibitors, the Mr = 58,000 protein band was converted into the lower molecular weight cAMP-binding proteins, indicating a high sensitivity of the intact Mr = 58,000 protein band to endogenous proteases. The Mr = 58,000 protein corresponded to the regulatory subunit (R), of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase of zoospores, as shown by their identical behavior on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The partially purified protein kinase incorporated 32P from [gamma-32P] ATP . Mg2+ into R as demonstrated by the specific adsorption of the 32P-labeled protein with N6-(2-aminoethyl)-cAMP-Sepharose. The incorporated 32P group was rapidly removed by endogenous phosphoprotein phosphatases in the presence of cAMP, as shown by pulse-chase experiments with [gamma-32P]ATP. Dephosphorylation of R-cAMP and rapid proteolysis may indicate two other mechanisms, in addition to cAMP, for the control of this protein kinase in vivo.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent protein kinases of the water mold, Blastocladiella emersonii.

Protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate binding activities have been identified in zoospore extracts of the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii. More than 75% of these activities is found in the soluble fraction. Soluble protein kinase activity is resolved in three peaks(I, II and III) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Peak I is casein dependent and insensitive to cyclic AMP. Peak II is histone dependent and cyclic AMP independent; this enzyme is inhibited by the heat-stable inhibitor from bovine muscle. Peak III utilizes histone as substrate and is activated by cyclic AMP.     

Stage-specific synthesis of proteins complexed to ribonucleoprotein particles and ribosomes in zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii.

In Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores, a set of proteins was found associated with the ribosomes and free ribonucleoprotein particles distinct from the ribosomes and polyribosomes. These proteins were designated P120, P105, P64, P56, and P42 based on their molecular weights determined by gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of these proteins was detected only during late sporulation just before the time polyadenylated ribonucleic acid accumulates in the sporangia. These proteins banded in isopycnic metrizamide gradients at densities of 1.31 and 1.27 g/cm3, which corresponded to the densities of the ribosomes and free ribonucleoprotein particles, respectively. Comparison of the distribution of the proteins in sucrose versus metrizamide gradients suggested that P105 was removed from the free ribonucleoprotein particles before complexing with the ribosomes. During germination, these proteins disappeared from the ribosomal fractions, with kinetics corresponding to the resumption of protein synthesis. Another protein (P178) was observed to bind to the ribosomes before the onset of protein synthesis during germination. Cycloheximide did not block the addition of this protein to the monoribosomes.     

Isolation and characterization of lipid globules from the zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii

Lipid globules were isolated and characterized both chemically and morphologically. They were composed mainly of triglyceride and free sterol, which accounted for over 90% of the total globule content. Smaller amounts of diglyceride, carotenoid, free fatty acid, phospholipid and protein were found. No sterol esters or monoglycerides were detected. Morphologically, the isolated lipid globules resembled the lipid globules in situ. They were spherical, 0.4–1.5 m in diameter and lacked a trilaminar membrane.Non-Standard Abbreviations PL phospholipids - TG triglycerides - FS Tree sterols - DG diglycerides - SE sterol esters - MG monoglycerides     

Cyclic AMP binding proteins and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from Blastocladiella emersonii.

The stoichiometry of cyclic AMP binding protein to cyclic AMP in sporulating cells of Blastocladiella emersonii and the resistance of protein-bound cyclic AMP to enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis suggest that the distribution of cyclic AMP between free and protein-bound pools is an important factor in cyclic AMP metabolism. Most but not all of the cyclic AMP binding protein in sporulating cells is associated with a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.     

Partial purification and properties of D-glucosamine 6'-phosphate N-acetyltransferase from zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii

A d-glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores was partially purified to a specific activity of 2.41 IU per mg of protein. Its pH optimum was 8.05 and its K(m) values were 2.4 x 10(-4) M d-glucosamine 6-phosphate and 0.38 x 10(-4) M Na(3)S-acetyl coenzyme A.     

Site-specific cleavage of the 40S ribosomal subunit reveals eukaryote-specific ribosomal protein S28 in the subunit head

After resolving the crystal structure of the prokaryotic ribosome, mapping the proteins in the eukaryotic ribosome is a challenging task. We applied RNase H digestion to split the human 40S ribosomal subunit into head and body parts. Mass spectrometry of the proteins in the 40S subunit head revealed the presence of eukaryote-specific ribosomal protein S28e. Recombinant S28e was capable of specific binding to the 3′ major domain of the 18S rRNA (K_a = 8.0 ± 0.5 × 10⁹ M⁻¹). We conclude that S28e has a binding site on the 18S rRNA within the 40S subunit head.

Structured summary

MINT-8044084: S8 (uniprotkb:P62241) and S19 (uniprotkb:P39019) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradient (MI:0029)MINT-8044095: S8 (uniprotkb:P62241), S19 (uniprotkb:P39019) and S13 (uniprotkb:P62277) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradient (MI:0029)MINT-8044024: S29 (uniprotkb:P62273), S28 (uniprotkb:P62857), S21 (uniprotkb:P63220), S20 (uniprotkb:P60866), S26 (uniprotkb:P62854), S25 (uniprotkb:P62851), S12 (uniprotkb:P25398), S17 (uniprotkb:P08708), S19 (uniprotkb:P39019), S14 (uniprotkb:P62263), S16 (uniprotkb:P62249) and S11 (uniprotkb:P62280) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradient (MI:0029)MINT-8044065: S29 (uniprotkb:P62273), S28 (uniprotkb:P62857), S19 (uniprotkb:P39019), S14 (uniprotkb:P62263) and S16 (uniprotkb:P62249) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradient (MI:0029)     

Effect of heat shock on S6 phosphorylation during the development of Blastocladiella emersonii

Summary Changes in phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 during heat shock, induction of thermotolerance and recovery from heat shock at different stages of Blastocladiella emersonii development were investigated. Independently of the initial state of S6 phosphorylation (maximal or intermediate), a rapid and complete dephosphorylation of S6 is induced by heat shock and S6 remains unphosphorylated during the acquired thermotolerance. During recovery from heat shock rephosphorylation of S6 occurs always to the levels characteristic of that particular stage, coincidently with the turn off of heat shock protein synthesis.     

Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes. Purification and characterization of protease-activated kinase II

A cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase, protease-activated kinase II, which incorporates up to four phosphates into 40 S ribosomal protein S6, has been purified from the postribosomal supernatant of rabbit reticulocytes. Protease-activated kinase II was purified as an inactive proenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, Sephadex G-150, and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme was activated in vitro by limited digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin. No other mode of activation for protease-activated kinase II in vitro was identified. The proenzyme had a molecular weight of 80,000 as measured by gel filtration; following tryptic digestion, the molecular weight of the activated protein kinase was 45,000-55,000. Protease-activated kinase II required Mg2+ for activity but was inhibited by other divalent cations, monovalent cations, and fluoride ion. ATP was the phosphoryl donor in the phosphorylation reaction; GTP had no effect. In vitro, multiple phosphorylation of S6 was observed with some phosphate incorporated into S10. Phosphorylation of S6 by protease-activated kinase II has been shown to be stimulated in serum-starved 3T3-L1 cells by insulin (Perisic, O., and Traugh, J. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9589-9592) and in reticulocytes by altering the pH of the incubation medium (Perisic, O., and Traugh, J. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13998-14002.     

A temporal analysis of the synthesis of the mRNA sequestered in zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii

To determine when the dormant mRNA of Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores is synthesized, the metabolism of poly(A) RNA and rRNA was studied during growth and sporulation using pulse-chase techniques. Zoospore poly(A) RNA is synthesized at all stages of the growth cycle investigated in cultures grown either on a normal 15-hr growth cycle or in minicyclic cultures induced to sporulate after only 6.5 hr growth. For cells labeled during the growth phase the specific activity of the pulse-labeled poly(A) RNA and rRNA was identical at the beginning and end of sporulation for any of the 2-hr labeling times investigated. From this it was concluded there is neither a preferential conservation nor degradation during sporulation of the poly(A) RNA and rRNA synthesized at various times during growth. Poly(A) RNA synthesized during early sporulation is preferentially degraded; in contrast, poly(A) RNA synthesized during late sporulation is conserved in the zoospore. Approximately one-third of the total zoospore poly(A) RNA accumulates during the final 15–20 min of sporulation. The accumulation rate for both poly(A) RNA and rRNA decreases as sporulation proceeds. In addition, the rate of degradation for both types of RNA decreases at later stages of sporulation.     

Fertilization of sea urchin eggs is accompanied by 40 S ribosomal subunit phosphorylation

After fertilization of sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs, there is a single prominent alteration in the pattern of protein phosphorylation. In eggs preloaded with ³²PO₄, a 31,000 M_r protein (rp31) becomes labeled within 4 min of sperm addition. A new steady-state level of rp31 labeling is achieved by 11 min. The rate of protein synthesis in sea urchin zygotes also increases at 8–10 min after fertilization. Protein rp31 corresponds to mammalian ribosomal S6 because it cosediments with 40 S subunits on high salt-sucrose gradients, it is similar to the mammalian protein in M_r and charge, and it becomes phosphorylated during an increase in protein synthesis. The specific activity of phosphorylated rp31 (relative to rRNA) is similar between free 80 S monosomes and polysomes, indicating that rp31 phosphorylation is not sufficient for ribosomal activity. A phosphatase, highly specific for rp31, is present in extracts of eggs and very early embryos. This phosphatase becomes inactive at about the same time that the degree of labeling of rp31 increases in embryos. Evidently a control system that maintains a low level of rp31 phosphorylation is active in sea urchin eggs. Inactivation of this system shortly after fertilization leads to the accumulation of phosphorylated ribosomes.     

Characterization of the major proteins in gamma particles, cytoplasmic organelles in Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores.

The gamma particles of Blastocladiella emersonii are 0.5-micron (diameter), electron dense, membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytoplasm of zoospores that have been reported (E.C. Cantino and G.L. Mills, in P. Lemke, ed., Viruses and Plasmids in Fungi, 1979, and R.B. Myers and E.C. Cantino, in A. Wolsky (ed.), Monographs in Developmental Biology, 1974) to store the enzyme chitin synthetase. These particles were isolated from zoospores, and the two major proteins were purified for an analysis of their composition and function. The lower-molecular-weight protein (apparent molecular weight, 41,000) was insoluble in aqueous buffers, had an unusual, very basic amino acid composition, and comprised the characteristic electron-dense inclusions seen in micrographs of sections of fixed and stained gamma particles. After dispersal of the gamma particle membranes with detergent, the higher-molecular-weight protein (apparent molecular weight, 43,000) and a third minor protein (apparent molecular weight, 45,000) sedimented through sucrose cushions with the 41 kilodalton inclusion body protein but were dissociated from it by sonication in buffer containing 7 M urea. Together, the two major proteins represent 60 to 70% of the total protein in the gamma particle and 2.9% of the total protein in zoospores. Tests with specific antisera showed that the two major proteins were not antigenically related, a result consistent with the differences in amino acid composition. When zoospore lysates were centrifuged in sucrose density gradients, the major gamma particle proteins and chitin synthetase activity migrated to regions of different density. Proteins from sporulating thalli and germinating zoospores were separated by gel electrophoresis, and the two major gamma particle proteins were detected by reaction with specific antisera after electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose filters. Neither protein could be found in growth phase cells; the appearance and disappearances of both proteins were correlated with the formation of the gamma particles during sporulation and their decay during zoospore germination. The results indicate that gamma particles do not store chitin synthetase in the proteinaceous inclusion, but an alternative function has not yet been identified.     

The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 by protein kinases from cells infected with pseudorabies virus.

We examined the ability of protein kinase activities from BHK (baby-hamster kidney) cells infected with pseudorabies virus to catalyse the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in vitro. When the cytosol from infected cells was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose, 40S ribosomal protein kinase activity was found associated with the two isoforms of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and a protein kinase (ViPK, virus-induced protein kinase) only detected in infected cells. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein by ViPK was of particular interest because the appearance of the protein kinase and the increase in the phosphorylation of protein S6 in infected cells shared a similar time course. At moderate concentrations of KCl the major ribosomal substrate for ViPK was ribosomal protein S7, a protein not found to be phosphorylated in vivo. However, at 600 mM-KCl, or in the presence of 5-10 mM-spermine at 60-150 mM-KCl, the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S7 was suppressed and ribosomal protein S6 became the major substrate. The maximum stoichiometry of phosphorylation obtained under the latter conditions was 1-2 mol of phosphate/mol of S6, and only mono- and di-phosphorylated forms of S6 were detected on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. As the infection of BHK cells by pseudorabies virus results in the appearance of phosphorylated species of S6 containing up to 5 mol of phosphate/mol of S6 protein, it appears unlikely that ViPK alone can be responsible for the multiple phosphorylation seen in vivo. Nevertheless, tryptic phosphopeptide analysis did indicate that in vitro ViPK catalysed the phosphorylation of at least one of the sites on ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylated in vivo, so that a contributory role for the enzyme in the phosphorylation in vivo cannot be excluded.     

Nucleotide sequence and 40 S subunit assembly of Xenopus laevis ribosomal protein S22

We have isolated and determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding Xenopus laevis ribosomal protein S22. A synthetic S22 mRNA derived from this cDNA directs the synthesis of an in vitro translation product that is indistinguishable from S22 purified from Xenopus ovarian ribosomes. In vitro translated S22 is assembled into 40 S subunits when microinjected into the cytoplasm of oocytes. Analysis of the derived amino acid sequence indicates that Xenopus S22 is homologous to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S10.     

Regulated phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6 in root tips of maize

Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is located in the mRNA binding site of the 40S subunit of cytosolic ribosomes. Two maize (Zea mays) rps6 genes were identified that encode polypeptides (30 kD, 11.4 pI) with strong primary amino acid sequence and predicted secondary structure similarity to RPS6 of other eukaryotes. Maize RPS6 was analyzed by the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis systems, in vivo labeling with [(32)P]P(i) and immunological detection. Nine RPS6 isoforms were resolved in a two-dimensional basic-urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry performed on trypsin-digested isoforms identified four serine (Ser) and one threonine (Thr) residue in the carboxy-terminal region as phosphorylation sites (RRS(238)KLS(241)AAAKAS(247)AAT(250)S(251)A-COOH). Heterogeneity in RPS6 phosphorylation was a consequence of the presence of zero to five phosphorylated residues. Phosphorylated isoforms fell into two groups characterized by (a) sequential phosphorylation of Ser-238 and Ser-241 and (b) the absence of phospho-Ser-238 and presence of phospho-Ser-241. The accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated isoforms with phospho-Ser-238 was reduced in response to oxygen deprivation and heat shock, whereas accumulation of these isoforms was elevated by cold stress. Salt and osmotic stress had no reproducible effect on RPS6 phosphorylation. The reduction in hyper-phosphorylated isoforms under oxygen deprivation was blocked by okadaic acid, a Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor. By contrast, the recovery of hyper-phosphorylated isoforms upon re-oxygenation was blocked by LY-294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Thus, differential activity of phosphatase(s) and kinase(s) determine complex heterogeneity in RPS6 phosphorylation.