Amplification and methylation of an esterase gene associated with insecticide-resistance in greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The greenbug aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) has developed resistance to organophosphorus insecticides by the over-production of esterases that have been classified as Type I and Type II. The first twenty N-terminal amino acids of the Type I esterase were determined and used to design an oligonucleotide, which in conjunction with an active site primer derived from conserved sequences of other insect esterases and two internal primers specific for esterases from another aphid species resulted in a 0.85 kb genomic DNA fragment from resistant greenbugs. This was extended by 5′ RACE which provided approximately 1.2 kb of the 5′ end of the esterase gene. The 5′ DNA sequence corresponded to 19 of the 20 known amino acids of the Type I esterase, with the last needing only a one base change (probably resulting from a PCR artifact). Furthermore, the sequence showed very close similarity to the amplified E4/FE4 esterase genes of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). A comparison of sequences suggested that the S. graminum gene has introns in the same positions as the first two introns of E4/FE4, with the second intron being considerably larger in S. graminum. Probing of Southern blots with the 0.85 kb esterase fragment showed that the gene encoding the Type I esterase is amplified 4- to 8-fold in resistant S. graminum and that the amplified sequences contain 5-methylcytosine at MspI/HpaII sites, again in agreement with previous findings for M. persicae genes.     

基于EPG的麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食行为比较

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。     

Sex pheromone discrimination by male aphids of a biotype of Schizaphis graminum

The ability of male aphids of two different biotypes (C & E) of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), to distinguish ovipara-produced sex pheromone of their own biotype from that of the other biotype was examined using an arena olfactometer. Biotype E males showed a strong preference for biotype E oviparae; the preference of biotype C males for biotype C oviparae was less marked. These behavioral findings indicate a potential biochemical reproductive isolating mechanism for these biotypes.

---

Unterschiedung der weiblichen geschlechtspheromone zweier biotypen der aphide Schizaphis graminum durch die männchen

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion der Männchen von zwei Biotypen (C & E) der Aphide Schizaphis graminum auf die Geschlechtspheromone der Oviparen ihres eigenen und des anderen Biotyps wurde mit Hilfe einer Olfaktometer-Arena untersucht. Biotyp E Männchen zeigten eine starke Präferenz für Biotyp E Ovipare, während die Präferenz von Biotyp C Männchen für Biotyp C Ovipare weniger stark ausgeprägt war. Diese Resultate deuten auf einen möglichen verhaltensbiologischen Isolationsmechanismus der beiden Biotypen dieser Blattlausart in der Natur hin.

     

Suitability of Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Aleyrodes proletella (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) as prey for Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The suitability of Aphis fabae Scopoli, Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aleyrodes proletella L. as food sources for Coccinella undecimpunctata L. was evaluated by studying the impact of prey consumption on the predator’s population growth parameters and feeding parameters. Unlike A. proletella, A. fabae and M. persicae supported the development and reproduction of C. undecimpunctata. A. fabae and M. persicae were considered to be essential prey, whereas A. proletella was considered to be an alternative prey. Aphid species showed different degrees of suitability: M. persicae significantly decreased the pre-oviposition period and increased adult longevity, fecundity and fertility compared with A. fabae. Moreover, A. fabae represents a suitable diet for larval development, but is not a suitable food source for adult reproduction. The predator’s population growth parameters, R₀, r_m and λ were increased with M. persicae, whereas T decreased. We found that the 4th instar larvae were the most voracious, particularly when fed on M. persicae; nevertheless, with this prey daily weight gain and feeding efficiency of 4th instar larvae were similar to that of individuals fed with A. fabae.     

Aphelinus albipodus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andDiaeretiella rapae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism onDiuraphis noxia(Homoptera: Aphididae) Infesting Barley Plants Differing in Plant Resistance to Aphids

Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), as a pest of small grains, has prompted research into biological control and host plant resistance. In the presence of Russian wheat aphid, leaves of a susceptible barley (Morex) are curled and chlorotic and sustain large densities of this aphid, while leaves of a resistant barley (STARS-9301B) remain flat and green and sustain fewer aphids. Might parasitism of Russian wheat aphid byAphelinus albipodusHayat & Fatima andDiaeretiella rapaeMcIntosh be affected differently by these plant types? When presented the plants separately and based on parasitism rate relative to aphid density, the largerD. rapaewas more effective in parasitizing relatively high densities of aphids within curled leaves of Morex than relatively low densities of aphids on uncurled leaves of STARS-9301B. Parasitism byA. albipodusdid not significantly differ among the plants. When given a choice of plants, approximately equal rates of parasitism occurred on the two plant lines for both parasitoid species, and parasitism byD. rapaewas greater thanA. albipodus.These data indicate that using parasitoid size as an indicator of success in a physically restricted environment may be misleading, when considered in a plant environment responsive in several manners to aphids (chlorosis, curling, and ability to sustain Russian wheat aphid). We expect that use of resistant barley will result in decreased parasitoid abundance as aphid densities decrease. However, parasitism rates are expected to be approximately equal on resistant and susceptible barley. In this system, plant resistance and biocontrol are compatible management strategies.     

Functional response of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the Laboratory

Stage specific functional response of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) to varying densities of Aphis gossypii Glover was examined in a simplified cucumber leaf arena under laboratory conditions. All stages of H. axyridis were isolated individually for 24 h with different prey densities at 25 °C and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The number of prey consumed by the predator was checked at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. All stages of H. axyridis showed a Type II functional response. Based on the random predator equation, estimated attack rates of H. axyridis at 24 h were 0.0037, 0.0442, 0.3590, 0.3228, and 0.1456, and estimated handling times were 4.1001, 2.4575, 0.7500, 0.2132, and 0.1708 h for the first, second, third, and fourth instars, and female adult, respectively.     

Classical biological control of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) in California cotton

In August 1994 and 1995 classical biological control releases were made in cotton in the San Joaquin Valley, California, with an Arkansas strain of the entomopathogenic fungus, Neozygites fresenii, a pathogen of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. Pre-release samples in both years indicated that N. fresenii was not naturally present in A. gossypii populations in the San Joaquin Valley. Two release methods were compared: dried N. fresenii-infected cotton aphid “cadavers” and chamber inoculation of A. gossypii. Both methods were successful in introducing N. fresenii to cotton aphids in California; however, higher prevalence of fungal infection resulted with the cadaver treatments. N. fresenii persisted and spread in the aphid population until early October 1994 and late September 1995. The highest mean percentage infection in the cadaver treatment in 1994 reached a level (14%) considered imminent for epizootics (12–15%). The use of predator exclusion cages resulted in higher N. fresenii prevalences.     

Interactions among the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and its host, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the biological characteristics and life table of Aphidius matricariae, a parasitoid of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, was studied under laboratory conditions. Aphids were first infected with twice the LC₉₅ of B. bassiana for third-instar M. persicae (2 × 10⁸ conidia/ml). Subsequently, at different intervals they were exposed to 1-day-old mated parasitoid females for 24 h. The number of mummies produced per female and the percentage emergence of the F1 generation differed significantly as a function of the time interval between application of the fungus and exposure to the parasitoid. The interference of B. bassiana on parasitoid development was also studied by first exposing the aphid hosts to the parasitoid for 24 h and subsequently applying B. bassiana. The number of mummies produced by a female A. matricariae varied from 11.8 to 24.8 and was significantly different when the aphids were first exposed to the parasitoids and then treated with B. bassiana 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure. There were no significantly different effects of B. bassiana on net reproductive rate (R₀), mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate (r_m) and the finite rate of increase (λ) of A. matricariae as a result of development in hosts exposed to low or high conidial concentrations (1 × 10², 2 × 10⁸ conidia/ml). The parasitoids developed in infected hosts had lower r_m, λ, T and DT (doubling time) values compared with those that developed in uninfected hosts but no differences were observed in R₀ values. With proper timing, A. matricariae and B. bassiana can be used in combination in the successful biological control of M. persicae.     

Feeding behavior, fecundity and weight of sorghum-and corn-reared greenbugs on corn

Feeding behavior of biotype E greenbugs from populations maintained either on corn or sorghum was studied on four corn germplasm entries and two sorghums using a computerized electronic insect feeding monitor. Greenbug fecundity and weight were also measured. Both populations showed differences in time to committed phloem ingestion and time spent ingesting phloem among plant entries, but the two populations did not respond similarly to each entry. Corn-reared greenbugs fed more readily on resistant sorghum than did sorghum-reared greenbugs, whereas sorghum-reared greenbugs fed more readily on some corn. Feeding behavior was not correlated with fecundity. Corn-reared greenbugs were equally or more fecund than sorghum-reared greenbugs on all entries. Time to committed phloem ingestion was negatively correlated with adult weight in the corn-reared population. Offspring of corn-reared greenbugs attained equal or greater weight than those of sorghum-reared ones, even though corn-reared greenbugs weighed less on their colony host (OH45) than did sorghum-reared greenbugs on their colony host (NC + 630X). Weight and fecundity were positively correlated across both populations and all entries, but both greenbug populations were more fecund and weighed more on sorghum and Antigua corn than on the other corn entries. The results confirm that biotype E greenbugs can colonize and use corn as a host, although they are more fecund on sorghum. The results also suggest that corn-reared greenbugs are different from sorghum-reared greenbugs because of either genetic or physiological adaptation, with a corresponding change in fecundity and adult weight. The implications of these results for biotype development are discussed.

---

Résumé Le comportement alimentaire du biotype E de S. graminum, provenant de souches maintenues soit sur maïs (OH45), soit sur sorgho (NC + 630X) a été examiné sur 4 cultivars de maïs (Antigua, AP670, OH45 et 2570), un sorgho sensible (NC + 630X) et un résistant (PI264453), à l'aide d'un enregistreur électronique à programme d'analyse. La fécondité et la poids ont été analysés séparément. Les résultats des souches on été comparés en fonction des cultivars, et les relations entre comportement alimentaire, fécondité et poids analysées.Le comportement alimentaire des différentes souches sur sorghos résistants et sur 2 cultivars de maïs (2570 OH45) ont divergé, mais pas toujours dans la même direction. Par exemple, les insectes élevés sur maïs ont consommé plus facilement le sorgho résistant que ne l'ont fait les insectes élevés sur sorgho, tandis que le contraire a été observé avec le maïs OH45. Les 2 souches ont montré le même comportement alimentaire sur les différents cultivars. Le maximum de temps à été consacré à s'alimenter sur sorgho résistant et le moins sur le maïs AP6.70.Bien qu'il n'y ait eu aucune différence entre les comportements alimentaires des souches élevées sur maïs et sur sorgho, elles ont présenté des différences de poids et de fécondité. Ces résultats ont montré l'absence de corrélation entre l'ingestion de phloème (PI) et le moment de la première consommation de phloème (CPI) d'une part, et la fécondité d'autre part. Sur tous les cultivars, les insectes élevés sur maïs ont toujours été au moins aussi féconds que ceux élevés sur sorgho. Il en est de même pour le poids de leurs descendants, bien que les insectes élevés sur maïs pèsent moins sur leur hôte propre (OH45) que les insectes élevés sur sorgho sur leur hôte propre (NC + 630X). Les corrélations entre poids et fécondité ont été positives dans les 2 souches et pour tous les cultivars, mais les 2 souches ont été plus fécondes et ont gagné plus de poids sur sorgho et sur le cultivar Antigua de maïs que sur les autres cultivars de maïs. Or, les sorghos et le maïs Antigua sont considérés comme manquant de DIMBOA, qui doit être vraisemblablement présent dans les autres cultivars de maïs. DIMBOA est undacide hydoxamique commun dans le maïs connu pour réduire la fécondité, la survie et la prise de nourriture des hétéroptères.Ces résultats confirment les possibilités de colonisation du maïs par le biotype E de S. graminum, bien qu'il ait été plus fécond sur sorgho. Ces résultats suggèrent aussi que les insectes élevés sur maïs sont différents des insectes élevés sur sorgho, par adaptation génétique ou physiologique, avec modification concomitante du poids des adultes et de la fécondité. Par suite de ces différences, les insectes élevés sur maïs sont plus aptes à utiliser le maïs et le sorgho résistant que les insectes élevés sur sorgho. Tout ceci suggère les possibilités de développement d'un biotype dangereux pour le maïs.

     

Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding an esterase from Spirulina platensis

The gene encoding a 23 kDA serine esterase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been identified, cloned, characterized and expressed in Escherichia coli. The primary structure of the esterase deduced from the DNA sequence displayed 32% sequence identity with the carboxylesterase (esterase II) encoded by estB of Pseudomonas fluorescens; the highest degree of homology is found in a stretch of 11 identical or highly conserved amino acid residues corresponding to the GXSXG consensus motif found in the catalytic site of many serine proteases, lipases and esterases.     

Infection of Sentinel Cotton Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Aerial Conidia ofNeozygites fresenii(Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae)

Uninfected adultAphis gossypii(Homoptera: Aphididae) apterae (sentinel aphids) on cotton leaves were exposed for 8 h to the air over a commercial cotton field in Louisiana during the night of 1–2 July 1995. At 0015 h there were 90,437 primary conidia/m³air of the fungusNeozygites fresenii(Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) at the midfield position as determined from Rotorod samples. Forty-eight percent (n = 106) of the sentinel aphids exposed for 8 h at midfield were infected by aerial conidia ofN. fresenii.Exposure of sentinel aphids outside the cotton field, at 10 and 100 m downwind and 10 m upwind, resulted in 34.8% (n = 131), 24.0% (n = 129), and 17.4% (n = 146) infected aphids, respectively. These data demonstrate that wind-dispersed aerial conidia ofN. freseniiare infective and rapidly and efficiently disperse the pathogen throughout aphid populations within and between fields.     

Reproductive compatibility and genetic variation between two strains of Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Aphelinus albipodus Hayat and Fatima is a potential biological control agent of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, which is a newly introduced soybean pest in the United States. We compared the reproductive compatibility and molecular genetic variation between two geographic strains of A. albipodus. One strain was collected from soybean aphids in Japan and the other recovered from Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in the western U.S., populations of which were established with parasitoids imported from Eurasia. We present results of crossing experiments between the two strains, genetic differences based on RAPD-PCR markers, rDNA ITS1 and ITS2 gene sequences, and presence of Wolbachia in the two strains using PCR amplification of the wsp gene. We found no reduction in the production of females in reciprocal crosses between strains, but a significant reduction in fecundity when F₁ females stemming from one of the reciprocal crosses were backcrossed to males from either source. The two strains differed by 3.4% in the rDNA ITS1 sequence and by presence/absence of one RAPD-PCR marker from a total of 20 RAPD primers screened, but their rDNA ITS2 sequences were identical. We used restriction enzyme analysis to separate the strains by differential digestion of the ITS1 PCR product. Wolbachia was present in 100% of males and females of both strains of A. albipodus.     

Development of Encarsia bimaculata (Heraty and Polaszek) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) nymphs

Encarsia bimaculata was recently described from India as a potentially useful parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci. Its developmental biology was studied in the laboratory at 25–30 °C and 70–75% RH. Results showed that E. bimaculata is a solitary, arrhenotokous, heteronomous, autoparasitoid. Mated females laid eggs internally in B. tabaci nymphs that developed as primary parasitoids. Males developed as hyperparasitoids, either in females of their own species or in other primary aphelinid parasitoids. Superparasitism was common under cage conditions. Both sexes have an egg, three larval instars, prepupal, and pupal stages. Development from egg to adult took 12.70 ± 2.10 days for females and 14.48 ± 2.60 days for males. Individual B. tabaci nymphs were examined for E. bimaculata parasitization using three isozymes: esterase, malate dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. All three isozymes showed differential banding patterns that identified E. bimaculata parasitized or unparasitized B. tabaci nymphs.     

Intraguild interactions between generalist predators and an introduced parasitoid of Glycaspis brimblecombei (Homoptera: Psylloidea)

Studies were conducted to evaluate potential impacts of generalist predators on the biological control of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Homoptera: Psylloidea), a pest of eucalyptus trees in California, and its introduced parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Based on the results of the monitoring populations of G. brimblecombei and their natural enemies in inland and coastal California in the field, P. bliteus or Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), alone or both species together were released into cages with G. brimblecombei to simulate predatory interference on the introduced parasitoid in the laboratory. Although coastal sites had higher densities of natural enemies as were percent parasitism and predation, the mean number of G. brimblecombei did not vary between inland and coastal sites. P. bliteus or A. nemoralis significantly reduced the psyllid densities in cages. However, when both species were together, the presence of A. nemoralis increased the parasitoid mortality relative to the mortality observed in the parasitoid-alone treatment. Moreover, the increase in parasitoid mortality was followed by the decrease in mortality of the psyllids. The current study also indicated that predation risk of parasitized hosts varies depending on the developmental stages of the psyllids.     

Mutation in acetylcholinesterase1 associated with triazophos resistance in rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Two full-length genes encoding different acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), designated as Ch-ace1 and Ch-ace2, were cloned from strains of the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) susceptible and resistant to the organophosphate insecticide triazophos. Sequence analysis found an amino acid mutation A314S in Ch-ace1 (corresponding to A201 in Torpedo californica AChE) that was consistently associated with the occurrence of resistance. This mutation removed an MspA1 I restriction site from the wild type allele. An assay based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was developed to diagnose A314S genotypes in field populations. Results showed a strong correlation between frequencies of the mutation and phenotypic levels of resistance to triazophos. The assay offers a prospect for rapid monitoring of resistance and assisting with the appropriate choice of insecticide for combating damage caused by C. suppressalis.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Impact of intraguild predation by adult Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biological control in cage studies

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has become a principal arthropod pest of soybean in the U.S. since its first detection in 2000. This species threatens soybean production through direct feeding damage and virus transmission. A diverse guild of insect predators feeds on soybean aphid in Michigan including the exotic coccinellid Harmonia axyridis, the native gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza and the native lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. In addition to feeding on A. glycines some members of this guild may also engage in intraguild predation. These interactions may produce positive, negative, or neutral impacts on A. glycines biological control. We explored the impact of intraguild predation on soybean aphid population dynamics by comparing aphid populations in microcosms with either A. aphidimyza larvae or C. carnea larvae alone, with both a H. axyridis adult and either A. aphidimyza or C. carnea larvae, and without predators. When H. axyridis was present with larval A. aphidimyza or C. carnea, the lady beetle acted as an intraguild predator. However, intraguild feeding did not result in a release of aphid populations compared with microcosms containing only the intraguild and aphid prey. A similar result was found in field cages. Cages allowing large predators had reduced numbers of A. aphidimyza and C. carnea larvae but also significantly fewer aphids compared with predator exclusion cages. Thus, in both lab and field studies the direct impact of H. axyridis on A. glycines overcame its negative impact as an intraguild predator. Together, these studies indicate that while the exotic H. axyridis does act as an intraguild predator and may contribute to local declines in A. aphidimyza and C. carnea, it is also currently important in overall biological control of A. glycines.     

我国新发现一种外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜Appendiseta robiniae

记述了采自北京刺槐上的1种中国的记录外来蚜虫——刺槐附毛斑蚜,它原产于北美,寄主为刺槐,在当地一些地区较为常见,并已扩散到欧洲等地。描述了有翅孤雌蚜、无翅雌性蚜和有翅雄性蚜的鉴别特征,并提供了生态图片。最后讨论了它的潜在危害性及蚜虫寄主植物、蚜群生活状及生态照片在蚜虫识别上的重要性。