金鱼藻营养器官的形态解剖学研究

通过对金鱼藻最常见的营养器官茎和叶的形态解剖观察发现:整个植株脆性较大;茎中通气组织不发达,木质部和机械组织不发达,凯氏带不明显;叶片薄而透明,二歧状分枝,表皮含大量的叶绿体,通气组织特别发达,气腔有端壁且有通道相连,木质部退化.     

Single and Combined Effects of Exposure Concentration and Duration on Biological Responses of Ceratophyllum demersum L. Exposed to Cr Species

This study aimed to demonstrate the ways in which two chromium species, Cr (III) and Cr (VI), can affect various physiological and biochemical parameters in the plant Ceratophyllum demersum L., and to evaluate the single and combined impact of exposure concentration and duration. C. demersum was exposed to Cr (III) and Cr (VI) at a variety of concentrations (1, 2, 5, and 10 mM) and for differing durations (1, 2, 4, and 7 days), after which Cr accumulation, relative growth rate (RGR), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrical conductivity (EC), photosynthetic pigmentation, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities were examined. The single and combined effects of exposure duration and Cr concentration on each parameter were determined using a two-way analysis of variance. For both the Cr (III) and Cr (VI) applications, it was observed that concentration had a significant effect on all parameters assessed. However, duration had no statistically significant effect on proline content in the Cr (III) application, or on MDA and protein content in the Cr (VI) application. It was determined that concentration exerted greater effects than duration for both Cr species studied. In addition, the results indicated that duration and concentration had a synergistic effect on variations of RGR, EC, protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in both the Cr (III) and Cr (VI) applications. These results may be useful when planning further phytoremediation and plant biotechnology studies.     

汞、镉复合污染对金鱼藻的影响及其抗性机制的探讨

研究了金鱼藻在不同浓度 Hg2 +、Cd2 +以及 Hg2 +、Cd2 +共同胁迫下叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性和游离脯氨酸含量等的变化。结果表明 :低浓度 Cd2 + (≤ 2 mg.L- 1)对上述指标有激应性反应 ,低浓度 Hg2 + (≤ 0 .5mg.L- 1)对叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性也有激应性反应 ;可以认为这是植物的一种保护性机制。但随着 H2 +、Cd2 +处理浓度增大 ,上述生理指标呈下降趋势 ,表明植物细胞遭受伤害。Hg2 + 、Cd2 + 共同胁迫下上述生理指标下降幅度明显增大 ,表现为协同作用。     

Seasonal Variation in the Chemical Composition of Tropical Australian Marine Macroalgae

The proximate chemical composition (ash, soluble carbohydrate, lipid and protein) was determined in 30 common species of tropical Australian marine macroalgae from Darwin Harbour (12^∘26′S, 130^∘51′E), in summer (hot and wet) and winter (cool and dry). There was a wide diversity of species in both seasons (19 species in summer and 20 species in winter). In most species, the major component was soluble carbohydrate (chlorophytes range 2.5–25.8% dry weight (dw), phaeophytes range 8.4–22.2% dw, rhodophytes range 18.7–39.2% dw) with significantly higher (p < 0.05) percentages only in winter season rhodophytes. Highest percentages of protein were found in rhodophytes collected in the summer (range 4.8–12.8% dw), with significantly lower percentages (p < 0.05) during winter. All species had lipid contents within the range 1.3–7.8% dw, with highest percentages in summer phaeophytes, but no significant differences between species or season. Most species had moderate to high ash contents (24.2–89.7% dw), with the highest percentages during summer. Compared with summer samples, macroalgae collected in winter had higher energy value and slightly lower percentages of inorganic matter. The variation of algal groups and chemical composition may influence the availability of the food source for the majority of herbivores, which in turn is likely to effect their ecology and community structure.     

悬浮泥沙溶液对金鱼藻快速光响应曲线的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60、90 NTU的混浊溶液,将金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum dem er-sum)种植于该溶液中,1个月后测定植株叶片的快速光响应曲线,研究悬浮泥沙对金鱼藻光合荧光特性的影响。结果表明,在60、90 NTU的悬浮泥沙溶液中金鱼藻叶片的荧光产量(Ft)、光适应最大荧光产量(Fm′)和有效荧光产量(ΔFv/Fm)都显著低于对照和30 NTU的植株。与对照相比较,在混浊溶液中植株叶片的光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(qN)随光照强度的增加显著降低,光合能力和热耗散能力显著降低。混浊溶液中,随溶液浊度的增加植株最小饱和光强(Ek)和最大相对电子传递效率(rETRm ax)也显著低于对照植株,光合作用受到显著影响。因而,金鱼藻不适于在高浊度的悬浮泥沙溶液中生长。     

The response of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. to reduced, ambient, and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

The response of Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum to three levels of UV-B radiation – reduced (ca. 50% reduction), ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation, simulating 17% ozone depletion – is discussed. The research revealed that UV-B stimulated the production of UV-B absorbing compounds in C. demersum, but not in M. spicatum. The relative amount of UV-B absorbing compounds was about four times lower in C. demersum. Enhanced UV-B also affected respiratory potential in C. demersum (on average 3.7 mg O₂/gDM/h), but no effect on M. spicatum (on average 5.5 mg O₂/gDM/h) was detected. Increased need for energy revealed that UV-B radiation exerted stress in C. demersum. No changes in chlorophyll a and no disturbance to photochemical efficiency due to UV-B were observed in either species.     

小鱼仙草种子化学成分的研究

对小鱼仙草种子的化学成分进行研究,结果表明：种子脂肪油含量为20.26%,其主要成分为：亚油酸（15.117%）、亚麻酸（67.356%）、油酸（11.349%）、棕榈酸（4.988%）、硬脂酸（11.80%）等,种子油含有大量人体所需的不饱和脂肪酸。此外还测定了种子的17种氨基酸和24种矿质元素。其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和医疗保健功效,具有潜在开发利用的价值。     

Seasonal Effects in the Hormonal Control of Growth in the Submerged Aquatic Macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum

The season dependent changes in growth response to treatment with auxin or gibberellin were studied in the aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum. Control plants show, under experimental conditions, a maximum growth in length in February. In the same period most of the lateral buds appear. Growth of the lateral buds occurs later. IAA causes a stimulation of growth in length from late November or December until February, in concentrations of 10^?9M and 10^?6M. There is almost no stimulation of lateral bud formation by IAA, only a slight increase from late November until December occurs by the lowest concentrations used. The highest concentration used, 10^?4M, is in most cases supraoptimal for lateral bud formation; only when plants become dormant (August), this high dose may stimulate the process. GA₃, in concentrations of 10^?9, 10^?6 or 10^?4M, exhibits a dose dependent increase of the response with respect to growth in length and lateral bud formation. The response occurs earlier than that for IAA: already early in November, or December, until February. Growth of the lateral buds may show only a slight stimulation by IAA as well as GA in winter. From February until April all GA concentrations used could cause a small increase of the growth of sprouts. In the case of IAA, however, only the lowest concentration could cause a small increase.     

Seasonal growth of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. in mesotrophic Lake Vechten in relation to insolation,temperature and reserve carbohydrates

Seasonal growth of a Ceratophyllum demersum stand in Lake Vechten, The Netherlands, varied considerably during 1978, '79 and '81. The biomass was highest in 1981 (max. 115 g ash-free dry weight m^–2). The 1978 growth trend was similar to that of 1981 with slightly lower net annual production (max. 92 g AFDW m^–2). The vegetation almost disappeared in 1979 (max. 24 g AFDW m^–2). These large differences in biomass could not be explained by differences in insolation but were mainly attributed to the severe winter of 1978–'79 which slowed plant development and full maturity was attained only after the diurnal insolation had decreased.Reserve carbohydrates were primarily starch and water-soluble sugars. Starch concentrations varied between 71.5 and 24.7 mg g^–1 AFDW in the winter and summer, and total sugar concentrations between 24.9 and 20.2 mg g^–1 AFDW, respectively. The non-reducing sugars tended to predominate in summer and the reducing sugars in winter. The value of these reserves for maintenance, growth and survival was assessed by calculating plant carbon budgets for several seasons.It was concluded that C. demersum relies heavily on its developmental timing and energy-conserving physiological mechanisms to survive extended periods of stress and in these respects is analogous to a typical terrestrial shade plant.     

Effect of Hirschmanniella caudacrena on the Submersed Aquatic Plants Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata

In vitro pathogenicity tests demonstrated that Hirschmanniella caudacrena is pathogenic to Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail). Symptoms were chlorotic tissue, deformed stems, and, finally, death of the plant. Inoculum densities of 500 nematodes per 5-cm-long cutting in a test tube containing 50 ml of water resulted in death and decay of some of the cuttings within 8 weeks; 100 nematodes killed the plants in 12 weeks, and 50 and 25 nematodes killed them in 16 weeks. The lowest inoculum level of 10 nematodes did not seriously affect the plants at 16 weeks when the experiment was terminated. A second test conducted outdoors in glass jars containing 3 liters of water and two cuttings weighing a total of 15 g fresh weight showed damage, but results were not statistically significant. Hydrilla verticillata inoculated with H. caudacrena was not affected seriously.     

Taxonomic Shift Over a Phosphorus Gradient Affects the Stoichiometry and Fatty Acid Composition of Stream Periphyton

Phosphorus enrichment of stream ecosystems generally increases primary production in the benthos, but the consequences of eutrophication for the nutritional quality of periphyton for grazers are less clear. On short timescales, high phosphorus inputs may lead to reduced C:P ratios and high essential fatty acid contents of periphyton, which are both considered important determinants of food quality for grazers. However, nutrient enrichment may alter the taxonomic composition of periphyton and favor the growth of less palatable algal taxa. In this study, periphyton was grown under a gradient of dissolved phosphorus availability from 5 to 100 µg P · L⁻¹, to investigate eutrophication effects on periphyton taxonomy, C:N:P stoichiometry, and fatty acid composition. After 1 month, periphyton grown under oligotrophic conditions was mainly composed of diatoms (~86%). With increasing phosphorus availability, diatoms were gradually outcompeted by chlorophytes and cyanobacteria, which were the predominant taxon under eutrophic conditions. Unexpectedly, periphyton C:P ratios increased with greater phosphorus supply, from ~280 under oligotrophic conditions up to ~790 at 100 µg · L⁻¹, reflecting a tendency of chlorophytes and cyanobacteria to produce more biomass per unit of assimilated phosphorus compared to diatoms. Periphyton content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to biomass followed a unimodal relationship with phosphorus availability and peaked at intermediate phosphorus levels, likely as a result of both taxonomic and nutrient effects. Our results demonstrate that phosphorus-driven eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems may worsen periphyton nutritional quality due to taxonomic sorting, which may further lead to lower growth and reproduction of herbivores.     

Comparative developmental morphology of two populations of Ceratophyllum L. (Ceratophyllaceae) and their taxonomy

Developmental morphology of two natural populations of Ceratophyllum inhabiting the waters of Delhi has been investigated under natural conditions and in aseptic culture. Both the populations show an extreme degree of adaptability to hydrophily. The embryo is unusually highly developed and contains 12–14 whorls of leaves and a few lateral buds. The two populations differ significantly in colour and dichotomy of leaf; structure and position of male flowers; number, position and colour of horns on the fruit; stylar length and distribution of sexes. The latter two parameters are probably responsible for the reproductive isolation of the populations, despite their sympatric association. On account of these differences, the two populations are assigned to two distinct species C. demersum L. and C. echinatum Gray, respectively and their taxonomy is discussed; C. echinatum is a New World species not previously recorded from India.     

Lipid Composition of in vitro Developing Seeds of Brassica campestris L.

A liquid culture technique has been developed to study lipid metabolism in seeds of Brassica campestris L. grown in vitro from terminal inflorescences detached 4 to 46 days after anthesis. Seeds developed under these conditions exhibited pattern of growth, deposition of storage products and lipid composition similar to those from intact plant.     

Changes in the Lipid Composition of Thalassiosira pseudonana during Its Life Cycle

The lipid and fatty acid (FA) compositions of a marine diatom alga Thalassiosira pseudonana grown in culture were investigated. The relative content of separate lipid classes and their FA composition varied during of the life cycle. During the periods of active cell division and resting cell production, the proportion of polar lipids, as the structural components of cell membranes, increased. Changes in the proportion of lipid classes resulted in shifts in the FA composition of total lipids. It is suggested that the structural components of photosynthetic and cells membranes accumulate in the resting cells. Thereby, a rapid cell growth and an extensive development of the species under favorable environmental conditions is provided.     

Expression of phytochelatin synthase from aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. enhances cadmium and arsenic accumulation in tobacco

Phytochelatin synthase (PCS), the key enzyme involved in heavy metal detoxification and accumulation has been used from various sources to develop transgenic plants for the purpose of phytoremediation. However, some of the earlier studies provided contradictory results. Most of the PCS genes were isolated from plants that are not potential metal accumulators. In this study, we have isolated PCS gene from Ceratophyllum demersum cv. L. (CdPCS1), a submerged rootless aquatic macrophyte, which is considered as potential accumulator of heavy metals. The CdPCS1 cDNA of 1,757?bp encodes a polypeptide of 501 amino acid residues and differs from other known PCS with respect to the presence of a number of cysteine residues known for their interaction with heavy metals. Complementation of cad1-3 mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in PC (phytochelatin) biosynthesis by CdPCS1 suggests its role in the synthesis of PCs. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CdPCS1 showed several-fold increased PC content and precursor non-protein thiols with enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) without significant decrease in plant growth. We conclude that CdPCS1 encodes functional PCS and may be part of metal detoxification mechanism of the heavy metal accumulating plant C. demersum. KEY MESSAGE: Heterologous expression of PCS gene from C. demersum complements Arabidopsis cad1-3 mutant and leads to enhanced accumulation of Cd and As in transgenic tobacco.     

Effect of cell density and irradiance on growth,proximate composition and eicosapentaenoic acid production ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum grown in a tubular photobioreactor

Growth and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) productivity of the diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum grown semicontinuously in a helical tubular photobioreactor were examined under a range of irradiances (approximately 56 to 1712 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1) and cell densities (3 × 10⁶ to 18 × 10⁶ cells mL^-1). Self shading sets the upper limit of operational maximum cell density. Higher irradiance increases this upper limit and also increase the growth rate. Biomass productivity and EPA productivity were enhanced at those cell densities which support the fastest growth rate irrespective of irradiance. The cell protein content increased with increasing irradiance and the carbohydrate and lipid content increased with increasing cell density. EPA productivity was greatest at the highest irradiance. This study shows that biomass productivity and EPA productivity can be maximised by optimising cell density and irradiance, as well as by addition of CO₂.Author for correspondence     

郁金香花芽分化过程中鳞茎碳水化合物和蛋白质含量的变化

以郁金香的两个品种‘朱迪斯＇（‘Judith Leyster＇）和‘大笑＇（‘Big Smile＇）为材料,采用石蜡切片法确定其花芽分化进程,并测定花芽分化期鳞茎内碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明,郁金香花芽分化过程中,两个品种的碳水化合物含量的变化趋势较为接近。随着鳞茎含水量的下降,可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先增加后减少的趋势。淀粉含量的变化呈现波动性,而淀粉酶活性则持续增强并在后期达到稳定水平。鳞片中可溶性糖含量和淀粉酶活性同时增加是郁金香花芽形态分化启动的标志。相比于外层鳞片,内层鳞片是为花芽原基生长发育提供营养物质的首要场所。     

Biochemical composition of cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) eggs during embryonic development

Changes in egg volume, water content, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and fatty acids in cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) were determined during embryogenesis to understand the nutritional requirements in the early life phase. The egg volume and the water content decreased significantly (P<0.05) during early embryonic development, and then increased abruptly after the beginning of organ differentiation. During embryonic development, protein was the major content in the yolk and the per cent composition varied to a large extent (55.19–78.45%) with carbohydrates (9.86–15.56%) and lipids (1.62–2.97%). Proteins and lipids decreased 23.3% and 0.4%, respectively, in dry weight, while carbohydrates increased 0.46%. Total amino acids and essential amino acids (EAAs) were stable during the early embryonic developmental stage, but decreased significantly until the eggs hatched (P<0.05). The largest utilisation of the yolk protein possibly occurred with respect to EAAs (25.7%) because of a decrease in methionine (70.3%), valine (63.0%) and phenylalanine (58.5%). The most important fatty acids were saturated fatty acid (SFA) C16:0 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) C22:6 and C20:5. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and SFA decreased at a similar rate during embryonic development (5.69% and 6.15%, respectively). For UFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids were consumed at a greater rate than PUFAs (29.6% and 0.05%, respectively).     

低温弱光处理及恢复期间黄瓜叶片的光抑制与类囊体膜中脂肪酸组成的变化

低温导致黄瓜叶片严重的光抑制,同时类囊体膜不饱和脂肪酸含量下降.低温弱光处理后恢复期间,Vv/Fm和多聚不饱和脂肪酸含量都迅速恢复,暗示两者之间可能有一定的联系.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Myelin Proteolipid Protein During Vertebrate Evolution

The hydrophobic myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) contains covalently bound long-chain fatty acids which are attached to intracellular cysteine residues via thioester linkages. To gain insight into the role of acylation in the structure and function of myelin PLP, the amount and pattern of acyl groups attached to the protein during vertebrate evolution was determined. PLP isolated from brain myelin of amphibians, reptiles, birds and several mammals was subjected to alkaline methanolysis and the released methyl esters were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. In all species studied, PLP contained approximately the same amount of covalently bound fatty acids (3% w/w), and palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and stearic acids were always the major acyl groups. Although the relative proportions of these fatty acids changed during evolution, the changes did not necessarily follow the variations in the acyl chain composition of the myelin free fatty acid pool, suggesting fatty acid specificity. The phylogenetic conservation of acylation suggests that this post-translational modification is critical for PLP function.