Periphyton (Aufwuchs) Communities of Ciliated Protozoa in Salt-Polluted Running Waters of the Weser River Basin — Their Structure and Indicator Value (Including Model Ecosystems)

The ciliates in aufwuchs communities on glass slides exposed to different amounts of salt pollution at several locations in the Weser River system were investigated. The results were compared with those from the study of model ecosystems exposed to salts. A comparison of the ciliate occurrence with a number of physical and chemical parameters showed that it is primarily the amount of salt present that determines which species are dominant. The number of species present decreases in the presence of high salt concentrations and in water flowing at a high velocity. A halobic index was formulated to indicate salt pollution quantitatively but turned out not to be useful due to the euryhaline potency of most of the ciliate species. The saprobic index can be used in rivers polluted with salt only if biological indicator species are present in sufficient number.     

Effect of urban and industrial wastes on species diversity of the diatom community in a tropical river,Malaysia

Monthly species diversity and other components of diversity of diatom samples collected over a period of one year at eight stations in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia were analysed. Species diversity ranged between 0.52–3.62 bits individua^–1. Among the four stations located in the Linggi River (sensu stricto), highest diversity values were recorded at a station polluted by rubber effluent, followed by the stations unpolluted from point sources. Lowest diversity was recorded at a station polluted with urban sewage. At Kundor River, highest diversity was recorded at stations located downstream of rubber and palm oil waste discharges. On the whole, diversity values at unpolluted stations were always lower than at mildly polluted stations. Severe organic loadings caused low diversity by reducing the number of species (species richness) but did not increase the evenness (equitability) as expected when compared with unpolluted or mildly polluted stations. The changes in species diversity can be related to changes in diatom community structure and thereby changes in water quality, but cannot be used as an index of water quality.     

嘉陵江浮游生物群落结构研究

为揭示嘉陵江梯级水库浮游生物群落结构特征,按枯水期和丰水期对嘉陵江12个梯级水库24个样点进行浮游生物的野外采集,分析其群落结构的物种组成,并采用Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行分析.结果表明:嘉陵江四川段浮游植物共8门42科95属171种,浮游动物的组成共有4纲9目21科30属62种;浮游动物优势种类有21种.浮游生物评价结果表明梯级库区水质处于中度污染状态.     

Impact of Urban Pollution from the Hanoi Area on Benthic Diatom Communities Collected from the Red, Nhue and Tolich Rivers (Vietnam)

The effects of urban pollution from Hanoi city on the benthic diatom communities of the Nhue–Tolich river system were studied during the 2003 dry season. Benthic diatoms were allowed to grow on glass slides suspended in the water flow for 4 weeks. To reveal the relationship between water quality and diatom communities, Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used on data concerning relative abundances of diatom species and environmental variables. Two diatom indices, IPS and DAIpo, were applied to evaluate water quality in the three rivers. A total of 291 diatom taxa were found in the Red, Nhue and Tolich Rivers. These were mainly cosmopolitan taxa, with some tropical, subtropical and endemic taxa. The most abundant taxa at the Red site were Aulacoseira granulata, Achnanthidium minutissimum, Encyonema minutum, Navicula recens and other halophilous taxa such as Nitzschia kurzii, Seminavis strigosa, Entomoneis paludosa, Bacillaria paradoxa. Diatom assemblages at the Tolich site consisted mainly of Nitzschia umbonata, Nitzschia palea and Eolimna minima. Diatom density ranged from 660 to 30,000 cells/cm². Environmental variables and diatom assemblage composition at all sites were significantly correlated. Two diatom indices gave similar results and indicate the Tolich River with the lowest values as a highly polluted site.     

水和氮质量平衡模型预测稻田氮的淋溶损失

水和氮质量平衡模型预测稻田氮的淋溶损失曲向荣（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳１１００１５）Ｋ．Ｋ．ＴａｎＪｉ（美国加州大学水土气资源系,Ｄａｖｉｓ９５６１６,Ｕ．Ｓ．Ａ．）ＡＷａｔｅｒａｎｄＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＭａｓｓＢａｌａｎｃｅＭｏｄｅｌｆｏｒＰ...     

Biological Assessment of the Water Quality in South-Holland (The Netherlands)

A hydrobiological study was carried out to elaborate the water quality classification system of CASPERS & KARBE (1966, 1967) for the larger stagnant bodies of water in the western part of the Netherlands. Significant correlations have been established between different physical and chemical parameters and phytoplankton community structures such as diversity and saprobity. From this a proposal is developed to quantify the water quality classes in CASPERS & KARBE'S scheme on parameters measuring the bioactivity, oxygen regime and phytoplankton community structure. The scheme is now incorporated in the practical water quality assessment in North- and South-Holland both for routine monitoring as well as for special water quality studies.     

Diatom Communities and Water Quality Assessment in Mountain Rivers of the Upper Segre Basin (La Cerdanya,Oriental Pyrenees)

Epilithic diatoms of mountain rivers from the upper Segre catchment (Oriental Pyrenees) were studied in 1998, during three different seasons: March, July and September. Four rivers, the river Segre and its three most important tributaries, Duran, Molina and Querol, were sampled in upstream and downstream stretches. The diatom communities were comparable in all upstream stretches of these mountain rivers draining siliceous substrates. Dominant taxa were Achnanthidium subatomus, Diatoma mesodon, Encyonema cf. minutum, E. silesiacum, Fragilaria arcus, F. capucina, Gomphonema calcifugum, G. pumilum, Meridion circulare and Nitzschia pura. Changes in water quality in the downstream stretches lead to the appearance of pollution tolerant taxa, such as Eolimna minima, Gomphoneis minuta, Navicula gregaria, and Nitzschia inconspicua. As a result, the values obtained with the diatom water quality indices (IPS Specific Polluosensitivity Index, CEE and IBD Biological Diatom Index) decreased. The diatom community composition and the derived water quality values did not change in the upstream stretches over the year. In contrast, significant changes were observed in the downstream stretches with best water␣quality in July, during high flows due to melting snow, and worst values in September, during low␣discharge. The diatom indices, especially the IPS, showed a good performance in these mountain rivers.     

Water quality and Human Health Risk Assessment: a case study of the Czarna Przemsza River source in Zawiercie,Poland

Abstract

The water quality of the Czarna Przemsza River source in Zawiercie was investigated in four sampling campaigns in years 2016 and 2017. Values of 62 indicators (physico-chemical, inorganic, organic, and biological) were compared with permissible limits for drinking water according to Polish legal acts and EU, WHO, USEPA, and Canadian guidelines. The water quality was determined as below good because of EC values and As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Se, and Zn concentrations. Water was also determined as non-potable due to exceeded concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Fe, K, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Se. The Human Health Risk Assessment for Zawiercie’s inhabitants was carried out, while water from the source is consumed regardless of its quality. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values exceeded Minimal Risk Level values forCr, Cd, As, Se, and Cu. The hazard index (HI) values pointed very high total non-carcinogenic risk in residential exposure scenario generated mainly by As, Cr(VI), Tl, Pb, MCPA, Se, and Cd. Water intake scenario based on questionnaire surveys pointed that risk for inhabitants existed (HI >1). The total carcinogenic risk (R_t) values were at the unacceptable level and decreased in the following order: Cr(VI) > As?>?Pb.     

Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: Case studies in the Nepean River and Blue Mountains,NSW

Abstract Two sets of data were used to evaluate the procedure for rapid assessment of rivers described by Chessman (1995): (i) 72 samples from four habitats at 27 sites on the Nepean River and tributaries; and (ii) 41 riffle samples from the Blue Mountains. In the Nepean system all the sites had moderate anthropogenic disturbance but none had gross organic pollution. There were, however, conductivity differences related to mixed sandstone and shale lithology. The sites differed widely in natural physical attributes such as stream order (2–6) and altitude (40–600 m). The Blue Mountains data included sites with little or no anthropogenic disturbance and sites greatly affected by organic pollution. There was again a wide range of altitudes (15–1000 m) but stream orders were more restricted (1–4). The occurrence of macroinvertebrate families was analysed using cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) and ordination (semi-strong hybrid multidimensional scaling). Relationships between the patterns observed, the SIGNAL biotic index, and physical and chemical data were investigated. The Nepean data showed that the sample size of 100 animals used in the rapid procedure was sufficient to reveal natural distribution patterns in the communities, and that SIGNAL was essentially independent of these patterns. In the Blue Mountains, water pollution had a greater effect on macroinvertebrate communities than the physical habitat, and SIGNAL distinguished sites with differing levels of pollution.     

A Study on the Impact of Urban and Industrial Development in the Linggi River Basin,Malaysia. 2. Chemical Environment

An investigation of the chemical environment of the Linggi River Basin was carried out at 15 main and 27 supplementary stations between January 1983 and January 1984. Spatial and temporal changes in pH, specific conductivity, alkalinity, chloride, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, orthophosphate, dissolved oxygen, BOD, and diurnal variations were studied in relation to influence of various kinds of pollutants. The chemical composition of natural water analysed at a few undisturbed forest stream stations in the basin can be considered very good. A drastic change in river water quality was noticed in downstream polluted stations. The pH in the basin varied from 4.05 to 10.5 units, conductivity from 23.0–1,500 umhos/cm, alkalinity from 6.0–1,388 mg/l, chloride from 0.9–160.9 mg/l, orthophosphate from 0.5–5.21 mg/l, ammonia-N from 0.001–53.75 mg/l, nitrite-N from 0.0–8.2 mg/l, nitrate-N from 0.03–6.77 mg/l and BOD₃, from 0.32–384.0 mg/l and COD from 0.02 to 79.2 unit. Among all the rivers, very high values were recorded at Kundor, Simin and Linggi (sensu stricto).     

A Study on the Impact of Urban and Industrial Development in the Linggi River Basin,Malaysia. 1. Morphometry and Physical Environment

The Linggi River Basin is one of the most polluted river basins in Malaysia and drains an area of about 1,399km² in the state of Negri Sembilan. An extensive multidisciplinary research was carried out to develop a predictive mathematical model to manage the Linggi River basin effectively. This paper reports only the morphometry and other physical environmental conditions of the Linggi River Basin which was carried out between January, 1983 and January, 1984. Topography, vegetation, landuse pattern, general geology and lithology, population distribution and water usage by the people are discussed. In addition, physical information such as air and water temperatures, precipitation, sunshine, discharge, suspended solids and dissolved solids data collected before and after the study period are discussed in detail.     

Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: A procedure based on habitat-specific sampling,family level identification and a biotic index

Abstract This paper describes a simple and inexpensive procedure for the rapid biological assessment of water quality in rivers and streams in eastern Australia. The procedure involves the standardized collection of samples of 100 macroinvertebrates from defined habitat types within a water body. Specimens are identified to family level only and a biotic index is calculated. Proposed future testing and evaluation are described, and the limitations of the rapid approach are discussed.     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测南通市濠河水质污染的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测南通市濠河水质污染状况,结果表明全部受试水样均能引起微核率显著升高,其中灰堆坝河段的微核率为１８６１‰,和平桥、三元桥、长桥、跃南桥、北濠桥河段的微核率分别为１３２２‰、１２３０‰、１１７３‰、１００５‰、６９９‰,提示水体中含有遗传毒性物质。此外本文还对造成水质污染的可能原因以及防治对策的选择、微核率与化学耗氧量的关系进行了讨论     

滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟群落结构及多样性

2003年3月～2006年4月,对滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟进行了调查。共记录水鸟80种,隶属于7目16科。其中候鸟73种(夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟),留鸟7种;古北种62种,东洋种11种,广布种7种;国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类11种。鸻形目和雁形目鸟类占优势,各占水鸟种数的35.00%和30.00%。水鸟种类和数量高峰出现在4月和11月,低谷在1月和2月。多样性分析表明,冶河-黄壁庄水库和滹沱河-岗南水库Shannon-Weiner指数和G-F指数均高于石板水库,这与湿地面积和生境的多样性有关。滹沱河湿地石家庄段作为许多水鸟,尤其是黑鹳的重要栖息地,需进一步加强监测和保护。     

Development and use of a system for predicting the macroinvertebrate fauna in flowing waters

Abstract R iver I nV ertebrate P rediction A nd C lassification S ystem (rivpacs ) is a software package developed by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (IFE) for assessing the biological quality of rivers in the United Kingdom. The system can be used to generate site-specific predictions of the macroinvertebrate fauna to be expected in the absence of major environmental stress. Each prediction is based on a small number of environmental features that are used to characterize the site. The fauna predicted can then be compared with the fauna observed at the same site. This offers a procedure for evaluating biological quality with application in river management both at the local level and for national surveys. Close collaboration between the IFE team and biologists in the water industry during the project had a beneficial influence on the operational development of the system. A second feature of RIVPACS is the national classification of sites, based on the macro-invertebrate fauna. Although the classification is currently a pre-requisite for the prediction system, it also has intrinsic value because newly sampled sites of high biological quality can be placed within the national framework, based on their macroinvertebrate fauna. This facility is of interest to the statutory nature conservation bodies as an element in their site appraisal procedures. The predictive component of the current version of the system (RIVPACS n) was used in the 1990 River Quality Survey to assess the biological quality of almost 9000 sites throughout the United Kingdom. Further developmental work is now under way to provide a more comprehensive version of the system for the 1995 survey.     

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Surface Water Contamination with Cryptosporidium Sp. Oocysts: A Case Study of Three Agricultural Catchments

In recent years there have been a number of waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in some major urban centers in Ireland. The Irish Environmental Protection Agency has adapted and modified the qualitative “Scottish Water Directions” to help prevent such outbreaks. When this risk assessment method was applied to three small agricultural river catchments in Ireland, the results suggested an equal risk of water contamination for each catchment. A survey was conducted in each catchment focusing on agricultural activity and surface waters. Fecal samples were collected from 1–8-week-old calves along with associated slurry and dung from beef and dairy farms and water samples were collected monthly at the outlet of the three catchments. Two of the catchments had much higher infection rates among neonatal calves as well as higher oocyst contamination of surface waters than the remaining one. It was concluded that the qualitative risk assessment could be more robust if cognizance was taken of the temporal and epidemiological aspects of cryptosporidiosis in beef and dairy herds.     

热带森林树种多度和丰富度空间分布特征研究

用巴拿马50 hm2森林动态监测样地内直径≥1 cm的树种资料,分析了该样地树种多度(个体数)和丰富度(物种数)及其方差和变异系数在6个取样尺度(5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,20 m×20 m,25 m×25 m,50 m×50 m,100 m×100 m)的变化规律.结果显示:(1)由于多度的可加性,不同取样尺度在样地内树种多度的变化表现出一致性;随取样尺度的增加,多度方差呈线性增加,而变异系数呈线性减小.(2)丰富度随取样尺度的变化较为复杂,随取样尺度的增加,丰富度方差呈非线性变化,在取样尺度为25 m×25 m时方差最大;变异系数随取样尺度的增加而呈线性减小.研究表明,大尺度的多度值可以由小尺度的多度值通过外推法估计,而丰富度却不能,在生物多样性的保护和管理中不能简单地从一个取样尺度的生物丰富度推测另一个取样尺度丰富度.     

Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency in Twenty Tropical Tree Species of Differing Succession Status in a Brazilian Reforestation

Leaf gas exchange characteristics were measured in twenty woody species that differ in succession status ranging from pioneer species (PS) to late succession species (LS) in a Brazilian rain-reforestation ecosystem. Photon-saturated photosynthetic rate, calculated per either a leaf area (P _NA) or a dry mass (P _NM) basis, differed among species. P _NA and P _NM were highest in PS and lowest in LS. Variation among species was 3-fold (from 7 to 23 mol m^–2 s^–1) for P _NA, and 5-fold (from 50 to 275 mol kg^–2 s^–1) for P _NM. The highest P _NA (23 mol m^–2 s^–1) and P _NM (275 mol kg^–2 s^–1) values were recorded in PS Croton urucurana, while the lowest P _NA (7 mol m^–2 s^–1) and P _NM (50 mol kg^–2 s^–1) values were recorded in LS Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon. A considerable overlap was recorded between PS and LS in values of stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (E), and leaf mass to area ratio (ALM). However, C. urucurana also showed highest g _s and E. P _NM was highly correlated with ALM in both PS and LS (r=–0.75 and –0.90, respectively). The high values of instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE_i) were also observed in the PS when compared with the LS.     

珠江广州市段PFU原生动物群落特征及其与水质的关系

采用国家标准《水质微型生物群落监测－PFU法》,对珠江广州市段的原生动物群落进行了群落组成和群集过程的研究。共观察到各类原生动物203种。其中植物性鞭毛虫44种;动物性鞭毛虫64种;肉足虫17种和78种纤毛虫。分析了原生动物群落在该河段的组成特点,以及它们与水质变化的关系。结果显示：原生动物群落持征的变化与水质变化相吻合,珠江在流经广州市区后,水质发生了明显地恶化,原生动物群落受到破坏;经过一个较长的流程,水质得到了一定程度的改善,原生动物群落也有所恢复。