树木年轮照片测量的区段校正

树木年轮宽度可以利用数码照片进行测定,但照片的几何变形需要进行校正。本文介绍一种分区段对图像进行校正的方法,对各区段分别确定像素分辨率,以此计算对应区段内的年轮宽度。基本过程是首先按1cm或更小的间隔测定区段的像素密度以及像素分辨率,然后测定以像素为单位的年轮宽度,再根据每个年轮所在区段的像素分辨率计算年轮实际宽度。所使用的图像处理软件是普及型软件,操作简单,方便实用,并可以获得较高的测定精度。     

多枝柽柳年轮生长速率测量及TRGR指标优势分析

灌木对生境和气候变化具有高度敏感性,其年轮资料在认识区域环境演变过程、全球气候变化和环境保护中具有重要作用。灌木植株在生长过程中受遗传和极端环境的影响,年轮常出现偏心和不规则生长,这使得专业年轮分析软件测量的年轮宽度数据难以准确反映其整体径向生长信息。为探讨适合于寒旱区灌木年轮学研究的年轮测量指标和测量方法,研究以该区域荒漠常见植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.)为研究对象,通过U-net深度学习方法,获得年轮提取训练模型,自动获取扫描轮盘各年早材区域。轮盘扫描及语义分割后的图像经GIS配准赋坐标、ENVI图像处理后,借助GIS编辑和测量工具,完成多枝柽柳各年年轮生长速率(Tree-ring growth rate, TRGR)、年轮宽度(Tree-ring width, TRW)和树木基部断面积生长增量(Basal area increment, BAI)的测量;研究基于Timesat Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波时间序列拟合,获取点样尺度归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index, ND...     

大花序桉心边材变异规律和候选基因挖掘研究

为探究大花序桉(Eucalyptus cloeziana)心材比例差异显著的不同家系间心边材变异规律,挖掘心材变异相关的候选基因,为珍贵用材树种高效培育及育种利用提供基因资源。以18 a生的2个心材比例差异显著的大花序桉家系为材料(家系1和2),各制作解析木3株,沿着树干以1 m为区间分段截取圆盘,测量东西和南北2个方向的带皮直径、去皮直径、总年轮数、边材年轮数、边材直径,并开展心材和边材径向和轴向分析。同时利用各解析木胸径处初生木质部样品进行DNA混池测序,发掘等位基因频率差异显著的SNP位点并挖掘相关功能基因。结果表明,大花序桉边材宽度和心材半径的方位变异中家系2大于家系1,平均差值分别为0.7和5.5 cm,在随树高的变异中,家系1和2的心材半径和心材年轮数的下降速率分别为0.40和0.64及0.43和0.36。两家系间基本密度差异显著,家系1为0.80～0.82 g/cm³,家系2为0.75～0.78 g/cm³。基本密度与树高、横截面半径和心材半径呈显著负相关,与顺纹抗拉强度、弦面硬度和部分力学性质呈显著正相关。利用DNA混池测序共...     

云南石林地区喀斯特山地萌生团花新木姜子年轮特征与环境因子的关系

树木年轮记录着树木生长过程中气候和环境因子的变化。该文采用树木年轮分析方法研究云南石林地区萌生生长的团花新木姜子树干年轮特征与环境因子之间的相互关系。结果表明：团花新木姜子萌生个体具有显著的差异性;其不同样树之间年轮宽度和年轮指数变化幅度较大,随着基径的增大,年轮指数与年轮宽度也逐渐增大;年轮指数与雨季降水呈正相关,而与干季降水和5、6、11和12月的温度呈负相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。这表明退化迹地上萌生生长的团花新木姜子个体对降水和温度年间变化有较强适应能力和个体调节能力。     

年轮及假年轮的形成与环境的关系

年轮及假年轮的形成与环境的关系刘宁（北京师范大学生物学系１００８７５）豆什么是年轮当伐倒一株大树或将树干横向锯开,便可以看到一系列的同心圆环,这就是树木的年轮,它是由于形成层周期性活动产生的。每一个圆环是一个年轮,由早材和晚材构成,代表着形成层在一个...     

山东蒙山森林冠层绿度与树干径向生长的关系

森林冠层绿度和树木年轮宽度是描述森林生长过程的重要指标,它们之间存在怎样的关系以及这种关系的稳定性如何目前还没有清晰的回答。森林冠层绿度通过遥感影像计算,在空间上连续,而树木年轮宽度是树木健康的综合指标,样点上具有代表性。森林冠层绿度和树木年轮宽度的关系的研究能增进对森林生长的多角度理解和森林生长状况的尺度转换。在山东蒙山地区采集了4个赤松(Pinus densiflora)林样点的树木年轮样本,获得了树木年轮宽度数据,分析了增强型植被指数(Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI)与树木年轮宽度的关系。结果显示:1)对于健康森林,4月和6月的冠层绿度与树木年轮宽度存在因果关系;森林不健康时,两者关系较为复杂;2)其他月份冠层绿度与树干径向生长不存在因果关系,而是共同受其他环境因子,如气候因子的驱动;3)弱冠层绿度降低后5年内有显著的径向生长恢复,但是恢复年份少;强冠层绿度降低之前,树干径向生长已经开始降低,之后的5年内有着持续的径向生长降低。这些结果表明森林冠层绿度的降低并不能反映树干径向生长降低的开始,只有健康的森林冠层绿度和年轮宽度有相关关系。冠层绿度的降低对森林健康有强烈的影响,冠层绿度降低导致的径向生长的降低很难恢复。     

利用树干侧方投影测量立木材积

基于伐倒木区分求积法原理,本文将树干在太阳下的侧方投影的不同位置的宽度作为立木对应高度处的直径,据此计算立木材积,实现无损测量,补充和丰富了立木材积测量方法。由于太阳光并非绝对的点光源,而是近似平行光,加之衍射(绕射)作用,树干侧方投影半影区宽度随着树高的增加而逐渐增加,致使立木直径的投影测量值也随之失真。为了从树干投影宽度还原立木任意高度处的真实直径,利用圆柱物体(PVC管)进行试验,构建了圆柱体直径侧方投影宽度缩减量与影距(投影上任意位点与树干基部之间的距离)及太阳高度角之间关系的5种回归模型。通过测量不同影距上的立木侧方投影的本影宽度,基于所建模型估计对应高度上的树干直径,然后利用平均断面积求积法计算立木材积。结果表明：5种侧方投影宽度缩减量的模型估测精度均高于90%。利用树干在太阳下的侧方投影法进行测量时,最适太阳高度角48°左右。通过实测验证,立木材积测量准确度为93%。本方法关于立木材积的测量准确度随树高的增加而降低,树干上部的区分段材积测量的相对误差较大。     

基于GIS的梭梭年轮测量方法

年轮信息对重建气候和预测环境的动态变化有重要意义。为准确测量梭梭年轮间距等各项参数,研究基于GIS对扫描后的梭梭圆盘PS图像赋予坐标系统,通过ENVI图像分类软件结合GIS测量工具,完成梭梭年轮间距测量;利用WinDENDRO年轮分析系统验证测量结果的准确性。结果表明: 两种方法测量结果差异不显著(P=0.63),配对平均值差值为0.87 μm,测量结果准确可信。研究构建的方法可以用于梭梭年轮间距测量,并为面积、周长等年轮参数的自动化测量奠定了基础。该方法也可替代现有专业树木年轮分析系统用于部分年轮参数测量。研究结果有助于梭梭树轮气候学分析和种群年龄结构调查。     

树木年轮在干扰历史重建中的应用

干扰是影响森林生态系统结构和功能的重要因子,重建森林群落干扰历史可以掌握干扰发生的机制和规律,对森林经营有重要意义。年轮记载了树木逐年的生长历史,利用年轮可以重建不同尺度上干扰的时空格局,具有重建历史长、定年准确和材料容易获得的优点,是森林动态历史研究不可替代的资料。干扰对树木个体的影响可以分为伤害干扰和生长干扰两种类型。不同类型的干扰的特点和对树木的生长影响不同所以重建方法也不同,对树干造成直接伤害的干扰可以利用树干的疤痕重建,如火灾和泥石流等;生长干扰对树木的生长势造成影响,可以通过识别年轮中的生长抑制和释放发生和持续的时间来确定干扰的时间和强度。但是对破坏性的干扰事件要通过群落中个体的建成时间高峰来判断。欧洲和北美地区利用树木年轮重建森林干扰历史的研究已经很广泛,主要包括火灾、虫灾、地质灾害和气象灾害等干扰类型,在中国利用年轮重建群落干扰的研究还处于起步阶段。本文探讨了应用树木年轮重建不同森林干扰事件的方法,总结了不同的重建方法和干扰重建取得的进展,并指出了以后研究的方向,为以后的干扰重建提供了参考。     

不通过髓心的树木圆盘年轮直径测定方法

树干解析是测树学的基础技术,在森林生物量和生产力的测算上起着不可替代的作用。传统树干解析树木直径的测定方法是测量每个圆盘东西、南北两条直径线上每年(或龄阶)的直径,取两个方向同一年(或龄阶)直径的平均数作为测定结果。由于横断面为绝对圆形的树干很少,且髓心常常偏倚,使用传统方法测量的年轮直径往往小于真实直径,造成树木材积与生物量的低估。本研究对传统树干解析圆盘年轮的测定方法进行了改进,提出了不通过髓心的树木圆盘几何直径测定法,并制定了测定规则,以期减少个体测定差异,使测量值最大限度地接近真实值。使用不同方法对圆盘的年轮直径进行了测定,通过比较圆形度、逼近度指数,证明了本方法较传统方法更为准确。本方法原理简明,易于操作,具有较强的实用性,对于提高森林蓄积量和生物量的估算精度具有重要意义。     

林木蒸腾耗水量测算方法的比较与应用

本文简述了林木蒸腾耗水的概念、研究价值和研究进展,从实测法和估测法的角度,综述了林木蒸腾耗水量的主要测算方法,对比了各方法的优缺点、适用性、局限性、应用现状以及适用尺度。本研究认为: 实测法可应用于多种空间尺度耗水量的测定,估测法常应用于大空间尺度蒸散量的测算。实测法是估测法的基础,因此应对实测法的测定结果进行合理的质量控制与评价,为校正估测法的估算结果提供数据基础。不管是同一大空间尺度还是不同空间尺度,实测法和估测法的结合能够提高蒸散量测算结果的准确性。提升复杂下垫面和恶劣气候环境下大空间尺度林木蒸散量的测算精度将成为未来的研究热点与难点。随着科学技术的不断进步,现有的测定装置和测算方法将被改进,精确测定林木蒸腾耗水量的新方法也将随之诞生。     

Efficiently measuring complex sessile epibenthic organisms using a novel photogrammetric technique

This paper describes a stereo photogrammetry method that allows accurate measurements of volume for sessile epibenthic organisms. It represents a novel approach based on multiple views (five stereo image pairs) from a purpose built stereo digital still camera system combined with a three-dimensional reconstruction software program (CAM). The bias, accuracy, precision and efficiency of the method were assessed in the laboratory using models with three levels of morphological complexity (simple, moderate and complex morphologies) and two sizes (large and small). The technique did not show any biases to observer experience, with no significant difference among observers (p > 0.05). Volume measurements made with CAM were very accurate when compared with the water displacement volume of each model, with an overall mean error of about − 3% (S.E. ± 1%). The CAM volume measurements were more accurate on complex models and moderately complex models than on models with simple morphologies. Also, large models had a higher accuracy than small models. Volume measurements made with CAM were also highly precise with the lowest precision observed being ± 2% of the volume estimate. The time required for a volume estimation using the CAM method was also highly efficient, and the longest time taken for a volume estimation was on average 1 h and 36 min, making it the fastest reported three-dimensional reconstruction method. In field applications, volume estimations of four sponges were all within the observed accuracy, precision and efficiency established during laboratory trials. The accuracy, precision and efficiency demonstrated by the CAM method make this technique highly suitable for routine measurements of the volume of sessile epibenthic organisms.     

青藏高原典型人工林幼树生物量模型构建

森林生物量计算是全球碳储量估算的基础,现已纳入全球国家森林清单项目。普遍的森林碳汇计量采用的材积源生物量法针对胸径5 cm以上的树木,幼树(胸径<6 cm,树高>0.3 m)的碳汇量并未被完整计入其中,导致生态系统碳汇能力被低估。基于青藏高原137株5种典型人工林幼树的实测生物量数据,以地径代替胸径作为预测变量,采用加权广义最小二乘法建立独立生物量模型,选择比例总量直接控制及代数和控制2种结构形式的相容性生物量模型,并通过加权非线性似乎不相关回归进行方程组估算,建立了整株及各组分的相容性生物量方程。结果表明: 二元相容性模型优于一元以及独立模型,对整株生物量来说,R²达到0.90～0.99,两种相容性模型对于不同树种来说各有优势但精度差距可以忽略,从林业生产实践角度考虑,比例总量直接控制生物量模型更有实践意义,从遥感技术的变量提取角度考虑,本研究构建了更适于遥感估算的幼树生物量模型,其整体上拟合精度高,可以准确地进行类似气候环境中的幼树整株和各组分生物量的估算。     

Risks and advantages of using surface laser photogrammetry on free‐ranging marine organisms: a case study on white sharks Carcharodon carcharias

This study employed a non‐lethal measurement tool, which combined an existing photo‐identification technique with a surface, parallel laser photogrammetry technique, to accurately estimate the size of free‐ranging white sharks Carcharodon carcharias. Findings confirmed the hypothesis that surface laser photogrammetry is more accurate than crew‐based estimations that utilized a shark cage of known size as a reference tool. Furthermore, field implementation also revealed that the photographer's angle of reference and the shark's body curvature could greatly influence technique accuracy, exposing two limitations. The findings showed minor inconsistencies with previous studies that examined pre‐caudal to total length ratios of dead specimens. This study suggests that surface laser photogrammetry can successfully increase length estimation accuracy and illustrates the potential utility of this technique for growth and stock assessments on free‐ranging marine organisms, which will lead to an improvement of the adaptive management of the species.     

基于地基激光雷达的落叶松人工林枝条因子提取和建模

地基激光雷达(TLS)可以实现从森林中无破坏收集数据。本文基于地基激光雷达数据通过点云处理软件以人机交互的方式获取了26株落叶松样木的1266组枝条信息,包括着枝高度、弦长、枝长、着枝角度、基径和弓高。枝条可提取的最大相对着枝高度的平均值为0.83。在所提取的枝条因子中,提取精度依次为着枝高度＞弦长＞枝长＞基径(基径大于20 mm的枝条)＞弓高,将树冠分为4部分后分析发现,随着冠层高度的增加,枝条密度呈升高趋势,枝条提取率和提取精度呈下降趋势。此外,由于枝条基径提取精度较低,以弦长、着枝高度、胸径和树高为自变量构建基径预测模型。对不同基径的实测值、提取值与模型预测值对比分析发现,枝条基径的预测精度大于提取精度。对于造材来说,最有价值的部分是树木中下部,本方法能够较准确地提取树木胸径树高和相对着枝高度0.8以下的枝条属性信息,提供构建木材质量模型所需要的参数。     

用太阳黑子和自相关因子预测杉木生长

以太阳黑子和自相关因子为预测因子,采用逐步回归分析方法,建立杉木〔Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．〕胸径生长的预测模型,结果表明前３年和８年的太阳黑子相对数及前５年杉木胸径生长的年轮指数值对杉木胸径生长存在正相关,前１年和４年的太阳黑子相对数及前６年和７年杉木胸径生长的年轮指数值对杉木胸径生长存在负相关,该模型的模拟精度和预测精度分别为９８９５％和９８４５％,且可提前５年进行预测,为林木生长预测提供了新的系统分析方法     

Total root length as estimated from small sub-samples

A method is proposed for estimating the total length of a root system from sub-samples. This method is based on the measurement of the length and diameter of small pieces of roots, and on the measurements of the bulk density of root sub-samples. It is assumed that roots are cylinders with a given bulk density. The length and diameter of small root pieces are measured by image analysis. A weighted quadratic mean (W.Q.M.) root diameter is then calculated and used in estimating the root length. This W.Q.M. diameter is defined as the real mean diameter of an equivalent single root with the same length and volume as the tested root system. The accuracy of prediction is demonstrated for one theoretical root system. The standard deviation of estimation can be calculated using sampling simulations.     

Development of a Compatible Taper Function and Stand-Level Merchantable Volume Model for Chinese Fir Plantations

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook) is one of the most important plantation tree species in China with good timber quality and fast growth. It covers an area of 8.54 million hectare, which corresponds to 21% of the total plantation area and 32% of total plantation volume in China. With the increasing market demand, an accurate estimation and prediction of merchantable volume at tree- and stand-level is becoming important for plantation owners. Although there are many studies on the total tree volume estimation from allometric models, these allometric models cannot predict tree- and stand-level merchantable volume at any merchantable height, and the stand-level merchantable volume model was not seen yet in Chinese fir plantations. This study aimed to develop (1) a compatible taper function for tree-level merchantable volume estimation, and (2) a stand-level merchantable volume model for Chinese fir plantations. This “taper function system” consisted in a taper function, a merchantable volume equation and a total tree volume equation. 46 Chinese fir trees were felled to develop the taper function in Shitai County, Anhui province, China. A second-order continuous autoregressive error structure corrected the inherent serial autocorrelation of different observations in one tree. The taper function and volume equations were fitted simultaneously after autocorrelation correction. The compatible taper function fitted well to our data and had very good performances in diameter and total tree volume prediction. The stand-level merchantable volume equation based on the ratio approach was developed using basal area, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter and top diameter (ranging from 0 to 30 cm) as independent variables. At last, a total stand-level volume table using stand basal area and dominant height as variables was proposed for local forest managers to simplify the stand volume estimation.     

A method for determining knotty core sizes of standing Pinus patula trees based on tree ring sampling

The objectives of this study were to develop and assess a method of using tree ring measurements in standing pruned Pinus patula trees for modelling the knotty core of the pruned section of a tree and to assess variability in knotty core diameters in the tree stem. A total of 170 trees from 17 compartments on a wide variety of growth sites from the Mpumalanga escarpment in South Africa were selected and destructively sampled. We show that ring width measurements at breast height can be used to predict growth in the upper pruned section which in turn can be used to reconstruct the internal knotty core through the full pruned section of the log.Analysis of variation for the entire data set from ring width measurements showed that there was far greater variation in knotty core percentages (the percentage of diameter occupied by knotty core) between different compartments than within compartments. Within a tree, the knotty core percentages between three stem sections, 0.0–2.4 m, 2.4–4.8 m, and 4.8–7 m, differed significantly. As expected the knotty core percentages were found to increase from the bottom section (49.1%) to the top section (65.4%).A comparison of the actual measured knotty core size and the modeled knotty core size of a sub-sample of trees showed only a modest relationship (R² = 0.62). Reasons for this might be variability in pruning quality, inaccurate pruning records, nodal swellings, and the methodology used to measure the actual knotty core sizes.Knowledge of knotty core sizes can be used as a decision aid in the forest and forest products industry.